Jeoloji Ve Arkeoloji

Hagia Sophia (Hagia Sophia) is one of the biggest and most important architectural works of the ancient period. It was started to be built in the 4th century AD and it is one of the most complex structures in history. With the interventions carried out in various periods, the appearance of the work has changed constantly. Repair and restoration works of Hagia Sophia, which has been converted into a museum in1934, are still continuing without interruption today.

"Geographic Information Systems" is a technology that performs the functions of collecting, storing, processing and presenting the graphical and non-graphical information obtained by location-based observations. It is considered as a powerful set of software tools used to collect, store, recall, transform and display geographic data. The system converts spatial data analysis into alphanumeric descriptions on a geographical basis.
In our study, different architectural structures were identified under the ground of Hagia Sophia using the georadar system. New hypothesis have been developed with the data generated by in depth search. It can be seen that the big deformations formed statically in the general structure of the building have no connection with the central floor. In the analysis made with the thermocamera, different elements of the building are observed under the plaster. iIn different parts of the building such as dome, pantentive, and tympano past restorations, humidity, stone row arrays and diffreences in building materials can be seen.

Târihçiler, çalışmalarında en yüksek verimi sağlayabilmek için, üzerinde çalıştıkları konuların belirli dönemler içinde ele alınmasından yana. Bu dönemler, târihe ilişkin yapılagelen tasniflerdir. Târihçilerin kullanageldiği tasnifler arasında en yaygın olanı Cellarius'ün tasnifidir. Cellarius, yazının bulunmasından önceki döneme prehistorik çağ; sonraki döneme ise târihî çağlar der. Prehistorik çağı, kendi içinde iki döneme ayırır; taş devri ve mâden devri. Taş devrini de kendi içinde üç döneme ayırır; paleolitik çağ, mezolitik çağ ve neolitik çağ. Mâden devrini de kendi içinde üç döneme ayırır; bakır devri, tunç devri ve demir devri. Târihî çağları ise kendi içinde dört döneme ayırır; eski çağ, orta çağ, yeni çağ ve yakın çağ. Ben de bu tasnife sâdık kalarak burada, medeniyetlerin doğuşunu ana hatlarıyla inceleyeceğim. Bunu yaparken de paleolitik çağdan başlayacağım.

Yeryuvarının yapısını ve hareketlerini tüm olarak konu edinen “Plaka Tektoniği”
kuramına göre; yerin en dış kısmını oluşturan 70-100 km kalınlıktaki katı yerkabuğu,
üst mantonun litosfere oranla daha yumuşak ve kısmen akıcı bir bölgesi olan
astenosfer üzerinde, birbirine göre çeşitli yönlerde kayarak hareket etmekte olan çok
sayıda büyük ve küçük plakadan meydana gelmektedir. 6371 km yarıçapında olan
yerküremiz, dıştan içe doğru YERKABUĞU, MANTO VE ÇEKİRDEK olarak
adlandırılan katmanlardan oluşmuştur.

Altındaki ve üstündeki birimlerden renk, sertlik, tane boyu vb. özellikleriyle gözle
rahatça ayırt edilebilen en küçük litostratigrafi birimine “TABAKA” ya da “KATMAN”
denir. Bir tabakayı üzerindeki birimden ayıran yüzeye “tavan”, altındakinden ayıran
yüzeye ise “TABAN” adı verilir. Bir tabakanın tavanı, üzerine gelen katmanın tabanı;
yine aynı katmanın tabanı da altındaki katmanın tavanı olarak adlandırılır.
Tabakaların kalınlıkları birkaç cm ile birkaç m arasında değişebilir. Bir cm den daha
ince olan katmanlara “LAMİNA” adı verilmektedir.

Bu çalışma, ""Hicaz bölgesinden bir ateş çıkmadıkça kıyamet kopmaz. Bu ateş Busrâ'daki
develerin boyunlarını aydınlatacaktır." hadisi bağlamında 1256 yanardağ patlaması ile ilgili Suudi Arabistan özelinde 20. yüzyılın sonlarında hız kazanan jeoloji araştırmaları literatürünü ve klasik İslam ulemasının bu mesele ile ilgili eserlerinde yazdıkları açıklamaları içeren bir çalışmadır. Olayın meydana geldiği zamanı ve yansımalarını ele alırken, bunların bilimsel araştırmalarla ne denli bir bütünlük arz ettiklerini işlemeye çalışacağız.

MINERALOGICAL-PETROGRAPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE BUILDING
BLOCKS AND MORTAR-PLASTER SAMPLES OF THE KNIDOS ANCIENT CITY
AND GEOLOGICAL FACTORS FOR RESIDENTIAL AREA SELECTION
ABSTRACT
Hellenistic-Roman artifacts adorn the ancient city of Knidos which has left many remains as an important
culture, art, religion and trade center. Knidos which suffered attacts by the Persians in 6th century BC has
undergone a period that can be considered “golden age” in 4th century BC due to being as a member
Attica-Delos maritime union and later, according to Pliny in AD 45, had the title as “free city”. Early in 4th
century AD under Byzantine rule, they reached back to a welfare period which lasted until the 12th century
AD, but due to declining security in coastal settlement areas the city Knidos was gradually abandoned.
Today in Knidos, ruins of Dionysus Terrace and Temple, Stoa, Apollon Carneios Sacred Site its Temple
and Altar, Rounded Temple and Terrace, Demeter Sanctuary, Little Theatre, Odeon, Bouleuterion, “D” church
section, can still be determined.
The geology around Knidos consists of Kayaköy Dolomite of the Bodrum Nappe, Sarıabat Member of
the Göçgediği Formation, Limestone Member of the Karaböğürtlen Formation with Orhaniye Formation
belonging Gulbahar Nappe, Marmaris peridotite of the Marmaris Ophiolite Nappe, Yıldırım Formation,
Kos-Nisyros volcanic rock units.
Mineralogical-petrographical investigations were carried out on 24 building block and mortar-plaster
samples which represent various structures in this study. As a result, it was concluded that geographicalgeological
factors played an important role in the city location selection, also within the building materials
from rock formations in the region were used, and finally that the volcanic rocks are a result of the eruption
in Kos-Nisyros Island (bottom pumice unit by the 25th century BC, the upper pumice unit 15th century BC).

Mankind inhabited earth nomadically for millions of years, and transitioned into settled lifestyle provided that certain
conditions matured. Although the spots man selected as settlements differs, they do have some common attributes, as well.
Settlements built by those who prefer coastal areas also feature certain aspects. Global climate change in Anatolia, particularly
throughout the Neolithic Age, has altered the coastal line and a number of settlements are now submerged due to rise of waters.
Therefore, the changes in coastal line have added a complex dimension to the matter of location of coastal settlements.
Moreover, definition of coastal settlements is a controversial issue. This present study places an emphasis on the definition of
coastal settlements and the reasons why settlements are preferably built upon coastal regions. In order to discuss this subject,
we picked the Neolithic Fikirtepe Culture as an example and evaluated Fikirtepe, Pendik and Yenikapı settlements, which
represent the concerned culture.
Keywords: Coastal Settlements, Neolithic, Fikirtepe Culture, Pendik, Yenikapı.

Calcite grains of large size are mostly euhedral. Porosity increases as the smoothness of the boundaries of grains disrupts. Single-coursed twinning decreases tensile strength of marbles. Böhme abrasion loss value increases as alteration and deformation does. a b s t r a c t In this study, the effects of relationships of micro-structure, grain size and grain boundary of 15 well-known worldwide marbles on some physical and mechanical properties (dry unit weight, porosity, uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength) and on abrasion loss value were investigated in detail, being the first in terms of elaborateness in the literature considering the mentioned features. 10 different samples were tested for each marble in each test. Microscope images were grouped as intergranular properties (shape of grains, shape of grain aggregates, grain boundary type and pressure solution), intra-granular properties (twinning and alteration) and deformation. All marbles which were tested were found to be of heteroblastic texture. Nine samples were monomineralic marble while six were polymin-eralic. It was determined that grain characteristics and grain boundary interaction affected dry unit weight, porosity, uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength and abrasion loss value of each marble tested.

Arkeolojik kazı neden yapılır? Sorusunun cevabını verebilmek için öncelikle tarihsel gelişim sürecini incelemek gerekmektedir. Bu yazımızda Arkeolojik kazının tarihsel gelişimini ve önemini inceleyip konu üzerinden örnekler vererek daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlamaya çalışacağız.

Calcite grains of large size are mostly euhedral. Porosity increases as the smoothness of the boundaries of grains disrupts. Single-coursed twinning decreases tensile strength of marbles. Böhme abrasion loss value increases as alteration and deformation does. a b s t r a c t In this study, the effects of relationships of micro-structure, grain size and grain boundary of 15 well-known worldwide marbles on some physical and mechanical properties (dry unit weight, porosity, uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength) and on abrasion loss value were investigated in detail, being the first in terms of elaborateness in the literature considering the mentioned features. 10 different samples were tested for each marble in each test. Microscope images were grouped as intergranular properties (shape of grains, shape of grain aggregates, grain boundary type and pressure solution), intra-granular properties (twinning and alteration) and deformation. All marbles which were tested were found to be of heteroblastic texture. Nine samples were monomineralic marble while six were polymin-eralic. It was determined that grain characteristics and grain boundary interaction affected dry unit weight, porosity, uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength and abrasion loss value of each marble tested.

Les recherches sur les haches polies préhistoriques, très importantes au neolithique, sont  assez récentes en Turquie. Les premières études pétrographiques, ont été faites par Demangel (1926) sur les haches polies découvertes dans le site préhistorique  de Protésilas (Karaağaçtepe) situé juste au bout de la presqu’île de Galipoli.
Les résultats que nous présenterons dans cet article portent sur quinze ébauches de haches. Les ramassages ont été effectués sur deux sites importants au sud de la Thrace turque. La Thrace qui constitue une partie de la Turquie en Europe, s’étend entre la mer Noire au nord, la mer Marmara et la côte égéenne au sud. La première prospection réalisée durant la mission 1999 nous a permis d’appréhender l’étendue des deux sites Hamayl›tarla (Buruneren) et Fener-karadutlar. Ces deux gisements préhistoriques  ont été découverts durant la mission de 1997 lors des prospections archéologiques faite par Onur Ozbek.
Ce sont des höyüks très plats. Les coordonnées de Hamaylıtarla et Fener-karadutlar sont N 40°34'29,9" E 026°56'05.2" et N 40˚33’21,6” E 26˚59’34.0”.