MADM

Assessment of risks is a key task in the project management. In this process, Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) approach can be utilized to identify project relevant risks. In the previous classical method, only Limited number of attributes is considered in the evaluation that can cause unreliable results. In this paper, an attempt has been made to introduce and involve a relatively comprehensive set of attributes for applying in Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM) techniques. Using this model, the risks of tunneling construction in the Seimareh dam project, located in South-West of Iran, are assessed and ranked. For the collection of experts' judgments, group decision making method by conducting various decision panels was applied. Also for the risk ranking, Linear Assignment (LA), Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Simple Additive Weighted (SAW) methods were considered. Final ranking of the risks was computed using integration methods. It was concluded that the risks economical factors and guarantee are the project most and least critical risks, respectively.

In this paper, ELECTRE (Elemination et Choice Translating Reality) or Concordance Analysis is used for selecting a proper layout to suit a particular type of production system. The decision making becomes more complicated due to contradicting and conflicting nature of factors influencing Facilities Layout (FL) design. Various considerations need to be taken into account in this regard. The complexity is compounded when these considerations are conflicting by nature and they have units that cannot be compared on a same common scale (incommensurable units). Also, a FL problem cannot be claimed to have a best and a unique solution. But an improper selection of FL may eventually result in affecting firm's productivity, quality of production and profitability. Hence, to effectively select a FL for a specified type of production, several factors will have to be considered simultaneously. The goal of the decision process is to evaluate alternative FLs based on the activities and their contribution to overall organizational goals. Hence in this paper the Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) methodology ELECTRE is adopted to make an effective selection of a FL to suit the production process under study.

مقدمه

مبحث این درس در خصوص تصمیم گیری با معیارهای چندگانه است که به آن
  (MCDM
Multi Criteria Decision Making)
می گویند
تصمیم گیری با معیارهای چندگانه دارای دو زیر شاخه اصلی  است
1) تصمیم گیری چند شاخصه (MADM) - Multi Attribute Decision Making))
2) تصمیم گیری چند هدفه (MODM) - Multi Objective Decision Making))

کلیه مباحث این درس در خصوص تصمیم‌گیری چند شاخصه بوده که در ابتدا به مباحث مقدماتی و آماده سازی داده ها و سپس انواع تکنیک های تصمیم گیری چندشاخصه خواهیم پرداخت  سپس در بخش  انتهایی به آموزش برخی از مهمترین انواع تکنیک های تصمیم گیری گروهی خواهیم پرداخت. به صورت کلی محوراصلی بر  اساس  تماما براساس تکنیک های تصمیم گیری چند شاخصه خواهد بود .

"چگونه می توانیم تصمیم گیری را در حوزه فردی، گروهی و سازمانی با ارتقاء از روش های کلاسیک به تصمیم گیری منطقی تر و مطمئن تر تبدیل کرد؟؛ چه روش های جدیدی در تصمیم گیری وجود دارد؟؛ از چه روشی برای
تصمیم گیری امور کسب و کار خود استفاده کنیم؟ و..."
این ها سئوالاتی هستند که در این مجموعه ما به دنبال آن می باشیم! مجموعه حاضر به پژوهشگران، اساتید و دانشجویانی که علاقه مند به موضوع تصمیم گیری؛ در پی ارائه روش های جدید در سازمان ها، پایان نامه ها، مقالات، و شیوه های مطالعاتی خود می باشند، یاری رسان است؛ این مجموعه به معرفی روش های جدید تصمیم گیری چند شاخصه (MADM) که بیشتر به نام روش های نوین در تصمیم گیری شناخته می شوند می پردازد.
هم چنین این مجموعه تلاش دارد تا با نگاهی جامع، دقیق و تخصصی به بیان مفاهیم کلی مرتبط با تصمیم گیری،
ادبیات مرتبط با تصمیم گیری چند معیاره(MODM)، و معرفی برخی از این روش های نوین به نام روش های
RIAM-Leopold-SWARA-ARAS-BWM  به همراه حل یک مثال بپردازد.

Modern manufacturing organizations tend to face versatile challenges due to globalization, modern lifestyle trends and rapid market requirements from both locally and globally placed competitors. The organizations faces high stress from dual perspective namely enhancement in science and technology and development of modern strategies. In such an instance, organizations were in a need of using an effective decision making tool that chooses out optimal alternative that reduces time, complexity and highly simplified. This paper explores a usage of new multi criteria decision making tool known as MOORA for selecting the best alternatives by examining various case study. The study was covered up in two fold manner by comparing MOORA with other MCDM and MADM approaches to identify its advantage for selecting optimal alternative, followed by highlighting the scope and gap of using MOORA approach. Examination on various case study reveals an existence of huge scope in using MOORA for numerous manufacturing and service applications.

Spor endüstrisi, spor kulüpleri, taraftarlar, sporseverler, yayıncı kuruluşlar, finansal yatırımcılar gibi paydaşların yer aldığı küresel ölçekli bir yapıya sahiptir. Bununla birlikte spor, sosyal açıdan kişisel ve toplumsal konumunu korumaya da devam etmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, Türkiye'de öne çıkan dört spor kulübünün finansal, sportif ve sosyal açılardan performanslarının incelenmesi ve sıralanması amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmada, karar problemlerinin çözümünde kullanımı gittikçe artan bütünleşik/hibrit modellere yönelik farklı toplulaştırma tekniklerine yer verilmiştir. Spor kulüplerinin performansları açısından sıralanması için bütünleşik karar modeli oluşturulmuştur. Bu modelde, kriterlerin ağırlıklarının belirlenmesi için İkili Karşılaştırma Ağırlıklandırma Tekniği'nden yararlanılmıştır. Ağırlıklandırma işlemi sonucunda, finansal kriterlerden aktif kârlılık, sportif kriterlerden futbolda kazanılan kupa sayısı ve sosyal kriterlerden stadyum doluluğu, ana kriter gruplarında ilk sıraları almıştır. Karar probleminin çözümü için çok kriterli karar verme tekniklerinden SAW, TODIM, EDAS, VIKOR, QUALIFLEX ve MAPPAC kullanılmıştır. Söz konusu çözümlerin toplulaştırılmasında ise Borda, Copeland, Nanson, Ortalama, Cook ve Seiford, Kemeny toplulaştırma tekniklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Bütünleşik sıralamalarda, finansal performans açısından Beşiktaş ilk sırada bulunurken; sportif, sosyal ve genel performans sıralamalarında Galatasaray ilk sırada yer almıştır. Sonuç olarak spor kulüplerinin sürdürülebilir başarılar elde etmesi için finansal yapılarını düzeltmeleri, sosyal sorumluluk açısından ise toplumun geneliyle etkileşim içinde olmaları ve futbol dışında kalan takım sporları ve bireysel sporlara olanaklar yaratmaları gerekmektedir. Abstract The sports industry has a global scale that includes stakeholders such as sports clubs, fans, sports lovers, broadcasters, and financial investors. Besides, sports continue to maintain their socially personal and community position. In this study, financial, sportive, social, and general performances of four of the leading sports club in Turkey were examined and ranked in this regard. Also, different aggregation techniques for integrated / hybrid models, which are increasingly used in the solution of decision problems, were included in the study. An integrated decision model has been created to rank sports clubs in terms of performance. In this model, the Pairwise Comparison Weighting Technique was used to determine the weight of the criteria. As a result of the weighting process, return on assets ratio from financial criteria, the number of trophies won in football from sportive criteria, and the stadium occupancy from social criteria took the first place in the main criteria groups. SAW, TODIM, EDAS, VIKOR, QUALIFLEX, and MAPPAC, which are MCDM techniques, were used to solve the decision problem. Borda, Copeland, Nanson, Average, Cook and Seiford, Kemeny, aggregation techniques, were used to integrate these solutions. While Beşiktaş ranks first in terms of financial performance in integrated rankings, Galatasaray ranks first in sports, social, and general performance rankings. As a result, to achieve sustainable success, sports clubs need to improve their financial structure, in terms of social responsibility, they must interact with the general public and create opportunities for non-football team sports and individual sports. * Sorumlu yazar, Arş. Gör. Dr., Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi, Hopa İİBF, [email protected],

"To monitor the progress towards business excellence, thousands of organizations across the world use self-assessment on a regular basis. There are a few popular business excellence models that provide standard criteria against which an organization can measure its performances. European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) is the most popular ones. The EFQM Excellence Model was introduced at the beginning of 1992 as the framework for assessing organizations for the European Quality Award.
It is now the most widely usedorganizational framework in Europe and across the world and it has become the basis for the majority of international, national and regional Quality Awards. It is a practical tool that can be used as a guide to identify areas for Improvement. However, the current EFQM model has some drawbacks and problems which are not able to identify the priorities in Area for Improvement (AFI). For organizations with limitations of time, budget and resources and cannot implement all the Area for Improvement, some standards or indexes and limitations should be defined for prioritizing and choosing the Area for Improvement. Using Topsis method which is one of the multi-attribute decision making model, the Area for Improvement can be identified. Therefore, this work will develop a method of evaluating, assessing and determining the Area for Improvement in the EFQM model. The results showed that the developed model is more valid and acceptable and the experts
verified the model for selecting of Area for Improvement in EFQM in practice. The proposed model was employed in a case study
and drawn out results from it and were evaluated from
different points of view."

Uluslararası bir medya kuruluşuna ait Türkiye’de yayın yapan bir dergi, her yıl farklı kriterler bağlamında şirketleri performanslarına göre sıralamaktadır. Bu değerlendirmelerde her bir kriter için ayrı sıralamalar oluşturulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ise söz konusu listelerin 2019 yılı rakamlarına göre ilk on sırasında yer alan yirmi yedi şirketin etkinlik, performans ve farklılık yönlerinden çok kriterli karar verme yöntemlerinden EATWIOS, KARMA, MAIRCA ve TOPSIS-Sort-C ile bütüncül incelemesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda, TÜPRAŞ’ın diğer şirketlere göre etkinliğinin daha yüksek olduğu, THY’nin ise finansal performans açısından ilk sırada olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca TOPSIS-Sort-C ve KARMA sonuçları, iki şirketin diğer şirketlerden olumlu açılardan farklılaştığını göstermiştir.

Normalization is an essential step in data analysis and for MCDM methods. This study aims to outline the positive and negative features of the normalization techniques that can be used in MCDM problems. In order to compare the different normalization techniques, fourteen sets representing different scenarios of decision problems were used. According to the results, if the decision-maker chooses to take the alternative with the highest value in the criteria and avoid the one with the lowest value, or vice versa, optimization-based normalization techniques should be preferred, whereas the reference-based normalization techniques are considered appropriate for situations where there are ideal values determined by the decision-maker for each criterion. However, if the decision-maker believes that the values in the criteria do not represent the monotonous increasing or decreasing benefit/cost, then non-linear normalization techniques should be used. Also, in the event of a change in the conditions mentioned above, the decision maker may opt for mixed normalization techniques. However, some data structures, such as the presence of zero, and negative values in the decision matrix, can prevent the use of some normalization techniques. The choice of the normalization technique may also be affected by the problem of rank reversal, the range of normalized values, obtaining the same optimization aspect for all criteria, and the validity of results.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the multiple attribute decision making problems with intuitionistic fuzzy information, in which the information about attribute weights are incompletely known, and the attribute values take the form of intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. In order to get the weight vector of the attribute, we establish an optimization model based on the basic ideal of traditional gray relational analysis (GRA) method, by which the attribute weights can be determined. For the special situations where the information about attribute weights are completely unknown, we establish another optimization model. By solving this model, we get a simple and exact formula, which can be used to determine the attribute weights. Then, based on the traditional GRA method, calculation steps for solving an intuitionistic fuzzy environment and developed modified GRA method for intuitionistic fuzzy multiple attributes decision-making with incompletely known attribute weight information. This paper provides a new method for sensitivity analysis of MADM problems so that by sing it and changing the weights of attributes, one can determine changes in the final results for a decision making problem. Finally, an illustrative example is given to verify the developed approach and to demonstrate its practicality and effectiveness.

Along with rapid growth of World Wide Web, electronic commerce has become a new way for business in online market of products. However, when consumers are doing online shopping, some concerns arise, like how personal information is used, how to guarantee these data and the reliability of online companies. In this regard, factors such as consumers perception about an internet company regarding perceived popularity of company, perceived size of company and trustworthiness of internet vendor, perception about protecting personal boundary and security in internet and finally perceived risks and benefits are investigated. In this research, ISM is used for studying relationship between variables and ANP is used for evaluating the weight of any component. Results of research show that inferred reliability of online trader, as the most important factor, is at the highest level of ISM. On the other side, inferred reliability of online trader has been known as the most important factor according to the quantitative evaluation implemented by ANP.

In the efficiency and performance analyses of food companies, multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods will be used. For this purpose, REF-II and OCRA methods will be used to assess the leading companies in the food manufacturing industry. REF-II will be applied for financial performance analysis, whereas OCRA will be used to evaluate food company financial efficiency. The criteria will also be weighted by CILOS and Entropy, two of the objective weighting methods. Then, the values obtained by Entropy and CILOS will be integrated via the IDOCRIW method.

The article presents an approach to the development of multi-attribute decision making model that is based on DEX, an expert system shell for multi-attribute decision support. We demonstrate the applicability and flexibility of the approach presenting application of DEX in e-learning: assessment and evaluation of Learning Management Systems (LMS) where several conflicting objectives, like environmental, social and economic impacts, must be simultaneously taken into account. Decision analysis methodology can be of major assistance in tackling this kind of problem and has become the basis for developing and implementing better and better decision support models to try to overcome the increasing difficulties involved in complex decision making problems. With the multi-attribute decision making model, we illustrate its usefulness by showing its main features and its application to the above intervention problem.

"In a growing competitive business environment, many organizations have taken by adoption the strategic planning approach to an effort for business excellence. Implementation of proper strategies plays a vital role for organizations' success. Balanced scorecard is a suitable tool for designing operational strategies. However, one of the balanced scorecard problems is the selection in strategic plans' performance. In this paper, was settled a model for selection of strategic plans in Balanced Scorecard using Electre method. So first using the consensus of organization's managers and experts' opinions, measures of four perspectives and general objectives are determined in BSC. And then using experts' opinions and taking the relative importance of decision makers' opinions into consideration, by using Electre1, the performances of strategic plans are selected in BSC model. The results are shown that the introduced method is more reliable and acceptable and the experts were verified the model for selecting of strategic plans in BSC in operation. The introduced method was used in a study and extracted results from it were analyzed from different points of view. In this article Initiative is called strategic plans.

Keywords: Balanced Scorecard, Initiatives, MCDM, ELECTRE"

One of the outdoor activities or mountaineering activities located in the mountainous region is one form of ecotourism that is much favored by many people, especially young people. Mountain climbing (mountain hiking) is one type of outdoor activity that is often done because there are so many mountains that are spread throughout most of the Indonesian archipelago. To anticipate subjective risks, beginner climbers are encouraged to do mountain climbing in groups, and adjust to the experience and abilities of climbers. This research developed decision support application for determining the best mountain climbing by using the web-based weighted product method. Weighted Product (WP) is a method used to solve the Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM) problem, namely the method used in finding the most optimal alternative from several optimal alternatives with certain criteria. The application has been completed and is named "Hiking-Yuk!". The result of using the WP method is to display the best recommendations that can be used as material in the consideration and selection of mountains. Recommendations for the future Hiking-Yuk! website can be developed not only in the scope of the East Java, but can be developed for other mountains in other provinces.

In recent years, design is becoming the core competence of companies and managing the interface between design and other activities has received a lot of attention. Effective co-ordination among these areas, therefore, is vital for the effectiveness of the organization. The ideal situation would be continuous inter-departmental contact with welldeveloped channels of communication. This paper proposes strategies that help to implementing concurrent design and uses TOPSIS method to provide appropriate concurrent design strategy, which is observed to be quite capable of solving such type of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems. The results of this study should provide a base for firms in evaluating the concurrent design strategies and a reference for them to strengthen their concurrent capabilities. This work aims at contributing to the concurrent design solutions implementation, which are appealing.

One of the outdoor activities or mountaineering activities located in the mountainous region is one form of ecotourism that is much favored by many people, especially young people. Mountain climbing (mountain hiking) is one type of outdoor activity that is often done because there are so many mountains that are spread throughout most of the Indonesian archipelago. To anticipate subjective risks, beginner climbers are encouraged to do mountain climbing in groups, and adjust to the experience and abilities of climbers. This research developed decision support application for determining the best mountain climbing by using the web-based weighted product method. Weighted Product (WP) is a method used to solve the Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM) problem, namely the method used in finding the most optimal alternative from several optimal alternatives with certain criteria. The application has been completed and is named "Hiking-Yuk!". The result of using the WP method is ...

The article presents an approach to the development of multi-attribute decision making model that is based on DEX, an expert system shell for multi-attribute decision support. We demonstrate the applicability and flexibility of the approach presenting application of DEX in e-learning: assessment and evaluation of Learning Management Systems (LMS) where several conflicting objectives, like environmental, social and economic impacts, must be simultaneously taken into account. Decision analysis methodology can be of major assistance in tackling this kind of problem and has become the basis for developing and implementing better and better decision support models to try to overcome the increasing difficulties involved in complex decision making problems. With the multi-attribute decision making model, we illustrate its usefulness by showing its main features and its application to the above intervention problem.

The main motivation of this research is to develop an innovative multidimensional model through multi attribute decision making (MADM) methods for strategic plans selection process in the Balanced Scorecard (BSC). The current study adopted MADM analytical methods including AHP, ELECTRE, BORDA, TOPSIS and SAW to rank the initiatives / strategic plans in BSC. Then the results of those methods were compared against each other in order to find a robust model for selecting strategic plans. The correlation coefficient between methods indicated that multidimensional and ELECTRE methods with 0.944 are the best performing and AHP with negative correlation (–0.455) is the worst performing method for selecting strategic plans in BSC. The high correlation demonstrates that the model can be a useful and effective tool to finding the critical aspects of evaluation criteria as well as the gaps to improve company performance for achieving desired level. Developing multidimensional model is the core...

In MCDM problems, the decision maker is often ready to adopt the closest solution to the reference values in a choice or ranking problem. The reference values represent the desired results as established subjectively by the decision maker or determined through various scientific tools. In a criterion, the reference value could be the maximum value, the minimum value, or a specific value or range. Also, the acceptances degrees of ranges outside the reference may differ from each other in a criterion. Furthermore, measurements in a criterion may have been obtained with any of the nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. For the decision problems, including qualitative criteria, the solution cannot be achieved without scaling of criteria with the existing MCDM methods. The purpose of this study is to propose the Nearest Solution to References (REF) Method, a novel reference-based MCDM method, for the solution of decision problems having mixed data structure where references can be determined for criteria.

Security mechanisms are substantial to an e-business environment. While many security mechanisms has been developed to secure e-business processes (EBP) and networks, little attention is given to actual process of a systematic decision making. In most cases strongest security level available is selected.In many cases there are low risks and threats associated with the processes and the use of strong security wastes the available resources. In this paper we developed a practical multiple criteria decision making model based on the Fuzzy-TOPSIS for choosing adequate security mechanism for e-business processes and making a trade-off between security and other important factors in the enterprise.We acquired data from experts and implemented fuzzy approach.We differentiated four phases in the EBP. Each phase of the process which has specific security requirements thus we suggested the use of specified security mechanismsfor each phase which improves the efficiency of the system.

Nowadays by considering globalization it becomes more important to achieve new technologies in developing countries. Development and technology transfer play a major role in developing of industries in these countries. Especially downstream petrochemical made governments to pay more attention and concern about new technologies to be transferred because of its products which made much more added value in compare with midstream and upstream petrochemical products. The petrochemical industry is usually divided into three major components: Upstream, midstream and downstream. Midstream operations are generally included in the downstream category. The downstream petrochemical industry includes basic chemicals, fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, plastics and synthetic rubber in primary forms, man-made fibres, rubber products, plastics products and other chemical products like pesticides and pesticides. In this paper we evaluate criteria of technology transfer methods in order to determine a list of prioritization for these methods in downstream petrochemical industry in developing countries. The approach is based on the Group TOPSIS technique (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution). Evaluating the methods of technology transfer shows that the most suitable method is industrial espionage. Industrial espionage is a technique to gain technical information and transferring the technology without permission from the owner of information or technology. Although there are ethical doubts about this method due to illegal actions which are known as a crime but sometimes it may become a logical decision to achieve required information and technology.

Operation of over shared resources (water, gas, oil, and mineral reserves) has been one the most significant challenges of states. “Fair” and “efficient” national resources reallocation among stakeholders and states is a complex conflict problem that faces this fundamental question: which criteria and mechanisms should be taken into account for this reallocation? In this paper, we propose a risk-based Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM) methodology to select the most appropriate mechanism for reallocation of the reserves of the Caspian Sea with respect to several quantitative and qualitative criteria. Caspian Sea is a sea with five claimants that border it, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan. The ordered weighted averaging (OWA) method is used to evaluate the effects of risk attitude of the decision makers on the final outcome in resources reallocation. Results indicate that risk-based MADM methods are well suited tools to resolve conflicts in natural resources reallocation problems.

Modern manufacturing organizations tend to face versatile challenges due to globalization, modern
lifestyle trends and rapid market requirements from both locally and globally placed competitors. The
organizations faces high stress from dual perspective namely enhancement in science and technology and
development of modern strategies. In such an instance, organizations were in a need of using an effective
decision making tool that chooses out optimal alternative that reduces time, complexity and highly
simplified. This paper explores a usage of new multi criteria decision making tool known as MOORA for
selecting the best alternatives by examining various case study. The study was covered up in two fold
manner by comparing MOORA with other MCDM and MADM approaches to identify its advantage for
selecting optimal alternative, followed by extending MOORA with interval grey numbers, crisp and interval
grey number and whitening coefficient and future scope of the present work concentrate on highlighting the
scope and gap between MOORA, Multiplicative form of MOORA(MULTIMOORA) and Multi objective
optimization on the basis of simple ratio analysis (MOOSRA) for numerous manufacturing and service
applications.

Geleceği şekillendirecek çocukların, farklı yapılara sahip coğrafyalarda birbirinden derin farklılıklar içeren şartlar altında yaşadığı tartışılmaz bir gerçektir. Bu çalışmada, ülkelerin on beş kriter bağlamında çocuklara sağladıkları imkan ve şartlar açısından sınıflandırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amacı gerçekleştirmek için veriler UNICEF veri tabanından temin edilmiş, analizler ise çok kriterli karar verme yöntemlerinden TOPSIS-SORT ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ülkelerin yaşanabilirlik açısından en yüksek düzeyden en düşük düzeye doğru beş sınıfta gruplandırılması amacıyla sınıf profillerinin belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu noktada, kriterlerin değişim aralığı değerlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Sınıflandırmada kullanılan kriterler arasında 18 yaş altı nüfusun toplam nüfusa oranı, doğumda yaşam beklentisi, 0-14 yaş ölümler, gebelikte anne ölüm oranı, aşı ve hastalık bakım oranları ortalaması, düşük ağırlıklı çocuk doğum oranı, okul öncesi çağındaki çocuklar arasında yetersiz beslenme, çocuklarda evlilik oranı, doğum kayıtı, kişi başına GSYİH, en alt düzeyde temizlik hizmetlerine erişim, aşırı zayıflık, aşırı kiloluluk, kamu harcamaları içinde sağlığın payı yer almaktadır. Yüksek yaşanabilirlik sınıfı içinde İsviçre, Norveç ve Lüksemburg'un da aralarında bulunduğu otuz iki ülke yer almaktadır. Türkiye, Portekiz, Katar gibi ülkeleri içeren ikinci sınıf (orta-yüksek) içinde elli ülke bulunmaktadır. Üçüncü (orta) sınıf içinde kırk dokuz, dördüncü (düşük-orta) sınıfta on bir ve çoğunluğunu Afrika kıtasından ülkelerin oluşturduğu son sınıf olan beşinci (düşük) sınıfta kırk bir ülke yer almaktadır. Genel olarak, ekonomik yönden refah düzeyi yüksek ülkelerin çocuklara daha fazla imkân sağlayabildiği görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte, görece olarak yüksek ekonomik refah düzeyine sahip olmasa da bazı ülkelerin, çocuklara iyi imkânlar sağlamaya çalıştığı tespit edilmiştir. İlk iki sınıf içinde hiçbir Afrika ülkesi bulunmamaktadır. Bunun nedeni Afrika ülkelerinde iç karışıklık ve çatışmaların sıklıkla görülmesi olabilir. Öte yandan, son yıllarda sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyüme sağlayan Hindistan'ın bu başarısını aynı ölçüde çocuklar için yaşanabilir çevre sağlamaya taşıyamadığı görülmüştür.

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) has redefined employability and disability. The measurement and evaluation of the disabled worker's residual capabilities, in terms of worker strengths and weaknesses, job requirements and work environment, is the first step to comply with the ADA. This study presents an application of multiple-attribute decision-making procedures. The task is to develop a single index for use in assessing the disability of visually impaired workers through a consideration of factors defined by the U.S. Employment Service for successful job performance. The index can also be used to identify and prioritize the need for reasonable accommodation and to match visually impaired workers to appropriate employment.

Along with rapid growth of World Wide Web, electronic commerce has become a new way for business in online market of products. However, when consumers are doing online shopping, some concerns arise, like how personal information is used, how to guarantee these data and the reliability of online companies. In this regard, factors such as consumers perception about an internet company regarding perceived popularity of company, perceived size of company and trustworthiness of internet vendor, perception about protecting personal boundary and security in internet and finally perceived risks and benefits are investigated. In this research, ISM is used for studying relationship between variables and ANP is used for evaluating the weight of any component. Results of research show that inferred reliability of online trader, as the most important factor, is at the highest level of ISM. On the other side, inferred reliability of online trader has been known as the most important factor accord...

Data mining and intelligent agents have emerged as two fields with immense potential for research. Every intelligent agent is self-sufficient, acting independently within its boundary while collaborating with other agents to perform the assigned task efficiently. The ability of agents to learn from their experience complements the data mining process. Agent mining helps to overcome the challenges faced by data mining in a distributed heterogeneous environment. Recently, a lot of research has been conducted on the role of agents in the data mining. The paper focuses on the existing multi-agent data mining system architectures and the roles of agents in them. Keywords— Agent, agent mining, multi-agent, pikater, meta learning, distributed data mining, MADM, DMMAS, decision support system, MAS, performance optimization.

Vagueness in the scientific studies presents a challenging dimension. Intuitionistic fuzzy set theory has emerged as a tool for its characterization. There is need to associate measures which can measure vagueness and differences in the underlying characterizing IFSs. In the present paper we introduce an information theoretic divergence measure, called intuitionistic fuzzy Jensen-Rényi divergence. It is a difference measure in the setting of intuitionistic fuzzy set theory, involving parameters that provide flexibility and choice. The strength of the new measure lies in its properties and applications. Paper investigates some properties in details. Then, an approach to multiple-attribute decision making based on intuitionistic fuzzy Jensen-Rényi divergence is proposed. Paper carries a numerical example illustrating the application of the new measure and the role of various parameters therein to multiple-attribute decision making problem formulated in terms of intuitionistic fuzzy sets.

Competitiveness of an organization is debatable based on sources and market-based approach. In this study, the impact of customer-centric marketing mix on the competitiveness of the company was studied. All clients involved in insurance companies in Tehran were the statistical population of the study and a sample of 384 clients were selected. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. Relationships between elements of the marketing mix and competitiveness were studied using confirmatory factor analysis technique. The results of the data analysis indicated the significant effect of customer-centric marketing mix on company’s competitiveness. To prioritize the marketing mix factors in terms of the amount of impact on the competitiveness from customers’ perspective, a DEMATEL technique was used. The results also indicated that the highest impact on the competitiveness of the insurance company include the customer costs, value of a customer-friendly, easily buy, and relations.

Son dönemde hastalıkların çeşitliliğinin artması, tedavi imkânlarının çoğalması, nüfustaki büyük artış, sosyal güvenlik reformları ve bilişim teknolojisinde yaşanan hızlı gelişmeler sağlık sektöründe değişimlere yol açmıştır. Yaşanan değişimler ve özel sağlık kuruluşlarının sayısının artması ile oluşan rekabet ortamı, hastaların sağlık ile ilgili problemlerde karar verme süreçlerini karmaşıklaştırabilmektedir. Bu durum hastaların alışkanlıklarının dışına çıkmasına ve tedavi süreçlerini sorgulayarak pasif durumdan aktif duruma geçmelerine neden olmuştur. Ortaya çıkan hastane seçimi problemi Eskişehir şehir merkezindeki hastaneler temel alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma ile hastaların, hastane tercihinde etkili olan kriterlerin önem ağırlıklarını belirlenmiş ve Eskişehir şehir merkezinde yer alan hastaneler bu faktörler ışığında çok kriterli karar verme tekniklerinden MULTIMOORA ile sıralanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, hastane seçiminde en etkili kriterin her türlü hizmet ve uzmanın bulunması olduğu tespit edilirken, kamu hastanelerinin rekabet düzeylerinin özel hastanelerle yarışabilecek düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür. Anahtar Kelimeler: Hastane Seçimi, Sıralama Yöntemi, MULTIMOORA JEL Kodu: D81, I11 Ranking Hospitals in City Center of Eskişehir by MULTIMOORA ABSTRACT: Recently, increasing the diversity of diseases, enhancing treatment opportunities, large increase in population, social security reforms, and the rapid development in information technology have caused changes in the health sector. Patients' making decision process about health matter can get more complicated because of competition environment formed due to these experienced changes, and the increasing number of private health institutions. For this reason, the patients got out of their habits and passed from passive state to active state by questioning the treatment process. Hence, emerging problem of hospital choice at this point was evaluated on the basis of Eskişehir city center. It was determined the significance level of factors affecting selection of hospital by patients, and ranked hospitals on the basis of these factors in city center of Eskişehir by means of MULTIMOORA, a multi-criteria decision making model. In conclusion, while there is all kind of services and experts in a hospital is the most significant criteria on decision-making of hospital selection, it was seen that public hospitals' competition level is in a position to compete with private hospitals'. 1. Giriş Hastaneler, insanların sağlık sorunlarına çare aradıkları, tespit edilen rahatsızlıklarının tedavi edildiği özel veya kamu namına hizmet veren kuruluşlardır. Ülkemizde daha önce devlet tekelinde olan sağlık hizmeti, sosyal güvenlik reformu ve yaşanan refah gelişimi ile özel sağlık kuruluşlarının sayısının artması sonucunda pazar ekonomisi koşullarının yaşandığı bir sektör haline gelmiştir. Artan hastane sayısı, hastaların sağlık kuruluşu seçerken kararsız kalmalarına yol açmaktadır. Hastalar tercihlerini değişik durum ve ihtiyaçlar bağlamında değerlendirerek yapmakta ve çoğu zaman yaptıkları tercihlerinden pişmanlık duymaktadırlar. Bu durum hastaların, sağlık kuruluşu seçerken daha dikkatli davranmalarına neden olmaktadır.

Tourism, the smokeless industry, has increasing importance in the development of countries because it creates added-value and employment. In Turkey, one of the World's most visited countries, the importance of this sector makes itself felt in economic crisis periods. On the other hand, in terms of investors, tourism companies always have the potential to be included in their portfolios. In this context, the aim of this study evaluates the financial performances of tourism companies publicly traded in BIST. For this purpose, the data of 2014-2018 were obtained from the Thomson Reuters Datastream database. The current ratio, quick ratio, cash ratio, debt ratio, total debt/equity ratio, net margin, return on equity, interest coverage ratio, total asset turnover, inventory turnover, and receivable turnover were used as financial ratios. The CRITIC method, one of the objective weighting methods, was applied to determine the importance level of financial ratios. A hybrid model consisting of MAUT, PROMETHEE and TOPSIS was used for evaluation of the companies. These techniques are based on different perspectives and algorithms. In this model, Borda was applied for aggregation of each techniques' ranking values. Thus, the financial performance of the tourism companies for the years 2014-2018 was evaluated more effectively. In conclusion, the company with the best financial performance is Marmaris Altınyunus (MAALT) in this period.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate and prioritize the proposed cost-effectiveness criteria in supply chain management using fuzzy multiple attribute decision-making (MADM) approach. Over the past few years, the determination of suitable cost-effectiveness criteria in the supply chain has become a key strategic issue. However, the nature of these kinds of decisions is usually complex and unstructured. Many quantitative and qualitative factors must be considered to determine the suitable criteria. As the human decision-making process usually contains fuzziness and vagueness, a hierarchy of MADM model based on fuzzy-sets theory is used in this research. Using a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), the weights of criteria and subcriteria are determined and then the final ranking is determined by technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). Finally, fuzzy TOPSIS (FTOPSIS) is employed to compare the results with classic TOPSIS. This paper concludes that the subcriteria in all the items are in the same rank.

In today's economic conditions, the reduction of inventory costs of enterprises is one of the important factors that lead to a decrease in production costs and increase in competitiveness. The aim of this study is to prevent stock deficits and surpluses that may occur by designing an applicable and effective raw material-stock management system. For this purpose, stock analyzes were made by using ABC, Spherical Fuzzy AHP and ELECTRE methods and an algorithm with four steps was proposed. In the first step, units were classified by using ABC analysis based on the unit price and demand quantities. In the second step, the Spherical Fuzzy AHP method was used. Here, criteria such as the availability of the product, substitutability, the delivery time of the order, and the effect of the product prices from currency fluctuations are discussed. These criteria have been evaluated together with business managers and engineers responsible for production and the criterion weights have been calculated with a group decision making approach. In the third step, by using the criterion weights in the ELECTRE method, the products are sorted and grouped according to this order. In the last step, the results obtained from ABC and SF-AHP - ELECTRE were combined and an evaluation scale was obtained. Within the scope of this study, an application of the proposed method for the furniture industry is included

Heterogeneous wireless networks (HWNs) are capable of integrating the different radio access technologies that make it possible to connect mobile users based on the performance parameters. Further quality of service (QoS) is one of the major topics for HWNs, moreover existing radio access technology (RAT) methodology are designed to provide network QoS criteria. However, limited work has been carried out for the RAT selection mechanism considering user QoS preference and existing models are developed based on the multi-mode terminal under a given minimal density network. For overcoming research issues this paper present quality of experience (QoE) RAT (QOE-RAT) selection methodology, incorporating both network performance criteria and user preference considering multiple call and multi-mode HWNs environment. First, this paper presents fuzzy preference aware weight (FPAW) and multi-mode terminal preference aware TOPSIS (MMTPA-TOPSIS) for choosing the best RAT for gaining multiservices. Experiment outcomes show the QOE-RAT selection method achieves much superior packet transmission outcomes when compared with state-of-art Rat selection methodologies.

Most companies have a large number of projects that they would like to do for various reasons. However, usually there is never enough time and money available to complete all of them. Selecting a portfolio from available project proposals is crucial for the success of each company. This paper proposes a practical framework for modelling projects portfolio selection problem with fuzzy parameters resulting from uncertainty associated with decision makers' judgment. A fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making approach is adopted. A two-step evaluation model that combines fuzzy AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and fuzzy TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity Ideal Solution) methods is used to rank potential projects. The proposed approach is illustrated by an empirical study of a real case from steel industry involving five criteria and ten projects.

Criteria are one of the main components of decision problems. Understanding the decision maker's preferences, priorities or approach in the context of the criteria is extremely important for the solution of the decision problem. In general, most of the techniques to be used in the solution of decision problems require that the criteria have a cardinal data structure to apply trade-offs between criteria. On the other hand, a great number of the criteria have a qualitative data structure in real-life decision problems. Also, even if some criteria have a cardinal data structure, the very different units of measurement in these negatively affect the solution of the problem compared to other criteria. In this context, it may be necessary to scale the criteria to solve the decision problem with MCDM techniques. In this study, Interval and Iterative Preference- Priority Scale, which aims to scale effectively with the operation steps it contains, was proposed. In the Interval and Iterative Preference-Priority Scale, zero is the veto value, and ten indicates the definite preference, while five is the medium value. Besides, the Interval and Iterative Preference-Priority Scale can also be used to weight criteria.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the multiple attribute decision making problems with intuitionistic fuzzy information, in which the information about attribute weights are incompletely known, and the attribute values take the form of intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. In order to get the weight vector of the attribute, we establish an optimization model based on the basic ideal of traditional gray relational analysis (GRA) method, by which the attribute weights can be determined. For the special situations where the information about attribute weights are completely unknown, we establish another optimization model. By solving this model, we get a simple and exact formula, which can be used to determine the attribute weights. Then, based on the traditional GRA method, calculation steps for solving an interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy environment and developed modified GRA method for interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy multiple attributes decision-making with incompletely known attribute weight information. This paper provides a new method for sensitivity analysis of MADM problems so that by sing it and changing the weights of attributes, one can determine changes in the final results for a decision making problem. Finally, an illustrative example is given to verify the developed approach and to demonstrate its practicality and effectiveness.