Ethanolic extract

Background: The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing at an alarming rate globally. There is a need for suitable natural alternatives for its treatment, as the regular use of drugs causes several secondary health issues. Aim: This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the phenol and flavonoid content; antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of fenugreek seeds and leaves in water and ethanolic extracts. Materials and Methods: Dried and powdered seeds and leaves of fenugreek were treated at different time and temperature combinations (100°C for 10 min; 80°C for 30 min; 60°C for 1 h; 37°C for 6 h; 24°C [room temperature] for 24 h; 100°C for 10 min followed by overnight soaking). Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and glucose uptake assays on 3T3-L1 cell lines were performed on the extracts. Results: The results show that fenugreek leaves treated at 100°C for 10 min and overnight soaking yield extracts with the highest concentrations of desired phenols (46.08 ± 0.15 mg GAE/g sample) and flavonoid content (13.02 ± 0.44 mg/g sample) and antioxidant activity (DPPH) (45.41 ± 2.1%) with enhanced glucose uptake activity in 3T3-L1 cell lines. Conclusion: The phenolic and flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and antidiabetic activity was highest in the water extract of fenugreek leaves treated at 100°C for 10 min and subsequent soaking for 24 h before filtration as compared to the other protocols tested. Furthermore, water extracts showed enhanced activity as compared to the ethanol extracts in case of both seeds and leaves and in all the treatment combinations.

The ethanolic extract of propolis, especially the Brazilian green type, is widely and mainly used for therapeutic purposes despite the lack of knowledge about its effects and its cellular mode of action. This type of propolis, derived from Baccharis dracunculifolia (alecrim-do-campo), has been extensively commercialized and the consumers use it to enhance health. This work aimed to assess the genotoxic/mutagenic and antigenotoxic/antimutagenic potential of the ethanolic extracts of Brazilian green propolis and of B. dracunculifolia, on mammalian cells. It was not observed genotoxic and mutagenic effect by both extracts. After evaluate the exposure of the cells to each extract with a recognized mutagen, simultaneously, the results showed a significant reduction on DNA damage. The experiment carried out with a pre-incubation period was more effective than without incubation test, showing that the tested extracts were able to inactivate the mutagen before it could react with the DNA.

The aim of the study was to investigate antibacterial and antifungal activity of plant extract taken from two different plants, Achyranthes aspera Linn., and Ocimum basilicum against Streptomyces fulvissimus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Shigella flexneri, Escherichiae coli, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonus aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum using well diffusion method. The in vitro study revealed that ethanolic extract was more effective than aqueous extract. Plant extracts of A.aspera Linn. was reported to be more effective on fungal and bacterial species than O.basilicum.

The aim of this study was to assess the secondary metabolities of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Acalypha indica. The ethanol and methanol extracts were screened phytochemically to check for the presence of various bioactive compounds. Furthermore, the extracts were qualitatively analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography, which showed the presence of flavonoids (keampferol and quercetin) and tannins (tannic acid, gallic acid and resorcinol). The extracts at various concentrations were used against common pathogens isolated from street food. It was seen that as the concentration increases, the activity exhibited also increased. It also showed less activity against the natural beneficial bacteria present in the human body. Methanol extracts, of both the plants, showed more activity when compared with the ethanol extract. This can be due to the ability of the methanol solvent to extract low-molecular-weight bioactive compounds, which results in the accumulation of more bioactive compounds.

Objective: Paspalum scrobiculatum (P. scrobiculatum) is a millet variety, cultivated throughout India having different pharmacological properties like antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hopolipidaemic, anti-rheumatic and wound healing. Various bioactive components from plant origin are studied to access their role in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, the antidepressant effect of ethanolic extract of P. scrobiculatum (EEPS) grains was studied in mice. Method: Forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were used to determine the antidepressant effect of 200 and 400 mg/kg EEPS grain extracts by oral administration to mice. Imipramine (30 mg/kg) was used as standard drug. Result: The results showed that doses, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg ethanolic extracts showed antidepressant effect by significantly reducing the immobility time compared to vehicle (P<0.001), in both the models studied, similar to that of standard imipramine drug. Significant variation in immobility time of 400 mg/kg ethanolic extract was observed. Conclusion: The findings suggest that grains of P. scrobiculatum millet exert antidepressant like behavior in mice, which can be attributed to the bioactive components present in the ethanolic extract of P. scrobiculatum, which are yet to be elucidated by fractionation studies.

Context: Lansium domesticum Corrêa is a higher plant belonging to Meliaceae family and widely distributed in South East Asia. The leave extract of Lansium domesticum cv kokossan contains 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-one,21,23-epoxy-21,22-dihydroxy (21R, 22S, 23S), which has shown a strong cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 1.13 ppm) against MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Aims: To evaluate the acute toxicity of ethanol extract of L. domesticum cv kokossan leaves in female Wistar rats.

Methods: Acute oral toxicity test was done based on OECD 425:2006 guidelines, consisting of a limit and main tests. The limit test was conducted at a dose of 5000 mg/kg, whereas the main test consisted of ten treatments, including control, with five replications each.

Results: The results showed a strong negative correlation between dose of the extract and the weight gain of tested animals (r = -0.93). The administration of the extract increased the relative weight of organs, i.e. liver and brain, only at a high dose. Histopathological examination showed an increasing of necrotic cells as well as disruption of tissue architectural of all organs in a dose-dependent manner. However, the toxic signs and organ damage did not show significantly different compared to control. The LD50 value estimated by Probit analysis was 16538.49 mg/kg BW for ethanol extract, which categorized as relatively harmless.

Conclusions: The data obtained from this study revealed that the ethanolic extract of L. domesticum cv kokossan leaves was relatively harmless to female Wistar rats. However moderate histopathological toxicity sign appeared in all examined organs. Thus, further study is needed to evaluate the effect of long-term exposure.

Background and Objective: Nowadays, incidence of antibiotic-resistance among pathogenic bacteria has increased due to indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs for treatment of diseases, especially urinary tract infections. Medicinal plants are also of great importance as antibacterial agents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial effect of ethanolic extract of nettle (Urtica dioica L.) leaves using two methods of disk diffusion and well diffusion. Methods: Ethanolic extract of nettle leaves was prepared by the percolation method. Effect of different concentrations of the extract on Escherichia coli (PTCC1399), Staphylococcus aureus (PTCC 1431), Staphylococcus epidermidis (PTCC 1435) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (PTCC1440) was evaluated using the disk diffusion and well diffusion methods by measuring diameter of growth inhibition zone. Gentamicin and propylene glycol were used as positive and negative control, respectively. Results: In both methods, especially in the well diffusion, the ethanolic extract of nettle leaves had favorable inhibitory effect on the growth of S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus. In the well diffusion method, the highest rate of susceptibility to the extract (89%) was related to S. saprophyticus and S. epidermidis. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of nettle leaf has good inhibitory effect on the growth of S. aureus (especially in the well diffusion method), which confirms the traditional use of this plant for the treatment of urinary tract infections.

One of the major fungal disease of rice that farmers are facing today were rice blast and sheath blight. These diseases cause drastic decrease in the productivity and become a problem in related to the consumption. The main objective of this study is to determine the antifungal activity of Datura metel, Jatropha carcus and Ruellia tuberosa ethanolic leaf extract against the isolated pathogen causing sheath blight and rice blast disease of rice. This study employed experimental research method with completely randomized design wherein sheath blight isolates were tested into three different concentrations (25%, 50% and 100%) of the three plant extracts while rice blast isolates were tested in 100% concentration of the three plant extracts. The food poisoned technique assay was used to access the antifungal activity of different three ethanolic extract and was done with three replications. The results showed that the ethanolic leaf extract of D. metel and J. carcus has the highest antifungal activity at 100% concentration against isolated pathogen causing sheath blight having98.611 ± 1.589% and 98.588 ± 1.589 of mycelial inhibition, respectively. Whereas, J.carcus and R.tuberosa has highest antifungal property against rice blast having 97.436 ± 0.555% and 97.115 ± 0.96% respectively. The three plant extracts exhibited high percentage of mycelial inhibition compared to mancozeb. Therefore, the extracts from these three plants have an active potential to inhibit the growth of fungus and can be used as bio fungicide to control infection of rice blast and sheath blight in rice. Since these bio fungicides came from plants, the negative effect for the environment and other organisms will be inhibited and can also support the goal of the government in finding on how to delimit the use of chemical fungicides. To assert the effectiveness on the actual field management of plant health, in vivo trials are recommended.

The aim of this study was to assess the differences in qualitative-quantitative composition of triterpenoids and total phenolic contents, together with anti-inflammatory activity of Ugni molinae leaves obtained from ten genotypes. The ethyl acetate (EAE) and ethanol extracts (ETE) were obtained and analyzed. The plant genotypes were grown under same soil and climate conditions and under same agronomic management; the leaves were also harvested under the same conditions. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by mice ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) at a single dose of 200 mg/kg BW of each extract. Composition of triterpenoids and total phenolic contents was determined by HPLC-DAD and Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. Ugni molinae leaves of different plant genotypes exhibited significant differences in regard to their anti-inflammatory activity, as well as in qualitative-quantitative composition of triterpenoids and total phenolic content.

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang potensi antioksidan dari hasil fraksinasi ekstrak etanol Phaseolus vulgaris L. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui fraksi yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan dan senyawa metabolit sekunder yang dominan terdapat pada hasil fraksinasi. Fraksi yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan adalah fraksi polar dengan IC50 sebesar 158 ppm. Senyawa metabolit sekunder yang dominan terdapat pada fraksi nonpolar, semipolar dan polar adalah senyawa fenol. Kandungan senyawa fenol terbesar terdapat pada fraksi polar yaitu 42%.

Primary sources of naturally occurring antioxidants are whole grains, fruits and vegetables. Most of the antioxidant compounds in a typical diet are derived from plant sources and belong to various classes of compounds with a wide variety of physical and chemical properties. Oxidative damage plays a significantly pathological role in human disease. Free radicals lead to cellular necrosis, which is implicated in some membrane pathophysiological conditions including atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis as well as toxicity of many xenobiotic, ischemia and injury of many tissues, central nervous system injury, gastritis, ageing, inflammatory response syndrome, respiratory diseases, liver diseases, and cancer. Many herbal plants contain antioxidant compounds and these compounds protect cells against the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen, superoxide, hydroxyl radicals and peroxy nitrite. The plant Vetiveria Zizanioides was selected based on Ayurvedic literature claim many medicinal uses. So the plant was subjected to antioxidant studies. Result shows better activity in case of aqueous extract prepared from fresh plants compared to ethanolic extract of dried plant.

Hypoglycemic effects were investigated in the ethanolic extract of fruits of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. with long evans rats (100-120 g). Residual gut sucrose content, gut perfusion and disaccharidase activity studies were carried out to assess these activities. The residual gut sucrose content study was carried out to reveal the amount of sucrose remaining in the gastro intestinal tract (GIT) at six different segments. The ethanolic fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. significantly increases the residual sucrose content throughout the gut after sucrose ingestion. Study on intestinal enzyme activity showed that the extract caused a significant (p < 0.05), dose dependent inhibition of intestinal disaccharidase enzyme activity. Evaluation of the effect of the plant extract on intestinal enzyme activity showed significant inhibition of intestinal disaccharidase activity, suggesting that reduction of sucrose absorption may be partly related to the inhibition of disaccharidase activity in the gut. The gut perfusion analysis showed that the extract significantly reduced intestinal glucose absorption. The results of the present study suggest that ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. has significant antidiabetic effects in a dose dependent manner and this may be effective in the treatment of diabetes.

Context: Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae) is a popular leafy prostrate branching herb used in folk medicine as a diuretic and urinary antiseptic.

Aims: To evaluate the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities of the ethanolic plant extract and petroleum ether, dichloromethane and aqueous methanol fractions against CCl4 induced toxicity in adult Wistar rats.

Methods: The total 95% ethanol extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg and petroleum ether, dichloromethane and aqueous methanol at 200 mg/kg was administered p.o. for seven days followed by one dose of CCl4 (1.25 mL/kg, p.o.) at day six. Serum and tissue parameters for both liver and kidney functions were measured. Histopathological study of both tissues was conducted. Results were compared with normal rats, negative controls receiving only CCl4 and positive controls treated with silymarin (10 mg/kg, p.o.).

Results: Effect of the total 95% ethanol extract at 400 mg/kg on serum and tissue liver parameters were weak. However, protective effect on kidney was promising. The best effect was observed on the urea and creatinine levels. Both malondialdehyde and non-protein sulfhydryl groups in kidney tissues were improved to levels comparable with those obtained by silymarin.

Conclusions: The current study confirmed the positive effect of the plant on the kidney tissues and function. The activity was trapped to the dichloromethane fraction that could provide pure active compounds.

Infections caused by Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) organisms cause to stand a worldwide pandemic. MDR bacteria are an emerging threat with limited therapeutic options. Without having information about these strains, morbidity and mortality due to infections caused by these notorious bugs cannot be reduced. Alternative antimicrobial agent is needed beside the antibiotics to combat against these MDR organisms. Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of trees of Cinnamomum sp. Traditionally it has also been used for medicinal purposes. In the current work we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the cinnamon extract against MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aggalomerans, and also compared the results with drug sensitive organisms of the same species. Cinnamon extract was prepared with ethanol extraction procedure. The extract was dried and re-dissolved in Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The prepared extract was tested on the organisms by using agar diffusion technique followed by determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the cinnamon extract. From the agar diffusion test the minimum concentration of cinnamon extracts needed to visualise the zone of inhibition on the Mueller Hinton Agar was determined to be 40 mg/ml. The MIC of the cinnamon extract was found to be 1 mg/ml and the MBC was determined as 2 mg/ml. The results obtained from this study can act as the stepping stone in investigating the antimicrobial properties of cinnamon extract. This study could be the beginning of discovering a new antimicrobial agent against the MDR organisms.

Primary sources of naturally occurring antioxidants are whole grains, fruits and vegetables. Most of the antioxidant compounds in a typical diet are derived from plant sources and belong to various classes of compounds with a wide variety of physical and chemical properties. Oxidative damage plays a significantly pathological role in human disease. Free radicals lead to cellular necrosis, which is implicated in some membrane pathophysiological conditions including atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis as well as toxicity of many xenobiotic, ischemia and injury of many tissues, central nervous system injury, gastritis, ageing, inflammatory response syndrome, respiratory diseases, liver diseases, and cancer. Many herbal plants contain antioxidant compounds and these compounds protect cells against the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen, superoxide, hydroxyl radicals and peroxy nitrite. The plant Vetiveria Zizanioides was selected based on Ayurvedic literature claim many medicinal uses. So the plant was subjected to antioxidant studies. Result shows better activity in case of aqueous extract prepared from fresh plants compared to ethanolic extract of dried plant.

Antidiabetic effects of ethanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus (mushroom) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats was studied. The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was determined to be 3,472.14 mgkg-1 and a single dose of 380.0, 760.0 and 1140.0 body weight of the extract were intraperitoneally administered as the treatment dose and the blood glucose levels (BGL) examined for 7 hours and 15 hours (prolonged) at 2 and 4 hours intervals respectively. The extract exhibited significant (p 0.05 and p 0.01) reduction in the blood glucose levels of the albino rats. The extract compared favourably with the standard reference drug (metformin) which all gave their maximum BGL reduction at 5 hours duration. The confirmation of antidiabetic potentials of the Pleurotus ostreatus tuber has been justified in this study as claimed by traditional medicine practitionersin Akwa Ibom State.

Background: In this study, the antidepressant activity of ethanolic extract of Pinus eldarica Medw needles was assessed using forced swimming test (FST) in rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six Groups and treated as follows: first group was received only reserpine (6 mg/kg, i.p.), second group was received reserpine (6 mg/kg, i.p.) and imipramine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), three experimental groups received reserpine (6 mg/kg, i.p.) and three doses of pine needle extract (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) respectively and the final group (control group) received only vehicle (5% DMSO, i.p.). Results: Acute oral administration of ethanolic extract of P. eldarica Medw needles at a dosage of 300 mg/kg reduced reserpineinduced increase in immobility time in the FST, demonstrating an antidepressant effect in the FST. Additionally, extract treatment did not modify the ambulation and rearing evaluated in open field test, indicating that antidepressant effect found in the forced swimming test was not based on the stimulation of locomotor activity. Conclusion: These results indicate that ethanolic extract of Pinus eldarica needles possesses an antidepressant activity.

Herbs are used in the treatment of several human ailment and
diseases. One of such herbs which have always been used for the
treatment of human diseases is Phyllanthus amarus. The
antimicrobial sensitivity of ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus amarus
leaves on oral microorganisms was determined. The ethanolic leaf
extract was tested for antimicrobial activity using some clinical
isolates such as E. coli, Klebsiella sp, Pseudomonas sp, Citrobacter
sp, Bacillus sp and Staph. aureus, showed sensitivity of 15.3333 mm
at a concentration of 100 mg/ml followed by Klebsiella and Bacillus
with sensitivity of 14.0000 mm and 14.0000 mm respectively at 75
mg/ml. while the least antibacterial sensitivity of 7.0000 mm was
recorded at a concentration of 3.125 mg/ml. The leaf extract also
showed higher antifungal inhibitory activity in some fungi species
such as Penicillium and Sacchromyces. This indicates that the plant
contained some bioactive compounds with antibacterial, antifungal
and skin conditioning properties.

Context: Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae) is a popular leafy prostrate branching herb used in folk medicine as a diuretic and urinary antiseptic. Aims: To evaluate the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities of the ethanolic plant extract and petroleum ether, dichloromethane and aqueous methanol fractions against CCl4 induced toxicity in adult Wistar rats. Methods: The total 95% ethanol extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg and petroleum ether, dichloromethane and aqueous methanol at 200 mg/kg was administered p.o. for seven days followed by one dose of CCl4 (1.25 mL/kg, p.o.) at day six. Serum and tissue parameters for both liver and kidney functions were measured. Histopathological study of both tissues was conducted. Results were compared with normal rats, negative controls receiving only CCl4 and positive controls treated with silymarin (10 mg/kg, p.o.). Results: Effect of the total 95% ethanol extract at 400 mg/kg on serum and tissue liver parameters were weak. However, pro...

Feronia elephantum Correa (Family-Rutaceae) commonly known as Wood apple has been widely used in Indian folk medicine for treatment of blood impurities, leucorrhoea, and as diuretic and liver tonic. It has not been studied experimentally for its blood glucose lowering potential earlier hence present study was conducted. Oral administration of 250mg/kg body weight of 95% ethanolic extract of unripe fruits significantly lowered the blood glucose levels of fasted, fed and streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rats. It also depressed the peak value in glucose loaded model. Further, study on histology of pancreatic β-cells granularity of normal rats was also done. Marked degranulation in β-cells of extract treated rats, associated with the blood glucose lowering was observed. Extract probably lowered the blood glucose concentrations by stimulating insulin secretogogue activity.

The plant Laurus nobilis, known as “Laurel”, is part of the lauraceae family, from witch it gets his name. Traditionally, this plant has been used as flavoring or infusion by his diverse properties such as natural relaxing food or helping with stomach problems. Due to research of its phytochemical content, we know it has as secondary metabolites, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. The variety of this metabolites and the inside diversity between each alkaloid or terpenoid, brings the plant a large quantity of uses. In this case, we analyze its antimicrobial response against Staphylococcus aureus strains in various concentrations of the ethanolic extract.

Resumen Context: Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae) is a popular leafy prostrate branching herb used in folk medicine as a diuretic and urinary antiseptic. Aims: To evaluate the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities of the ethanolic plant extract and petroleum ether, dichloromethane and aqueous methanol fractions against CCl4 induced toxicity in adult Wistar rats. Methods: The total 95% ethanol extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg and petroleum ether, dichloromethane and aqueous methanol at 200 mg/kg was administered p.o. for seven days followed by one dose of CCl4 (1.25 mL/kg, p.o.) at day six. Serum and tissue parameters for both liver and kidney functions were measured. Histopathological study of both tissues was conducted. Results were compared with normal rats, negative controls receiving only CCl4 and positive controls treated with silymarin (10 mg/kg, p.o.). Results: Effect of the total 95% ethanol extract at 400 mg/kg on serum and tissue liver parameters were weak. However, protective effect on kidney was promising. The best effect was observed on the urea and creatinine levels. Both malondialdehyde and non-protein sulfhydryl groups in kidney tissues were improved to levels comparable with those obtained by silymarin. Conclusions: The current study confirmed the positive effect of the plant on the kidney tissues and function. The activity was trapped to the dichloromethane fraction that could provide pure active compounds. Contexto: Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae) es una hierba rastrera frondosa ramificada que se usa en la etnomedicina como diurético y antiséptico urinario. Objetivos: Evaluar las actividades hepatoprotectora y nefroprotectora del extracto etanólico de la planta y las fracciones de éter de petróleo, diclorometano y metanol acuoso contra la toxicidad inducida por CCl4 en ratas Wistar adultas. Métodos: El extracto total en etanol 95% a 200 y 400 mg/kg y las fracciones de éter de petróleo, diclorometano y metanol acuoso a 200 mg/kg fueron administradas p.o. por siete días seguidas por una dosis de CCl4 (1.25 mL/kg, p.o.) en el día seis. Se midieron los parámetros séricos y tisulares para las funciones hepáticas y renales. Se realizó el estudio histopatológico de ambos tejidos. Los resultados se compararon con ratas normales, los controles negativos recibieron sólo CCl4 y los controles positivos se trataron con silimarina (10 mg/kg, p.o.). Resultados: El efecto del extracto total de etanol 95% (400 mg/kg) sobre los parámetros séricos y tisulares del hígado fue débil. Sin embargo, el efecto protector renal fue superior. El mejor efecto se observó en las concentraciones de urea y creatinina. Tanto los grupos sulfhidrilo no proteicos como malondialdehído en los tejidos renales mejoraron a niveles comparables con los obtenidos por la silimarina. Conclusiones: El presente estudio confirma el efecto positivo de la planta en el tejido y la función renal. La actividad se atribuye a la fracción de diclorometano que podría proporcionar compuestos activos puros.

Aim: Gastrointestinal helminthosis is a global problem in small ruminant production. Most parasites have developed resistance to commonly available anthelminthic compounds, and there is currently an increasing need for new compounds with more efficacies. This study evaluated the in vitro effects of ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa (EECL) as a biological nematicide against third stage Haemonchus larvae (L3) isolated from sheep. Materials and Methods: Haemonchus L3 were cultured and harvested from the feces of naturally infected sheep. EECL was prepared and three concentrations; 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL were tested for their efficacies on Haemonchus L3. Levamisole at concentration 1.5 and 3 mg/mL were used as positive controls. Results: EECL showed anthelmintic activity in a dose-dependent manner with 78% worm mortality within 24 h of exposure at the highest dose rate of 200 mg/mL. There was a 100% worm mortality rate after 2 h of levamisole (3 mg/mL) admisntration. However, there was...

ABSTRACT
It is known that, drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis show toxic effect to organism especially to liver beside its therapeutic effect. Because of ineffectiveness of drugs used in the treatment regimen of tuberculosis against multidrug resistance (MDR) and extensively drug-resistance (XDR) tuberculosis requires the development of new treatment methods and new novel drugs. Considering the usage of Artemisia absinthium in traditional medicine in treatment of wounds which suggests its antibacterial activity it seems that, also it may have significant antimycobacterial activity. The objective of present study was to evaluate antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of A. absinthium against M. tuberculosis. In this study, the effect of ethanolic extract of A. absinthium was tested against tuberculosis and pharmaco-toxicological properties evaluated on laboratory animals. The 20%, 40%, 70% and 96% ethanolic extracts of A. absinthium prepared then its bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities were evaluated by validated methods. Data were analyzed by GraphPad Prism 7.0 at the level P<0.05. Results showed that ethanolic extracts of A. absinthium show no toxicological properties with having high LD50. All concentrations of extract show high bacteriostatic activity on M. tuberculosis. 96% ethanolic extract has highest bactericidal effect among other concentrations. By conducting further studies, as a results of our study, antimycobacterial drug can be prepared from A. absinthium.
Keywords: Artemisia absinthium, antimycobacterial, ethanolic extract, Mycobacteria tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Aim: Gastrointestinal helminthosis is a global problem in small ruminant production. Most parasites have developed resistance to commonly available anthelminthic compounds, and there is currently an increasing need for new compounds with more efficacies. This study evaluated the in vitro effects of ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa (EECL) as a biological nematicide against third stage Haemonchus larvae (L3) isolated from sheep. Materials and Methods: Haemonchus L3 were cultured and harvested from the feces of naturally infected sheep. EECL was prepared and three concentrations; 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL were tested for their efficacies on Haemonchus L3. Levamisole at concentration 1.5 and 3 mg/mL were used as positive controls. Results: EECL showed anthelmintic activity in a dose-dependent manner with 78% worm mortality within 24 h of exposure at the highest dose rate of 200 mg/mL. There was a 100% worm mortality rate after 2 h of levamisole (3 mg/mL) admisntration. However, there was a comparable larvicidal effect between when levamisole (1.5 mg/mL) and EECL (200 mg) were administered. Conclusion: The study shows that EECL does exhibit good anthelmintic properties at 200 mg/mL which is comparable with levamisole at 1.5 mg/mL.