Khoisan languages

The Notches Dome Pictographs are a series of paintings in small rockshelters south of the Bighorn Mountains in central Wyoming. The pictographs are mostly on low ceilings that necessitate crawling for viewing, and they are dominated by red and black fingerlines and smears. The figure style is closer to that of central Montana than to other known sites in central Wyoming, although the Notches Dome sites have a wider variety of colors, with green and blue also present. The Notches Dome sites may help answer questions about the distribution, age, and cultural affiliation of the recently defined Foothills Abstract Tradition, and they appear to lend support to a functional explanation of private ceremonial sites associated with that Tradition.

Khoi-san and Hadza peoples of southern Africa: The Khoekhoen people have an “Indigenous nomadic pastoralist culture,” and the San people have an “Indigenous hunter-gatherer culture,” which is one of the oldest surviving cultures of the region. The Hadza people, who have an “indigenous hunter-gatherer culture,” were a pre-Bantu expansion culture not closely related to Khoisan speakers.

“Many Khoesān peoples are the descendants of a very early dispersal of anatomically modern humans to Southern Africa before 150,000 years ago. (However, see below for recent work supporting a multi-regional hypothesis that suggests the Khoisan may be a source population for anatomically modern humans.) Their languages show a vague typological similarity, largely confined to the prevalence of click consonants. They are not verifiably derived from a common proto-language, but are today split into at least three separate and unrelated language families (Khoe-Kwadi, Tuu and Kxʼa). It has been suggested that the Khoekhoe may represent Late Stone Age arrivals to Southern Africa, possibly displaced by Bantu expansion reaching the area roughly between 1,500 and 2,000 years ago.”

This is a very special book, in which several voices are raised, inspired in a beautiful praise in the form of a poem, highlighting the heart felt idea of Lenga di mama, "Mother tongue", in Papiamento. Even when someone might have several mother tongues, as is the case of some Vaupes communities in the Amazon basin (Jackson 1983) or in other (polygyny) multilingual societies, the figure appeals to a most inner and deep part of ourselves, linked to the tongue we were nurtured with from the very womb.

The ǂKhomani San, Hugh Brody Collection features the voices and history of indigenous hunter gatherer descendants in three endangered languages namely, N|uu, Kora and Khoekhoe as well as a regional dialect of Afrikaans. A large component of this collection is audio-visual (legacy media) recordings of interviews conducted with members of the community by Hugh Brody and his colleagues between 1997 and 2012, referring as far back as the 1800s. The Digital Library Services team at the University of Cape Town aim to showcase the collection digitally on the UCT-wide Digital Collections platform, Ibali which runs on Omeka-S. In this paper we highlight the importance of such a collection in the context of South Africa, and the ethical steps that were taken to ensure the respect of the ǂKhomani San as their stories get uploaded onto a repository and become accessible to all. We will also feature some of the completed collection on Ibali and guide the reader through the organisation of the co...

• Focus on the two most distinct varieties of Cape Verdean Creole spoken on the islands of Santiago and São Vicente. Varieties in opposition to each other on historical, linguistic, political and cultural grounds. • Synchronic analysis focuses on the Tense Mood Aspect (TMA) system of these two varieties, highlighting their similarities and differences. • Diachronic analysis explores the etymological origins of these forms, the grammaticalization process that they have undergone and reveals traces of some of the founding languages for the Santiago variety.

Is the following sentence, when uttered on some occasion, true or false? (1) It was snowing. The sentence is easy to understand, if you know English. But even if you know when, where and by whom the sentence is uttered, and also what the weather is like at any time and any place, you will not be able to answer the question. You must also know about which situation the speaker is talking. If, for example, the assertion is meant to be about Jan.

This second part of a four-part article series investigates the history of sociolinguistics relative to Orange River Afrikaans, one of Afrikaans’s three main dialect continuas, from the period 1917 to 1979. Grounded in linguistic historiography broadly construed, and Michel Foucault’s archaeological and genealogical orientations specifically, this part of the article sketches how the intellectual history of Orange River Afrikaans in the period 1917-1979 can be divided into two Zeitgeists – the time of the discourse of racial and linguistic bastardization of 1917-1939, and the time of the linguistic atlas of 1940-1979. This constitutes the period of the establishment of Afrikaans-language scholarship. The writings of Gideon von Wielligh, Stephanus Boshoff, John Rademeyer, Abel Coetze, and Stephanus Louw are discussed. Through this, the article series challenges four central and dominant presuppositions on Orange River Afrikaans, namely that there are limited sources available relative to it, that it constitutes an “invisible” language form, that it can be typified as an expression of Black Afrikaans, and that Kaaps (Cape Afrikaans), rather than Orange River Afrikaans, should be regarded as the “oldest” form of Afrikaans.

This first part of a four-part article series investigates the history of sociolinguistics relative to Orange River Afrikaans, one of Afrikaans’s three main dialect continuas, from the period 1595 to 1916. Grounded in linguistic historiography broadly construed, and Michel Foucault’s archaeological and genealogical orientations specifically, this part of the article sketches how the intellectual history of Orange River Afrikaans in the period 1595-1916 figured through two Zeitgeists – the ‘pre-time’ of 1595-1843, and the more professional European-language sociolinguistic orientated studies of the period 1844-1916. This constitutes the period of sociolinguistics about Afrikaans, but not in Afrikaans. The writings of travellers and journal keepers, including Willem ten Rhyne, Peter Kolbe, Otto Mentzel, John Barrow and Hinrich Lichtenstein, and more professional linguists, including Antoine Changuion, Wilhelm Bleek, Thomas le Roux, Jac van Ginneken, and Theophilus Hahn, are discussed. In conclusion to this part of the article series, mention is made of the transitionary period of the first and second language movements relative to the consciousness around Afrikaans. Through this, the article series challenges four central and dominant presuppositions on Orange River Afrikaans, namely that there are limited sources available relative to it, that it constitutes an ‘invisible’ language form, that it can be typified as an expression of Black Afrikaans, and that Kaaps (Cape Afrikaans), rather than Orange River Afrikaans, should be regarded as the ‘oldest’ form of Afrikaans.

This last part of a four-part article series investigates the history of sociolinguistics relative to Orange River Afrikaans, one of Afrikaans’s three main dialect continuas, from the period 1999 to 2021. Grounded in linguistic historiography broadly construed, and Michel Foucault’s archaeological and genealogical orientations specifically, this part of the article sketches how the intellectual history of Orange River Afrikaans in this period can be summarised as the Zeitgeist of textuality. This period sees the height of the study of written texts – of both archival and creative writing. A final discussion focuses on the discourse of “romantic curiosa”, a discourse that has pervaded the study of Orange River Afrikaans since the onset of Afrikaans sociolinguistics. The writings and research of, amongst others, Sanet du Plessis, Frank Hendricks, Annél Otto, Elvis Saal, Donovan Lawrene, Carla Luijks, Luan Staphorst, Camilla Christie, Daan Wissing, and Hendrik Theys are discussed. Through this, the article series challenges four central and dominant presuppositions on Orange River Afrikaans, namely that there are limited sources available relative to it, that it constitutes an “invisible” language form, that it can be typified as an expression of Black Afrikaans, and that Kaaps (Cape Afrikaans), rather than Orange River Afrikaans, should be regarded as the “oldest” form of Afrikaans.

The paper aims at describing the phonology of Amharic ideophones. It shows some peculiar phonological and phonetic features of ideophones in the language. The data used in this study are collected from fieldwork. Amharic ideophones use the entire 30 consonant phonemes including labiovelar phonemes: /kʷ/, /ɡʷ/, and /k'ʷ/, labialized sounds such as [fʷ, tʷ, t'ʷ, dʷ, ʃʷ, ʒʷ, mʷ…] of the regular phonology and some click-like sounds such as ʘ, ǃ, ǁ, and ʞ, which are not found in the regular phonology of the language. These clicklike sounds form ideophones like ɨmʘa adərrəg-ə 'kissed' ʞɨ-al-ə 'disapproved' ǁɨǁɨǁɨǁɨ al-ə 'regretted' ǃuǃuǃu al-ə 'urged the horse to trot' and ǁuǁuǁu al-ə 'called dog'. Moreover, the phonotactic of Amharic ideophones shows a C 1 VC 2 C 2 syllable structure that is specific to ideophones. Furthermore, Amharic has no long vowels, but the suprasegmental of ideophones illustrates expressive vowel lengthening in the word medial and final positions. However, these long vowels are only phonetic. In the same way, ideophones also apply the word final expressive consonant lengthening to show intensity, durativity, and distance. Some of these deviations from the regular phonology are well-attested universal phonological features of ideophones (Bodomo 2006:204 and Franck2014:17).

This paper shows that wh-formation in Jordanian Arabic (JA) is prosodically ruled. Wh-words should move either to the left or to the right periphery of the phonological phrase that contains the relevant wh-word. What appears as an in-situ instance of a wh-question in JA, as reported by several studies, is in fact a true instance of a moved wh-word but to the right periphery of the phonological phrase that contains the wh-word. Movement to either peripheral position is forced by prosodic facts of JA where elements that express or stand for the most prominent information of the question should bear prosodic prominence which falls on either peripheral positions of the phonological phrase containing the wh-word. A grammaticality judgment task was carried out to check the frequency of left and right peripheral questions in JA. Fifteen participants (all native speakers of JA) were asked to respond to nine contexts. The results show that the left peripheral option is far more frequent than its right peripheral counterpart (93.8% and 6.2%, respectively). The findings of this study make available empirical evidence in favor of Mathieu's (2016) theory of wh-formation where prosody is the main factor for wh-patterns in natural languages.

More than forty years ago it was demonstrated that the African continent can be divided into four distinct language families. Research on African languages has accordingly been preoccupied with reconstructing and understanding similarities across these families. This has meant that an interest in other kinds of linguistic relationship, such as whether structural similarities and dissimilarities among African languages are the result of contact between these languages, has never been the subject of major research. This 2007 book shows that such similarities across African languages are more common than is widely believed. It provides a broad perspective on Africa as a linguistic area, as well as an analysis of specific linguistic regions. In order to have a better understanding of African languages, their structures, and their history, more information on these contact-induced relationships is essential to understanding Africa's linguistic geography, and to reconstructing its his...

Kurrikulum 2005 en die Chisholm-verslag het die doodsklok vir geskiedenis as 'n afsonderlike dissipline in Suid-Afrikaanse skole gelui. Geskiedenis sal in die toekoms deel van mens-en sosiale wetenskappe vorm. Die doel van hierdie artikel is om aan die einde van 'n era met betrekking tot skoolgeskiedenis 'n oorsig te bied van skrywers van skoolgeskiedenishandboeke se uitbeelding van swart mense. Uit die ondersoek blyk dit dat 1994 as 'n waterskeidingsjaar beskou moet word. Voor 1994 was swart mense gesiglose randfigure in skoolgeskiedenishandboeke. Hulle optrede, geloof en beskawing is fel gekritiseer. Na die eerste demokratiese verkiesing is daar 'n totale paradigmaverskuiwing. Skoolgeskiedenishandboeke verteenwoordig nou die siening van swart mense en die blanke koloniste en apartheidsregering word die teiken van meedoënlose kritiek. The portrayal of black people in South African school history textbooks Curriculum 2005 and the Chisholm Report tolled the knell of history as an individual discipline in South African schools. In future history will form part of the human and social sciences. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the portrayal of black people in school history textbooks. It appears that 1994 was a watershed year. Before then, black people were represented as faceless, peripheral figures in school history textbooks. Their actions, religion and civilisation were strongly criticised. After the first democratic election a total paradigm shift occurred. School history textbooks now represent the view of black people; hence white colonists and the apartheid regime have become the target of scathing criticism.

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Sociophonetic aspects of the Afrikaans of "coloured" South African speakers To date, the variety of Afrikaans that most coloured people of South Africa use as their home language has been greatly neglected, specifically the sociophonetic characteristics of its vowel system. This is despite the fact that in South Africa it makes up about half of Afrikaans as a whole. According to the 2011 census (Stats S.A. 2011), of the 41 million South Africans, 8,9% were coloured, just as many as white South Africans, which makes it necessary even in terms of numbers alone to get equal scholarly attention, not only as to language typology, but also in the first place regarding purely descriptively speaking. The present article aims at narrowing this gap regarding the linguistic features of this very important variety of Afrikaans. In this contribution I motivate and use the name Bruinafrikaans, a term that still has not been out of contention and has thus been acknowledged in the field of sociophonetics.

Southern African indigenous groups, traditionally hunter-gatherers (San) and herders (Khoekhoe), are commonly referred to as "Khoe-San" populations and have a long history in southern Africa. Their ancestors were largely isolated up until $2,000 years ago before the arrival of pastoralists and farmers in southern Africa. Assessing relationships among regional Khoe-San groups has been challenging due to admixture with immigrant populations that obscure past population affinities and gene flow among these autochthonous communities. We re-evaluate a combined genome-wide data set of previously published southern Africa Khoe-San populations in conjunction with novel data from Khoe-San individuals collected in Xade (Central Kalahari Game Reserve, Botswana) prior to their resettlement outside the reserve. After excluding regions in the genome that trace their ancestry to recent migrant groups, the genetic diversity of 20 Khoe-San groups fitted an isolation-by-distance model. Even though isolation-by-distance explained most genetic affinities between the different autochthonous groups, additional signals of contact between Khoe-San groups could be detected. For instance, we found stronger genetic affinities, than what would be explained by isolation-by-distance gene flow, between the two geographically separated Khoe-San groups, who speak branches of the Kx'a-language family (Hoan and Ju). We also scanned the genome-wide data for signals of adaptive gene flow from farmers/herders into Khoe-San groups and identified a number of genomic regions potentially introduced by the arrival of the new groups. This study provides a comprehensive picture of affinities among Khoe-San groups, prior to the arrival of recent migrants, and found that these affinities are primarily determined by the geographic landscape.

Southern African indigenous groups, traditionally hunter-gatherers (San) and herders (Khoekhoe), are commonly referred to as "Khoe-San" populations and have a long history in southern Africa. Their ancestors were largely isolated up until $2,000 years ago before the arrival of pastoralists and farmers in southern Africa. Assessing relationships among regional Khoe-San groups has been challenging due to admixture with immigrant populations that obscure past population affinities and gene flow among these autochthonous communities. We re-evaluate a combined genome-wide data set of previously published southern Africa Khoe-San populations in conjunction with novel data from Khoe-San individuals collected in Xade (Central Kalahari Game Reserve, Botswana) prior to their resettlement outside the reserve. After excluding regions in the genome that trace their ancestry to recent migrant groups, the genetic diversity of 20 Khoe-San groups fitted an isolation-by-distance model. Even though isolation-by-distance explained most genetic affinities between the different autochthonous groups, additional signals of contact between Khoe-San groups could be detected. For instance, we found stronger genetic affinities, than what would be explained by isolation-by-distance gene flow, between the two geographically separated Khoe-San groups, who speak branches of the Kx'a-language family (Hoan and Ju). We also scanned the genome-wide data for signals of adaptive gene flow from farmers/herders into Khoe-San groups and identified a number of genomic regions potentially introduced by the arrival of the new groups. This study provides a comprehensive picture of affinities among Khoe-San groups, prior to the arrival of recent migrants, and found that these affinities are primarily determined by the geographic landscape.

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In a collection of essays concerning the inevitably diverse vicissitudes of the representatives of that phenomenon collectively known as ‘the Company's servants,’ the inclusion of Nicolaas Witsen may come as a surprise. In our democratic age, he undoubtedly would have termed himself a ‘servant’ of the Dutch East India Company; in his own, more hierarchical times, he will have considered himself one of the Company's masters, as indeed he was. Whatever the powers of the Heren XVII may actually have been, Witsen for many years was one of the directors of the Amsterdam Chamber, the Company's most powerful division, and one of Amsterdam representatives to the bi-annual assembly which actually directed the Company's affairs at home, and tried to do so abroad, in its far-flung commercial empire, where other servants often held far greater, and less controlable power.

English as a supplement to SPIL (Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics), a publication of the Department of General Linguistics of the University of Stellenbosch. The SPIL PLUS series has two aims. Firstly it ser\'es as a vchicle for the distribution of new and relatively inaccessible information in the field of modern linguistics. Secondly it is used for in-depth critical discussion of, mainly, Afrikaan.s niihlirations in the field of modern linguistics. An open invitation is extended to all authors whose worli is discussed to submit their reaction for publication in a following number of SPIL PLUS. Since one of tlie aims of the SPIL PLUS series is to stimulate critical discussion in South African linguistics, Comments by readers are welcomed. The copyright of each contribution is held by its autlior. The editors also wish to emphasize that they do not necessarily subscribe to the views expressed in contributions to SPIL PLUS. Contributions and comments should be submitted to:

Despite of rapid progress in Southern Africa in the direction of multifunctionality of lexical databases through the advent of generic lexicographic software, a considerable number of lexicographic projects-especially in Khoe and Saan languages-still use or have recently used a word processor with the sole objective of compiling a printed dictionary. Hence the present paper expounds on the case of the Khoekhoegowab Dictionary Project, how in the early 1990s some off-theshelf DOS-based database software was configured as part of a "home-grown" custom-made dictionary writing system. It is demonstrated in a non-technical way that the use of a structured database with fully-fledged retrieval facilities allows for the far-reaching elimination of human error in a dictionary, for the automatisation of processes like language reversal and sorting, and, finally, for the significantly enhanced usability of the data for purposes other than fixed media dictionary compilation. Compiling a dictionary without extensive query facilities as offered by tabular databases, is argued to be a lost opportunity, as it should be possible to utilise lexicographic data for more than just lexicography. By 2010 the data was accommodated in open source software to ensure its optimal survival in digital form for future use.

Чадские языки, наряду с семитскими, египетским, кушитскими, омотскими и берберскими образуют афразийскую (семито-хамитскую) макро-семью. Чадская ветвь включает почти 170 языков Нигерии, Нигера, Камеруна и Чада. Статья отражает очередной этап исследования в области исторической морфологии чадских языков. Темой предыдущих публикаций были область функционирования велярного префикса k-и реконструкция вербализующего префикса ˀa-, см.: [Stolbova, 2015; 2018]. По результатам, полученным на первых этапах исследования чадской исторической морфологии, можно утверждать, что непродуктивные (лексикализованные) аффиксы есть во всех чадских языках, но отождествить фрагмент словоформы как непродуктивный аффикс можно только на основе лексического сравнения. В данной публикации предлагается реконструкция показателя единичности имени существительного n-в чадских языках. Тщательный анализ коллективных имен (которые наиболее типичны для названий людей, копытных животных, насекомых) позволил установить, что производные от них имена единичности регулярно маркируются назальным префиксом n-. Удалось также определить, что этот префикс далее стал маркировать и непроизводные имена единственного числа с той же семантикой. Установленные надежные внешние параллели к рассматриваемой чадской лексике свидетельствует о том, что префикс единичности восходит к прачадскому уровню. Дальнейшие исследования на материале других семантических групп в чадских языках (названия диких животных, птиц, змей), с обязательным привлечением семитского и кушитского материала помогут определить, является ли показатель единичности имени существительного n-исключительно чадской инновацией или его следы обнаруживаются и в других афразийских языках.

Bill Dever is seker die bekendste Amerikaanse argeoloog wat reeds talryke opgrawingsprojekte in Israel (o.a. Gezer), Palestina, Jordanie en Siprus gelei het. Hoewel hy reeds 'n geruime aantal jare afgetree is (hy word in 2013 tagtig jaar oud), is hy steeds aktief as skrywer en navorser. Hy is 'n gereelde besoeker aan en vennoot van die Albright Instituut vir Argeologie in Jerusalem, en besoek steeds opgrawingsplekke in Siro-Palestina om op die hoogte van nuwe ontdekkings te bly.

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The paper discusses various left peripheral constructions in German and English which are often considered to be topic constructions. The paper demonstrates, however, that only one of the constructions under review obligatorily marks a topic in the "aboutness"-sense. It also discusses how the constructions behave with respect to some discourse properties which are often related to topicality: referential linking to the preceding discourse, promotion of a non-topic to a topic, thematic continuity. The paper describes which constructions exhibit which discourse properties and shows that quite similar constructions behave rather differently with respect to these properties. The paper's findings also cast serious doubt on certain common assumptions about how left peripheral constructions in the two languages correspond to each other.

Christo Coetzee worked as artist in France, Italy and Japan and Spain between 1958-1974. The article discusses the influence of the European experiences on his work, in particular the ‘protest works’ after his final return to South Africa in the 1970’s.
The essay is extracted from the publication 'Christo Coetzee' by various authors. The book is now out of print.

Knight et al. (2003) have argued, largely from a genetic perspective, that clicks "may be more than 40.000 years old" (p.470) and thus "are an ancient element of human language" (p.471). This has nourished the hypothesis, expressed especially in popular science, that clicks were a feature of the ancestral mother tongue. The claim by Knight et al. (2003) is based on the observation that two populations in Africa speaking languages with click phonemes, namely Hadza in eastern Africa and Jul'hoan in southern Africa, are maximally distinct in genetic terms: both Y chromosome and mtDNA data suggest that the two "are separated by genetic distance as great [as] or greater than that between any other pair of African populations" (p.464). It is also claimed that the only explanation for the presence of clicks in the two groups is inheritance from an early common ancestor language, hence the alleged, very great age of clicks in general. other explanations for the clicks of Hadza and Jul'hoan, in particular independent development and language contact, are explicitly excluded by the authors.

This paper summarizes the discussion about the origin and the status of Afrikaans. Two schools appear to be opposed to each other: the philological school and a creolistic view. The philological school tried to demonstrate with meticulous research of sources that Afrikaans is a full daughter of 17th century Dutch, which set foot ashore with van Riebeeck in 1652 at the Cape of Good Hope. Linguists who thought of a pattern of creolization in the formation of Afrikaans point to the influence of the languages of slaves brought to South Africa and to the influence of the original inhabitants, the Khoi and the San. This contribution mainly outlines the ideological background of these two schools of thought. For the philological school this is the system of Apartheid, while for the Creolist view the emphasis is more on decolonization.

A minor dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MA in Theatre and Performance Studies Faculty of the Humanities University of Cape Town 2018 COMPULSORY DECLARATION This work has not been previously submitted in whole, or in part, for the award of any degree. It is my own work. Each significant contribution to, and quotation in, this dissertation from the work, or works, of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced.

As part of a linguistic research team I recorded a Khoisan language currently spoken by three people in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. Since the variety of language spoken in this location is close to varieties of both the Khoekhoe and Tuu language families, the question of genetic affiliation and classification within the Khoisan language cluster becomes significant. Although reported to have significant lexical similarities due to intensive language contact (Güldemann 2006), extensive research provides evidence of numerous linguistic differences which distinguish between the varieties within the Khoisan families mentioned above (Beach 1938, Bleek 1930, Ladefoged & Traill 1994, Miller, Brugman, Sands, Namaseb, Exter & Collins 2007). Overall, this project attempts to answer the question: How unique is this undocumented language TumɁi in comparison to varieties of geographically neighbouring Khoisan language clusters? This comparative analysis is comprised of a detailed description of the vowel and consonant systems, as well as evidence of phonetic and phonological contrasts. The clear focus on the analysis of sound contrasts is a consequence of limited data due to speaker competence. As a result of intense incomplete acquisition and linguistic attrition, the consultants produce utterances using Khoisan content words within an Afrikaans framework (Killian 2009). Specific research questions include: This project is a direct effort toward the revitalization and documentation of indigenous languages. Determining the genetic affiliations of this language which is positioned relatively equidistant to the surrounding languages, would also contribute to gaps within the linguistic isoglosses in South Africa.

In die eerste aflewering van dié beskouing is gekyk na die ooreenkomste tussen die wêreldbeskouings van die USSR enersyds en die ANC en SA Kommunistiese Party andersyds. Daar is egter verdere interessante boustowwe te vinde as 'n mens ook die ANC/SAKP se houding ten opsigte van konkrete gevalle ontleed. Die breuk tussen die USSR en China 'n Interessante aspek van die ná-oorlogse internasionale geskiedenis is die verskynsel dat lande waar die Duitse besettingsmagte in 1944-5 deur die Sowjetweermag verdryf is, in die jare daarna almal volledig ondergeskik aan die leiding van die Kremlin geword het. Daarteenoor kon die drie lande waar kommunistiese diktature sónder die hulp van Sowjet-troepe gevestig is (China, Joego-Slawië en Albanië), nie vanuit die Kremlin beheer word nie.

Sentences with a cognate object typically consist of an intransitive activity verb, its subject NP and a second NP in the accusative. Its nominal core is typically derived as nomen actionis and/or nomen acti from the verb. Essential questions are: How are cognate objects licensed? What role do they play in verbal activity? Which nouns and which verbs come into question? Can the reading of cognitive objects be predicted as an event or object? In this paper I will propose a constructional grammatical analysis. Different readings of the cognate object as well as the temporal constitution as a telic or atelic situation are explained within the construction by compositional processes. These are essentially analyzed as a transfer of the nominal reference mode to the entire VP. The nominal reference method also results from compositional processes within the NP. An important focus of the analysis is on overrides and adjustments (coercion) in case of semantic conflicts.

In a multilingual society linguistic contact leads to language influencing which effects different registers of the language. The standard variety of Afrikaans is largely subjected to language influence resulting from its continuous contact with English. In their treatment of the lexicon dictionaries should reflect the linguistic reality. The results of linguistic contact should also be included in a dictionary. Afrikaans monolingual and bilingual desk dictionaries as well as restricted normative dictionaries have traditionally adopted a strictly prescriptive approach. endeavouring to render the standard language as a puristic variety. This resulted in a restriction of the macrostructural scope of these dictionaries. In this paper the traditional approach is discussed in order to contrast it with an innovative approach to the lexicographical treatment of language Change. The normative Afrikaans dictionary Die korrekte woord is used to illustrate the new approaCh. This dictionary treats the Afrikaans lexicon in a new way by including a substantial number of English loan words. While adhering to its normative assignment Die korrekte woord gives an account of the dynamics of language change. This is done by responding to a new interpretation of the notion "Standard Afrikaans". The application of this approach leads to the inclusion of a lemma selection that represents the real standard variety of Afrikaans. The principles applied and the implicatiOns for normative lexicography in general are discussed.

The indigenous communities of Botswana discussed in this paper are gener- ally referred to as the Khoisan (Khoesan). While there are debates on the common origins of Khoisan communities, the existence of at least fi ve language families suggests a separate evolution that resulted in major grammatical and lexical differences between them. Due to historical confl icts with neighboring groups, they have been pushed far into the most inhos- pitable areas of the regions where they presently live. The most signifi cant victimization of Khoisan groups by the linguistic majority has been the systematic neglect of their languages and cultures. In fact, social and development programs have attempted to assimilate them into so-called majority ethnic groups and into modernity, and their languages have been dif- fi cult to conserve in contact situations. This paper provides an overview of these indigenous communities of Botswana and contributes to ongoing research of the region. I discuss rea- s...

Linguistic phylogeography is concerned with the reconstruction of the geographical distribution of lineages pertaining to a specific language family (phylogeny). This paper reviews both traditional methods and modern computational ones. The computational methods draw upon information from the range of languages in a phylogeny, inferring origins and patterns of dispersal from current patterns. Some draw upon the structure of phylogenetic trees, some do not. This paper outlines the different methods, recapitulates the results of general evaluations, and identifies the challenges that they face, some of which are shared across the board. As a contribution unique to this paper, hypothetical homelands for all the world's language families as well as their subgroups generated by the new 'minimal distance' method are published here for the first time.

This article investigates the complex views on the language and culture of the |xam, a South African ‘First People’, in the north-western interior as expressed in the Afrikaans recordings of Gideon Retief von Wielligh (1859–1932), an amateur folklorist, historian, and linguist. His oeuvre is largely neglected in academia – primarily due to allegations of plagiarism relative to the famous work of Wilhelm Bleek and Lucy Lloyd, assumptions of the position of Afrikaans, and critiques of his racist portrayals of black South Africans. This study investigates the different attitudes that can be gleaned from his four-part Boesman-Stories (1919–1921). The discussion illustrates the complexity of his views – which incorporates racist tropes, critiques of settler-colonial violence, and activist calls for research.

CITATION: Wildenboer, L. & Dietrich, K. 2015. Pretorius v Dietrich 1872 : klinkende munt of papiergeld? LitNet Akademies, 12(1):291-317.The original publication is available from http://www.litnet.co.zaDaar was geen amptelike hofverslae in die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (ZAR) voor 1877 nie. Hierdie bydrae gee ’n rare blik op ’n regsdispuut wat uit die vroeë 1870’s dateer. Die feite van die dispuut is afgelei uit verwante argivale bronne, aangesien die oorspronklike hofdokumentasie nie gevind kon word nie. Pretorius het ’n eis ingestel teen Dietrich op grond van ’n skuldbewys. Dietrich het daarop die uitstaande bedrag in papiergeld betaal. Weens die destydse depresiasie van die papiergeld, het Pretorius egter aangedring op betaling in klinkende munt. Dietrich het appèl aangeteken teen die vereiste betaalmiddel en verskeie regeringsbeamptes by die dispuut betrek. Ten einde die konteks van die dispuut te verstaan, word ’n kort beskrywing van die ekonomiese omstandighede van die ZAR ge...

This article provides a preliminary investigation into the etymology of the Khoekhoegowab ethnonyms damara, nama, haiǁom, and ǂākhoe. It begins with a brief overview of the current nomenclature and literature in Khoekhoegowab studies, and includes relevant background information to provide context for the etymology. Despite the relative paucity of source materials, the article proposes that reliable etymologies of Khoekhoegowab ethnonyms can be achieved. Structural patterns are observable, even though only a limited number of examples were analyzed. Analysis of the etymology of ethnonyms can shed light on the historical background of a particular group, but further research into the proto-language is necessary to confirm etymologies with greater certainty.

By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third-party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Certain sections of Chapter Four, Five and Six of this thesis