Mine

L’article propose l’étude d’un cas de développement industriel dans une région du sud-est de Madagascar. Depuis 20 ans, la société QIT Madagascar Minerals S.A. (QMM) étudie la faisabilité d’un projet d’exploitation de sables minéralisés à forte teneur d’ilménite, près de Tolagnaro. Des réserves ont été émises quant aux effets économiques, environnementaux et sociaux de l’exploitation minière dans la région. Cependant, sans exploitation minière et sans les programmes d’infrastructure reliés à un tel projet, le potentiel de développement économique de la région est limité. Cet article propose d’explorer les enjeux politiques et économiques auxquels sont confrontés les pays d’Afrique sub-saharienne en général et Madagascar en particulier. S’appuyant sur une approche d’économie politique, notre analyse identifie non seulement les mécanismes qui ont permis au projet d’intégrer, en plus de la croissance économique, les dimensions de protection de l’environnement et de lutte contre la pauvreté, mais révèlent les blocages potentiels de sa mise en œuvre.

Malgré l’ampleur de ses richesses naturelles, Madagascar est un pays économiquement pauvre. La biodiversité sur la Grande île – évoquée généralement par le vocable d’"environnement" – est devenue depuis le milieu des années 1980 le point focal du financement international et a débouché sur l’élaboration d’un "modèle de développement". Pour bien saisir les enjeux associés à l’émergence du secteur minier à Madagascar et le rôle que les institutions multilatérales de financement – principalement la Banque mondiale – lui accordent dans ce "modèle", nous présenterons d’abord brièvement l’évolution du contexte économique du pays qui a mené le gouvernement à adhérer à un programme de libéralisation, accéléré au cours des dernières années. Cette démarche nous permettra de vérifier ensuite dans quelle mesure le code minier adopté en 1999 consacre le retrait de l’Etat malgache et, s’il y a effectivement déréglementation, de préciser les conséquences sociales et environnementales de l’industrie minière dans ce contexte.

Blasting is one of the main methods used in the mining industry to fragment hard rock minerals. Blasting is an inherently dangerous activity which can result in serious injury, death, and/or damage if not designed and performed professionally. The work done in this paper is to evaluate these negative factors associated with blasting operations to the mining environment. Four different monitoring places (Mine Offices, Old Crusher, New Crusher and the Mine Hostel) in the mine were selected. Five experimental trial blasts were conducted as from the 14 th to 28 th November at various pits (D and B Pits) of the mine during the period of field investigation with varying designs and charging patterns. The magnitude of ground vibration and air blast, sound level data evaluated varied between 1.402 and 11.304 mm/s, 0.00354 and 0.0214 Kpa, 104.963 and 120.599 Lp (dB) respectively. Both the magnitude of ground vibration and air pressure were well within the safe limit, however the level of sound generated(120.599 Lp(dB) ) from Blast No. 5 near the Old crusher, located at a distance of 771.07 m from the blasting site, it was slightly higher than the maximum safe limit of 120 Lp(dB). This indicates that blasting operations in Okurusu Fluorspar Mine are done without noticeable environmental hazards.

Trona, dünyada ABD, Türkiye, Çin, Meksika, Botswana ve Kenya gibi ülkelerde nadir bulunan bir madendir. Dünyanın en büyük Trona yatağı ABD’nin Wyoming eyaletindeki Green River Formasyonu’nda bulunmaktadır. Trona soda külünün hammaddesidir. Soda külü farklı endüstri sektörlerinde ve yaygın kullanıldığı için ekonomik ve stratejik bir öneme sahiptir. Soda külünün önemli bir kısmı cam, geri kalanı da kimya, kâğıt ve selülöz, deterjan, tekstil, su ve yiyeceklerin arındırılması sanayilerinde kullanılmaktadır. Doğu Afrika’da magadi olarak bilinen Trona mineralleri, yemeklerin hazırlanmasında özellikle yumuşatıcı olarak, ayrıca ilaç olarak da kullanılmaktadır. Türkiye’de toplam rezerv miktarı yaklaşık 900 milyon ton olan iki Trona yatağı (Beypazarı ve Kazan) bulunmaktadır. Beypazarı Trona yatağı, Beypazarı ilçe merkezinin 20 km kuzeybatısındadır ve 1979 yılında bulunmuş olup, 240 milyon tonluk bir rezerve sahiptir. Kazan Trona yatağı ise Ankara’nın 35 km kuzeybatısındadır ve 1998 yılında bulunmuş olup, 600 milyon tonun üzerinde bir rezerve sahiptir. Türkiye’de Trona madeni 1979 yılında bulunmuş olmasına rağmen henüz yararlanılamamaktadır. Fakat Beypazarı ve Kazan Trona yataklarının işletmeye açılmasıyla Türkiye önemli bir doğal kaynaktan yararlanmaya başlayacaktır. Beypazarı ve Kazan Trona projelerinin bitimesiyle Türkiye, önemli bir soda külü ihracatçısı olacak ve önemli bir ekonomik değer ortaya çıkmış olacaktır.

Le corps du mineur est devenu, dans et par les écritures de la mine, un « grand classique » de l’évocation du monde souterrain. S’appuyant sur sa mise en danger, les propagandistes contribuent à l’heroisation du travail d’extraction de la houille. Pour le sociologue, il est le signe de la dureté des conditions de travail ; tandis que pour les anciens mineurs ou les littérateurs, support sensible des impressions, il contribue à faire de la mine le chronotope du lieu souterrain. Pour l’ethnologue, il est souvent approché comme un outil : ce sont les célèbres « techniques du corps » de Marcel Mauss qui sont alors mises en avant.
Nous proposons, ici, d’approcher le « corps mineur », non plus comme un sujet décryptant des signes en vue d’une action productive mais comme un signe pour d’autres corps, comme objet plutôt que moyen de travail, utilisé comme outil de l’imposition d’un sens à une situation. Le terrain choisi sera le bassin houiller de Ronchamp en Haute-Saône. Les situations de crise que sont les catastrophes minières qui courent du début du XIXe siècle à la seconde moitié du XXe siècle seront notre point d’ancrage. Les archives de la souffrance, pour paraphraser Michel Foucault, que produit leur traitement constitueront nos sources.
Le règlement de la crise ouverte par la catastrophe demande de faire parler les corps à travers la qualification de leur état et de leur situation. Par un traitement indiciaire, la catastrophe est re-jouée, la scène première configurée. Nous nous intéresserons plus particulièrement au travail, qui en « faisant parler les morts » qualifie simultanément les corps et les causes.

International audience- Guide méthodologique produit dans le cadre du programme « Gestion du passif de l’activité minière et remédiation (engravement et sédimentation) », qui s’est intéressé aux dégradations engendrées par les anciennes décharges minières et les sols mis à nus par les exploitations (zones sources) contribuant à l’alimentation des rivières en charge solide et à leur engravement.- Le champ d’application de ce guide se limite à l’engravement dans les creeks et les rivières.- Le guide vise à aider la mise en place de remédiations au phénomène de sur-engravement qui soient adaptées à chaque contexte local. La remédiation du fait de son interaction avec la société et les populations ne saurait être abordée, pour être efficace, que sous ses aspects techniques. C’est pourquoi une approche conjointe mobilisant des sciences physiques et humaines a été mise en œuvre.- Ce programme s’insère dans un ensemble de deux projets sur le « Transport solide dans les bassins versants min...

A rock bolt which is grouted underground may not be properly installed with the result being a discontinuity of the resin layer. Such discontinuity may also occur in working conditions due to typical rock behaviour and displacement. It may be very hazardous to mine safety. In this paper an outline of a method for non-destructive identification of a discontinuity of a resin layer surrounding rock bolt is presented. The method uses modal analysis procedures and is based on an impact excitation where a response transducer is positioned at a visible part of a rock bolt. As an installed rock bolt acts as an oscillator, different lengths of discontinuity of resin layer change its modal parameters. By proper extraction of these parameters, from which a resonant frequency is seen as most valuable, the intended identification is possible. The results of identification of resin discontinuities are discussed. Experiments were performed in an experimental coal mine as well as in coal and copper mines. Also the influence of explosions on installed rock bolts is presented.

Thanks to Ye.N. Chernykh’s long-term explorations, the Kargaly mining and metallurgical center located near Orenburg has become known all over the world. The archaeological expedition led by Ye.N. Chernykh explored the Kargaly site for a number of years, and received significant, in many ways unique material.
I would like to emphasize that this material was published rather quickly, which also contributed to the increase of Kargaly’s fame. It was not superfluous to hold the Kargaly International Field Symposium in the field in July-August 2002, which gave an opportunity for many specialists from a number of countries possible to witness the power and diversity of this mining and metallurgical center. As emphasized by Ye.N. Chernykh, “We needed to demonstrate to the participants of such a <...> Symposium the real objects of exploration in the field, instead of studying them using diagrams and photographs only. All this prompted us to organize a full-fledged excavation in the summer of 2002 <...>. As a result, we managed to get a new and – which has already become a tradition – enormous material”. Thus, the notes presented here describe the last season of excavations at Kargaly (2002), but not entirely. It only touches upon S.V. Kuzminykh’s participation in these explorations. The fact is that S.V. Kuzminykh, whose anniversary these collected works are dedicated to, participated as the closest Ye.N. Chernykh’s assistant during the whole period of the Kargaly explorations and later – as a co-author – in many publications related to the Kargaly. The range of interests of S.V. Kuzminykh is wide, and one of the significant places among them is occupied by the questions of history of archaeology. In this case, the person whose anniversary is celebrated is an object of study himself, since the Kargaly expeditions and the activities of all their participants have already become pages of history of archaeology, and the purpose of the notes is to add colors to these interesting pages.

Bardsir region is one of the richest regions of metallic deposits, especially copper, in the east of Iranian Plateau. Most of the metallic deposits in Bardsir region are located on the western and southwestern parts, in K?h Panj area. Some of the mines have been exploited since prehistoric times through historic to Islamic periods. The data presented here are collected during the second season of Bardsir Plain survey which was fulfilled in summer 2004. During this survey we found 27 mines and slag sites.
Most of the mines are horizontal open cast in shape, but there are examples of well-shaped mines. Based on preliminary observations on small assemblage of surface finds it seems that most mines were extracted in Islamic period. Slag sites produced more surface sherds than mines; these sherds dated to Islamic (essentially Safavid period) and Partho-Sassanid periods. We found a diagnostic sherd on a slag site which is comparable with Protohistoric ceramics. Some of the slag sites are located just beside the settlement sites, and by this factor we may consider them contemporary with these settlements. The mines and most of the slag sites are associated with small stone structures which were built with no use of mortar

C&#39;est a la question de la prise en compte du corps des acteurs par les sciences sociales , mais aussi par les acteurs, que ce texte souhaite contribuer par un double deplacement en s&#39;interessant a la facon dont le corps du mineur est saisi par differentes ecritures, pour contribuer a definir un univers de travail. Constituant le corps pour evoquer et definir ce monde souterrain qu&#39;est la mine de houille, les ecritures examinees seront tout d&#39;abord lettrees et epaisses parce que generalisantes. Puis nous nous interesserons aux ecritures praticiennes visant a donner un sens a des situations particulieres, en ce qu&#39;elles suivent immediatement des catastrophes minieres. Ce sera alors, second deplacement, de corps concrets dont il s&#39;agira, dans la mesure ou ce sont bien ces corps-la qui “ surgissent dans l&#39;existence des vivants ” et sont constitues en ressources.

Abstract: Albania is a country with rich mineral resources. Mineral exploration, exploitation and processing constitute a key component of the Albanian economy, due to a traditional mining industry that has been a solid foundation to the country economic sector generating substantial revenues. The minerals mined, and treated in the past, which still remain in Albania, include mainly chrome, copper, iron-nickel, coal, oil etc. One of the biggest challenges of the Albanian mining today is the need for modern planning and management. To reach this goal the best instrument to be used is modelling of mineral sources. Mine modelling has solved many technical problems in the exploration process, mine designing, and extraction of minerals. Mine modelling in Albania started very early and methods have progressed and advanced in time. During 1950-1990 main modelling methods have been mathematical and geometrical. New democratic changes on 1991 brought the opening of Albanian with world, what ...

Abstract: Albania is a country with rich mineral resources. Mineral exploration, exploitation and processing constitute a key component of the Albanian economy, due to a traditional mining industry that has been a solid foundation to the country economic sector generating substantial revenues. The minerals mined, and treated in the past, which still remain in Albania, include mainly chrome, copper, iron-nickel, coal, oil etc. One of the biggest challenges of the Albanian mining today is the need for modern planning and management. To reach this goal the best instrument to be used is modelling of mineral sources. Mine modelling has solved many technical problems in the exploration process, mine designing, and extraction of minerals. Mine modelling in Albania started very early and methods have progressed and advanced in time. During 1950-1990 main modelling methods have been mathematical and geometrical. New democratic changes on 1991 brought the opening of Albanian with world, what ...