MDR

Increasing resistance to third-generation cephalosporins amongst E. coli and Klebsiella spp. is predominantly due to the production of extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs) and when wars take place, the public health crumples and healthcare facilities can't function as it should. This study aimed to determine prevalence of ESBL-production status of E coli in isolates from Patients in Al-Assad Teaching Hospital during the awful crisis in Syria. Two hundred and thirty-six E. coli isolates n=236 were collected. Antibiotic susceptibility and ESBL production were studied by disc diffusion and DDST (double disk synergy tests) according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (CLSI) and EUCAST for ESBL. 75 (32%)of total isolates demonstrated MDR (multi drug resistance),62 of resistant bacteria (26% of total) were determined as ESBL producers.

The challenge of securing critical data increases year after year. Evolving technology developments, involving the growth in cloud and the Internet of Things adoption make businesses' confidential data more vulnerable to sophisticated attackers. Protect the Whole Organization by using the Industry's First Extended Detection and Response (XDR) Platform Security teams have been inundated with inaccurate, inadequate alerts. As a result of today's siloed security tools, specialists should pivot from the console to the console to piece together investigative clues, which will result in horribly slow investigations. Although they've implemented countless tools, teams still lack enterprisewide visibility as well as the deep analytics necessary to locate threats. Confronted with a lack of security professionals, teams need to streamline operations. Extended Detection and Response is the world's very first extended detection and response platform which integrates endpoint, network, as well as cloud data to halt advanced attacks. It combines prevention, investigation, detection, and response in a single platform for unparalleled security and operational effectiveness. In combination with a Managed Threat Hunting assistance, XDR offers continuous protection and industry-leading coverage. A new and more comprehensive approach to detection and response is clearly needed, one which not just includes traditional endpoints but then also includes the enhanced attack surface like the network and cloud. Luckily, these are only a few of the difficulties XDR was intended to solve. XDR unites and extends detection and response capacity through multiple security layers, offering security teams along with centralized end-to-end enterprise visibility, strong analytics, automatic response across the entire technology stack. XDR, clients can get integrated and proactive security measures designed to protect the whole technology stack, which makes it easier for security analysts to detect and stop attacks in progress prior to the impact to the business. Companies of all sizes and types, irrespective of their levels of cybersecurity expertise, is necessary to be considered sophisticated detection, improved visibility, and immediate response to sophisticated threats. The goal here is to explain what XDR is and how it empowers Information Technology, security teams, to stop threats and put them on the defensive. And also show how it provides superior extensibility and analytics which will fit the needs of the future. In the present article, we'll describe the fundamentals of XDR, and demonstrate how it help out for organizations as well as how it facilitates new security challenges. Moreover, this research paper will be useful for organizations to understand XDR in-depth, as well as how XDR can assist organizations in preventing cyberattacks as well as simplifying and improving security processes. In addition, this paper explains XDR, the capability of current and emerging technologies to offer greater visibility, collect and correlate threat information, and utilize analytics and automation to detect today and future attacks.

Bu yazıda, bireyi tanımanın amacı ve öneminden bahsedildikten sonra, genel olarak kısaca bireyi tanıma tekniklerinden bahsedildi. Ardından raporun asıl konusu olan gözleme dayalı ve kendini anlatmaya dayalı bireyi tanıma tekniklerine değinildi. Gözleme dayalı bireyi tanıma teknikleri bağlamında, gözlem türleri ve çeşitli gözlem ölçekleri üzerinde duruldu. Ardından, kendini anlatmaya dayalı bireyi tanıma tekniklerinden, otobiyografi (içerisinde anı defterlerine de değinildi), arzu listesi, anket ve problem tarama listeleri ve zaman cetvelinden, örnekler de kullanılarak kısaca bahsedildi.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the commonest hospital acquired infection. It encompass a spectrum of clinical and pathological conditions involving various parts of the urinary tract. Despite treatment with antimicrobial agents, urinary tract infections are often recurrent. Either there is reinfection with a different micro-organism or recurrence of bacteriuria with the same organism that was originally isolated. A wide range of anti-microbials has been used to treat urinary tract infections. There is an increase in bacterial resistance in most patients and several infections have often proved to be therapeutically problematic. In recent times complementary and alternative medicine has taken an important role in treatment of various diseases. The objective of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial potential of the Asparagus racemosus ( Satawari ) on various multidrug resistant clinical isolates Four different extracts of Asparagus racemosus ( Satawari ) were screened for their antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant bacterial strains from patients with UTI. Aqueous, ethanolic, methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Asparagus racemosus ( Satawari ) were tested for antimicrobial activity in vitro by the agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the effective extract was determined by the agar dilution method. Ethanolic extract of A. racemosus shown significant in vitro antibacterial activity against E. coli, Salmonella spp. as well as Pseudomonas aeruginosa while it is ineffective against Streptococcus spp. and S.aureus. Aqueous extract was found to be effective against both Gram positive as well as gram negative uropathogens. This extract is effective against Streptococcus spp., S.aureus spp., Salmonella spp., E. coli as well as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Similarly, methanolic extracts result is also broad spectrum and showing activity towards gram positive as well as gram negative uropathogens. Similarly, ethyl acetate extract efficacy towards Salmonella spp., E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well S.aureus but, it is ineffective against Streptococcus isolates. Result of antimicrobial assay reveals that methanolic and aqueous extract of plant exhibited broad spectrum activity against tested isolates as compared to ethanolic and ethyl acetate extract. This indicates that involvement of more than one active principles of biological significance. The herb A. racemosus is a safe drug with antimicrobial potential and without any known adverse effect might be an alternative to antibiotics during UTI infections.

A Jewish woman that was put away but not divorced was put in a very difficult position. She would have preferred to be divorced, instead of merely sent away, because she then would be allowed to "go and be another man's wife."  Jesus did not contradict this teaching, but has been misunderstood to so do. Many have tried to twist Paul's teaching to harmonize with what they insist Jesus taught. In this book I present and defend a position that allows Moses, God, Jesus and Paul to be in harmony.  This position does not require breaking up homes or imposing celibacy

Background: Multidrug resistance (MDR) and Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains are becoming world-wide problem. With a view to determine prevalence of MDR and ESBL strains causing lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and urinary tract infection (UTI), a pilot study was conducted in Microbiology Laboratory of TUTH from April-September 2004.

The Made4You project has the goal to create an online platform
(Careables.org) that will function as a connecting environment for different stakeholders wishing to co-create and reproduce customised healthcare solutions (‘Careables’). This deliverable adopts two different perspectives. The first is project-related and it aims to provide guidance: (i) for the development of Careables.org platform in line with ethical and legal requirements, and (ii) to promote the ethically and legally sound approach of the Consortium partners to the Made4You project. The second perspective is to promote the awareness for every stakeholder involved (makers, designers, caregivers, healthcare professionals, etc.) in the co-creation or reproduction of Careables with reference to the most important ethical and legal requirements. To this re-spect, privacy and data protection (PDP), intellectual property rights (IPR), liability and tort law (LTL), medical devices legislation (MDL), and ethics are considered to be crucial for the successful deployment of the Made4You project, the Careables.org platform, and for every single Careables project. D6.2 has to be read in continuity with D6.1 ‘Legal and ethical requirement’. The document takes in legal considerations, practical guidelines and recommendations. In particular, it contains: (1) PDP guidelines to the Consortium partners for the execution of project initiatives and for the development of the Careables.org platform as well as PDP guidelines for designers and makers of Careables; (2) IPRs guidelines for the management of intellectual property rights during the development of a Careable; (3) key considerations and recommendations to explain with simple references the key concepts of tort law and liability for Careables makers and designers; (4) legal considerations on the application of MDL and the notion of manufac-turer according to EU law as well as MDL guidelines on how a given item may qualify as a medical device. The overarching objective of the document is to explain, in a plain and comprehensive man-ner, the key ethical and legal elements that might be  relevant for the Made4You project and the Careables by providing at the same time easily understandable ethical and legal guidance. Ultimately, the document should guide the Consortium partners and open healthcare interested audiences for the execution of co-design and creation processes for open health care solutions towards an ethically and legally sound approach.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) in various kinds of cancers represents a true obstacle which hinders the successes of most of current available chemotherapies. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) trasporter proteins have been shown to contribute to the majority of MDR in various types of malignancies. c-myc has recently been reported to participate, at least partly, in MDR to some types of cancers. This study aimed to test whether c-myc could play a role, solely or with coordination with other ABCs, in the resistance of HepG2 cells to doxorubicin (Dox). MDR has been induced in wild-type HepG2 and has been verified both on gene and protein levels. Various assays including efflux assays as well as siRNA targeting ABCB1 and c-myc have been employed to explore the role of both candidate molecules in MDR in HepG2. Results obtained, with regard to ABCB1 silencing on HepG2/Dox cells, have shown that ABCB1-deficient cells exhibited a significant reduction in ABCC1 expression as compared to ABCB1-sufficient cells. However, these cells did not show a significant reduction in other tested ABCs (ABCC5 and ABCC10) while c-myc silencing had no significant effect on any of the studied ABCs. Moreover, silencing of ABCB1 on HepG2 significantly increased fluorescent calcein retention in HepG2 cells as compared to the control cells while downregulation of c-myc did not have any effect on fluorescent calcein retention. Altogether, this work clearly demonstrates that c-myc has no role in MDR of HepG2 to Dox which has been shown to be ABCB1-mediated in a mechanism which might involve ABCC1.

Background and Aim: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogenic microorganisms have become a global problem in ruminants as a result of the intensive use of antibiotics, causing the development of resistance among gut microbiota. The antibiotic-resistant microorganisms can be transferred from diseased animals to humans. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MDR Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats suffering from respiratory signs, diarrhea, and mastitis and to screen the antibiotic sensitivity of selected isolated bacteria. It also detected antibiotic-resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), produced green gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using plant extracts (Artemisia herba-alba and Morus alba), and evaluated the antimicrobial activities of these biosynthesized nanoparticles on selected pathogens (E. coli and Salmonella spp.).

Materials and Methods: MDR E. coli and Salmonella spp. were investigated using fecal samples (n=408), nasal swabs (n=358), and milk samples (n=227) of cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats with or without clinical signs, including respiratory manifestations, pneumonia, diarrhea, and mastitis, from different governorates in Egypt. E. coli and Salmonella spp. were isolated and identified on selective media, which were confirmed by biochemical reactions and PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 10 commonly used antibiotics was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Antibiotic resistance genes blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, and blaCTX-M were detected by PCR. The antibacterial effect of the biosynthesized AuNPs was evaluated by MIC and well diffusion assay. The biosynthesized AuNPs were also characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Results: Among all fecal samples, the prevalence of E. coli was 18.4% (183/993) and that of Salmonella spp. was 16.7% (66/408), as determined by cultural and molecular tests. All isolates of E. coli and Salmonella spp. were 100% resistant to ampicillin (AM) and amoxicillin and highly resistant to cefoxitin and AM-sulbactam. The total rate of resistance genes in E. coli was 61.2% (112/183), while that in Salmonella was 63.6% (42/66) for pathogens isolated from ruminants with respiratory manifestations, pneumonia, diarrhea, and mastitis. Among the resistance genes, blaTEM had the highest prevalence rate in E. coli (25.9%, 21/81) while blaSHV had the lowest (9.8%, 8/81) in fecal swabs. AuNPs were successfully synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of A. herba-alba and M. alba as bioreducing agents. TEM analysis showed particle size of 10-42 nm for A. herba-alba and M. alba AuNPs. The biosynthesized AuNPs showed antibacterial activity against MDR E. coli and Salmonella spp.

Conclusion: Rapid and accurate diagnostic methods are the cornerstone for effective treatment to reduce the risk of antimicrobial-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. This is particularly important for overcoming the increasing rate of MDR in ruminants with respiratory manifestations, pneumonia, diarrhea, and mastitis. This can be complemented by the development of AuNPs synthesized in an environmentally friendly manner AuNPs using natural plant extracts for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.

Multiple drug (antibiotic) resistance (MDR) has become a major threat to the treatment of typhoid and other infectious diseases. Since the 1970s, this threat has increased in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, driven in part by the emergence of successful genetic clades, such as haplotype H58, associated with the MDR phenotype. H58 S. Typhi can express multiple antibiotic resistance determinants while retaining the ability to efficiently transmit and persist within the human population. The recent identification of extensively drug resistant S. Typhi only highlights the dangers of ignoring this threat. Here we discuss the evolution of the S. Typhi MDR phenotype and consider options for management.

Background and Aim: Acinetobacter has been considered an important nosocomial pathogen since 1970. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of Acinetobacter infection during 2017-2021, study the antibiogram of these bacteria, and study the impact of gender on infection.
Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study in which data of the clinical samples received in Al-Kafeel Hospital, Kerbala, Iraq, between April 2017 and February 2021 were searched for Acinetobacter infection and their antibiotic susceptibility testing.
Results:  The prevalence of Acinetobacter infection was 9.2% of cases. Male to Female ratio was 3:1, and there was a significant difference in Acinetobacter infection regarding gender. There were high resistance rates to major antibiotic classes. Maximum resistance was recorded for Amoxicillin (100%), followed by 3rd generation cephalosporins, including Cefotaxime (92.3%), Ceftriaxone (91.6%), Ceftazidime (91.3%), Cefixime (80%); in addition to growing resistance to carbapenems, Imipenem (42.8%) and Meropenem (62.2%). The lowest resistance rates were found to colistin sulfate (10%). There 80.7% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant MDR.
Conclusion:  Acinetobacter spp., is considered as fast emerging opportunistic agents with evolving drug resistance. Rationale use of antibiotics is important and necessary to prevent microbial resistance. Gender is considered a risk factor for Acinetobacter infection.

Background: The emergence of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL) and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producing bacterial isolates has resulted in fewer therapeutic options in treatment modalities. However, no studies regarding MBLs had been done so far in Nepal and a few researches on ESBLs were also pilot studies. Therefore, this study was carried out to assess the current status of ESBL- and MBL-producing bacteria among patients attending Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Nepal.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Bacteriology laboratory of TUTH. A total of 1120 sputum, endotracheal secretion and bronchial washing specimens from patients suspected of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) were processed according to the standard methodology. Double disk synergy test (DDST) and Combination disk (CD) methods were used for the detection of ESBL- and MBL-producing isolates.

Results: Respiratory pathogens were recovered from 44.4% cases. Haemophilus influenzae (112, 21.0%) was the predominant isolate followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonads, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus baumannii complex, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and others. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 53.6% of the total bacterial isolates. Twenty-four percent of the Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermentative isolates were ESBL-producers, majority of which included K. pneumoniae (43, 42.2%), Pseudomonads (8, 8.8%), E. coli (13, 41.9%) and Acinetobacter spp. For ESBL-producers, the most effective drug was found to be carbapenems, followed by cefoperazone-sulbactam and amikacin. MBL was present in 1.34% of the total gram-negative isolates (3 isolates each of P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp). All ESBL- and MBL-producers were MDR. Forty-two percent of S. aureus were resistant to methicillin. Besides, one vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA) was also encountered.

Conclusion: A high level of antibiotic resistance in LRTI pathogens was exacerbated by the association of ESBL and MBL. Though carbapenems were effective for ESBL-producers, the emergence of MBL-producing bacteria has resulted in confounding scene in antibiotic armamentarium. This is the first report of MBL-producing isolates from Nepal. The data can be taken as the baseline level of MBL in our set-up. The regular surveillance of resistant clones is important in developing countries like Nepal so that effective measures could be undertaken to reduce the emergence and dissemination of such strains.

If the competency approach seems to be particularly valorised in Canada and in the United States for orienting the practice of health care professionals (HCP) – and in clinical bioethics – material that could provide with a better understanding of the psychological, ontological and philosophical foundations of these competencies seems rather limited in the bioethical literature. The tools that are generally available can be divided into four main categories: 1) official documents (e.g., code of ethics, institutional policies); 2) the main ethical theories (e.g., virtue ethics, theories of justice, principlism); 3) scientific references (e.g., journals, books); 4) decision-making tools. These documents are important for bioethicists and HCPs, but their disparities and even contradictions, coupled with poor knowledge in professional ethics, may be a significant source of confusion in the decision making process and even lead to behaviour that does not meet the ethical standards of HCP...

Infections caused by Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) organisms cause to stand a worldwide pandemic. MDR bacteria are an emerging threat with limited therapeutic options. Without having information about these strains, morbidity and mortality due to infections caused by these notorious bugs cannot be reduced. Alternative antimicrobial agent is needed beside the antibiotics to combat against these MDR organisms. Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of trees of Cinnamomum sp. Traditionally it has also been used for medicinal purposes. In the current work we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the cinnamon extract against MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aggalomerans, and also compared the results with drug sensitive organisms of the same species. Cinnamon extract was prepared with ethanol extraction procedure. The extract was dried and re-dissolved in Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The prepared extract was tested on the organisms by using agar diffusion technique followed by determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the cinnamon extract. From the agar diffusion test the minimum concentration of cinnamon extracts needed to visualise the zone of inhibition on the Mueller Hinton Agar was determined to be 40 mg/ml. The MIC of the cinnamon extract was found to be 1 mg/ml and the MBC was determined as 2 mg/ml. The results obtained from this study can act as the stepping stone in investigating the antimicrobial properties of cinnamon extract. This study could be the beginning of discovering a new antimicrobial agent against the MDR organisms.

Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi are predominantly known to cause enteric fever. Multidrug resistance in S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi has emerged as a cause of concern. This study was done to evaluate status in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and S. Paratyphi obtained from blood culture. Multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella enterica have emerged worldwide. Isolates of S. typhi with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones have now appeared in the Indian subcontinent and other regions. However, in India the degree of resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, ampicillin and co-trimoxazole in the era of quinolone resistance is not clear. In present study MIC and MDR% for S.typhi and S.paratyphi for the Ciprofloxacin, Gatifloxacin and Levofloxacin were find out. Out of the total isolates studied, high level resistant for ciprofloxacin was 23 (58.97%), Gatifloxacin 15 (38.46%) and Levofloxacin was 0(0%). At low level resistance % of MDR for Ciprofloxacin was 14 (35.89%), Gatifloxacin was 21 (53.84%) and for Levofloxacin was 38 (97.43%). Susecptibility for Ciprofloxacin was 2 (5.12%), Gatifloxacin was 3 (7.69%) and Levofloxacin was 1 (2.56%). MIC value for Ciprofloxacin 8µg/ml-<0.125µg/ml was in between 0 to 16, for Gatifloxacin was 0-21 and for Levofloxacin was 0-14.

Many great gospel preachers understand biblical hermeneutics and generally use it properly to learn and to teach. But some are not consistent—they do not follow the rules when studying and teaching on divorce and marriage. First, it seems that in the latter case many are not concerned with biblical harmony and what makes sense. They seem not to care how their teaching reflects on God, who is fair and just. Second, good hermeneutics requires that we study in the right chronological order, but this one is usually totally disregarded. God taught about marriage as far back as Adam and Eve. Later, the Law of Moses was given to regulate the people. It contained the divorce law, which was given to protect women, and God confirmed its definition and that it came from Him by using it Himself (Deut. 24:1, 2; Jer. 3:8). These laws (marriage and divorce) are timeless and continue to this day.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a burden in cancer chemotherapy. Several members of ATP-binding cassette (ABC transporters) are responsible for the efflux of anticancer drugs outside cells decreasing the drug's effective intracellular concentration. Therefore, extensive efforts have been conducted by researcher to circumvent the activity of these transporters to enhance the success of chemotherapy. In the present study, we questioned the role played by two microRNAs, namely miR-98 and miR-214 in controlling their bioinformatics' predicted ABC efflux transporter targets ABCC5 and ABCC10, in addition to ABCB1 and ABCC1 in doxorubicin-resistant HCC cells (HepG2/Dox). miRNA mimics and inhibitors transfection were utilized to explore the role of both candidate molecules in MDR in HepG2/Dox cells. QRT-PCR and western blotting were used for quantitative gene and protein analyses. The study revealed that miR-214 mimics significantly upregulated ABCC1 and ABCC5. While, miR-98 and miR-214 inhibitors significantly down regulated ABCC5 and ABCC10, respectively. These results introduced a possible negative role played by both miR-98 and miR-214 on drug sensitization. Moreover, these findings clarified that the predicted targets for miR-98 and miR-214 were not confirmed experimentally.

Background and purpose: MDR1 is nowadays considered as a known transporter involved in drug resistance of different cancers. However, the importance of this protein in different systems of the body and its functional role in other diseases is less studied. This article aimed at investigating the role of MDR1 in the immune system and neurological disorders, and also exploring the possible therapeutic use of this protein. Material and Methods: In this review we studied 68 reputable articles published between 1998 and 2014 (both in Persian and English). The search engines included PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Elsevier databases. Results: The expression of MDR1 increases during the maturation of dendritic cells and their migration to lymph nodes to activate T lymphocytes. The function of this protein has been reported in naive B cells and it is expressed during the activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Compared with other leukocyte populations, MDR1 expression levels ...

Introduction: Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans, and Escherichia coli is one of the most important factors. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the diversity of Europathogenic E. coli genotypes based on iucA, iucB, iucC, and iucD genes.

Materials & Methods: In this study, plates containing a positive culture of urinary tract infection of E. coli were collected from four treatment centers in Shiraz, Iran. After determining phenotypic and genotypic identity, 100 isolates of E. coli were isolated. The bacterial genome was extracted using a kit. After genetic confirmation of the isolates using 16S rRNA, antibiotic resistance and susceptibility were performed for 10 antibiotics out of 9 classes using the disk diffusion method according to the CLSI standard. Frequency investigation of the virulence factors (iuc gene) was performed through the PCR molecular method and specific primers.

Findings: The prevalence rates of iucA, iucB, iucC, and iucD genes were estimated at 95%, 60%, 72%, and 92%, respectively. The amount of resistance of 10 antibiotics of azithromycin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefepime, aztreonam, gentamicin, and nitrofurantoin were also determined at 95%, 86%, 68%, 66%, 65%, 64%, 51%, 46%, 44%, and 14%. In addition, 98% of the isolates had multidrug resistance.

Discussions & Conclusions: The present study showed that the high prevalence of the iuc gene among E. coli strains indicated the importance of this gene in the pathogenesis and genetic diversity of this bacterium.

Integrated farming is popular in India but little is understood about circulation of multi-host pathogens under the emerging farming systems (IFS). Circulation of Edwardsiella a pathogen of public health importance has been studied in IFS. Gill swabs of fish (8), pond water (8), rectal swabs of pig (36) and cloacal swabs of duck (32) from an IFS and 24 samples each of rectal swabs of pigs and cloacal swabs of ducks from the down colony (300 m on down side from the farm) were analyzed for the presence of edwardsiellae and heterogeneity among the isolates. A total of 24 E. tarda and 6 E. hoshinae were isolated. No E. hoshinae was isolated from the IFS. We isolated both E. tarda and E. hoshinae from ducks but no E. tarda in down colony pigs. Though 55% E. tarda from the IFS were multi-drug-resistant (MDR) type, no MDR strain was detected in the down colony. Plasmid(s) were detected in E. tarda but not in E. hoshinae isolates. The study concluded that E. tarda may be detected in all com...

On the 13th of March 2018 , the European Council presented the Directive “DAC 6” Proposal about the automatic and mandatory exchange of fiscal information regarding reportable cross-border arrangements .
This proposal seems to be a continuous of the evolutional iter followed both by the OECD and the European Union in pursuing transparency: indeed, it will amend Directive 2011/16/EU on administrative cooperation in the field of taxation , introducing a new due of collecting and sending datas inherent aggressive tax planning realized through cross-borders agreement created or enabled by intermediaries, who - since nowadays - escaped the application of the exchange of information discipline as a whole and, especially, of the Common Reporting Standard (CRS) one.

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by M. tuberculosis complex and remains a major global public health problem. The epidemic remains a threat to sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia, with further emergence of drug resistant TB. We investigated the drug sensitivity pattern and molecular epidemiology of mycobacterial strains isolated from pulmonary TB patients in and around Ambo town in Oromia Region, Central Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 105 consecutive new smear positive pulmonary TB patients diagnosed at Ambo Hospital and surrounding Health Centers between May 2014 and March 2015 upon informed consent. Sputum samples were cultured on Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) media using standard techniques to isolate mycobacteria. Region of difference 9 (RD9)-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and spoligotyping was employed for the identification of the isolates at species and strain levels. The spoligotype patterns were entered into the SITVIT database to determine Octal an...

The challenge of securing critical data increases year after year. Evolving technology developments, involving the growth in cloud and the Internet of Things adoption make businesses&#39; confidential data more vulnerable to sophisticated attackers. Protect the Whole Organization by using the Industry’s First Extended Detection and Response (XDR) Platform Security teams have been inundated with inaccurate, inadequate alerts. As a result of today&#39;s siloed security tools, specialists should pivot from the console to the console to piece together investigative clues, which will result in horribly slow investigations. Although they’ve implemented countless tools, teams still lack enterprise-wide visibility as well as the deep analytics necessary to locate threats. Confronted with a lack of security professionals, teams need to streamline operations. Extended Detection and Response is the world&#39;s very first extended detection and response platform which integrates endpoint, netwo...

Fungal, bacterial, and cancer cells can develop resistance against antifungal, antibacterial, or anticancer agents. Mechanisms of resistance are complex and often multifactorial. Mechanisms include: (1) Activation of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, such as P-gp, which pump out lipophilic compounds that have entered a cell, (2) Activation of cytochrome p450 oxidases which can oxidize lipophilic agents to make them more hydrophilic and accessible for conjugation reaction with glucuronic acid, sulfate, or amino acids, and (3) Activation of glutathione transferase, which can conjugate xenobiotics. This review summarizes the evidence that secondary metabolites (SM) of plants, such as alkaloids, phenolics, and terpenoids can interfere with ABC transporters in cancer cells, parasites, bacteria, and fungi. Among the active natural products several lipophilic terpenoids [monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes (including saponins), steroids (including cardiac glycosides), and tetrater...

Globally, Tuberculosis is the most distress disease which remains as a major challenge from the standpoint of diagnosis, detection of drug resistance, and treatment. The increasing knowledge in molecular biology techniques has improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance for the major first and second-line anti-tubercular drugs. Thus, rapid and accurate diagnosis of Tuberculosis would improve patient care and limit its transmission. This study is aimed to identify mutations in drug resistance genes of first and second line drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing methods. This study involves sputum samples of 20 patients diagnosed to have pulmonary tuberculosis. The genomic DNA from clinical isolates was isolated using simple boiling method. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing were performed for katG, inhA, ndh, kasA, pncA, embB, rrs, rpsL, rpoB, gyrA, gyrB and thyA genes. Sequence analysis was done using Bioedit, a bioinformatics tool. The isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from western part of India were analyzed by DNA sequencing revealed total 29 mutations in first line drugs. Out of them, 5(25%) in rpoB at codon 516 and 531, 6(30%) in katG at codon 315, 8(40%) in rpsL at codon 43 & 88, 3(15%) in embB at codon 306 and 7(35%) in pncA at codon 195.No mutations in inhA, ndh, kasA and rrs genes were observed in our study. In the second line drugs, 2(10%) at codon 90 & 100% mutations at codon 95 in gyrA gene, and no mutation in gyrB and thyA genes were observed.

Background: MicroRNAs have been implicated in cancer but studies on their role in precancer, such as leukoplakia, are limited. Sequence variations at eight miRNA and four miRNA processing genes were studied in 452 healthy controls and 299 leukoplakia patients to estimate risk of disease. Results: Genotyping by TaqMan assay followed by statistical analyses showed that variant genotypes at Gemin3 and mir-34b reduced risk of disease [OR = 0.5(0.3-0.9) and OR = 0.7(0.5-0.9) respectively] in overall patients as well as in smokers [OR = 0.58(0.3-1) and OR = 0.68(0.5-0.9) respectively]. Among chewers, only mir29a significantly increased risk of disease [OR = 1.8(1-3)]. Gene-environment interactions using MDR-pt program revealed that mir29a, mir34b, mir423 and Xpo5 modulated risk of disease (p < 0.002) which may be related to change in expression of these genes as observed by Real-Time PCR assays. But association between polymorphisms and gene expressions was not found in our sample set as well as in larger datasets from open access platforms like Genevar and 1000 Genome database. Conclusion: Variations in microRNAs and their processing genes modulated risk of precancer but further in-depth study is needed to understand mechanism of disease process.

Background and Objectives: Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that affects different groups of people, especially intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The prevalence of infections caused by this bacterium is very high. Today, prevalence of infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extreme-drug resistant (XDR) strains is increasing. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of A. baumannii isolates from ICU patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2014 to March 2015 on patients admitted to ICU of Imam Khomeini hospital in Tehran, Iran. Clinical samples of various sources were collected from patients. Isolates were detected and identified via microbiological and biochemical tests as well as PCR amplification of the blaOxa51 gene. Then, susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS (version 22, Chicago, IL, USA) using Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Results: Of the total of 62 clinical samples, 24 (39%) were respiratory samples and only three (6%) were cerebrospinal fluid samples. Most MDR and XDR strains were isolated from respiratory samples. The highest resistance rate was against ceftriaxone, ticarcillin and erythromycin (100%), while the lowest resistance rate was against to minocycline (20%). Conclusion: Owing to detection of high multi-drug resistance isolates in the present study, and importance of multi-drug resistance in A. baumannii, the identification of multi-drug resistance genes and their reporting to health care/treatment centers is important. Thus, it is recommended to perform susceptibility testing to help determine the most effective antibiotic(s) for the treatment of infections in ICU patients.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium associated with various infections. Along with its resistance to drugs, the biofilm forming strategy has drastically reduced effectiveness of antipseuodomal drugs as well as reduced provoking appropriate immune response. Biofilm are extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that hold microbial cells together to a surface. This present condition focuses on remedial source to treat this very notorious multi drug resistant (MDR) biofilm producing strain of P. aeruginosa. Quorum sensing (QS) is chemical signalling mechanism controlling virulence factor with biofilm formation ability. Biofilm formed by the population of bacteria act as a protective environment. Bacteria sustaining in biofilms demonstrate distinct features like different physiology and immense resistance to immune system and antibiotics, biofilm act a source of chronic and persistent infections. Various diseases are associated with the biofilm forming property of ubiquitous microorganism. It is essential to implement a better parameter for antibiotics resistant strains. Solving this problem present study aims at biofilm inhibitory activity of Cinnnamomum zylanicum.As biofilm act as major factor for drug resistance, essential oils potentially inhibit biofilm producing MDR strains. The Cinnnamomum zylanicum oil had strong inhibitory activity against multidrug resistant strains and its biofilm inhibiting activity contribute over it.