International Relationship

Current research article is based on worth of the subject International Relations as branch of our national language. The objective of current study is to observe the inconsistent segments of the Pakistani government policy in education division and especially in universities of Pakistan. According to the current theme, the mainly significant downbeat impact emerges in form of collapse in attaining the education in the context of International Relations. In this connection, students who want to opt the subject of International Relations, in Urdu language, should be encouraged.

Closely associated with China’s growing prominence in international politics are discussions about how to understand Chinese history, and how such perspectives inform the way a stronger China may relate to the rest of the world. This article examines two narratives as cases, and considers how they fit against more careful historical scholarship. The first is the nationalist narrative dealing with Qing and Republican history, and the second is the narrative on the Chinese world order. Analyses of Chinese nationalism tend to see a more powerful China as being more assertive internationally, based in part on a belief in the need to address and overcome past wrongs. Studies of historical regional systems in Asia point to the role that a peaceful ‘Confucian’ ethos played in sustaining a stable Chinese-led order, and highlight the promise it holds for checking regional and international tensions. The two perspectives create an obvious tension when trying to understand China’s rise, which can suggest that using historical viewpoints to understand contemporary developments may be doomed to incoherence. This article argues that difficulties in applying knowledge of the past to analyses of China’s role in contemporary world politics indicate a relative inattentiveness to Chinese and Asian history. It illustrates how the nature of China’s rise may be more contingent on the external environment that it faces than popular received wisdom may indicate. The article suggests that a more extensive engagement with historical research and historiography can augment and enrich attempts to appreciate the context surrounding China’s rise.

Closely associated with China's growing prominence in international politics are discussions about how to understand Chinese history, and how such perspectives inform the way a stronger China may relate to the rest of the world. This article examines two narratives as cases, and considers how they fit against more careful historical scholarship. The first is the nationalist narrative dealing with Qing and Republican history, and the second is the narrative on the Chinese world order. Analyses of Chinese nationalism tend to see a more powerful China as being more assertive internationally, based in part on a belief in the need to address and overcome past wrongs. Studies of historical regional systems in Asia point to the role that a peaceful 'Confucian' ethos played in sustaining a stable Chinese-led order, and highlight the promise it holds for checking regional and international tensions. The two perspectives create an obvious tension when trying to understand China's rise, which can suggest that using historical viewpoints to understand contemporary developments may be doomed to incoherence. This article argues that difficulties in applying knowledge of the past to analyses of China's role in contemporary world politics indicate a relative inattentiveness to Chinese and Asian history. It illustrates how the nature of China's rise may be more contingent on the external environment that it faces than popular received wisdom may indicate. The article suggests that a more extensive engagement with historical research and historiography can augment and enrich attempts to appreciate the context surrounding China's rise.

Resumen: El presente artículo tiene la intención de plantear unas nuevas perspectivas de estudio sobre la guerra del siglo IV a.C., en concreto, en tiempos de la formación del reino de Alejandro Magno. En este sentido, queremos proponer una temática poco abordada por la historiografía, como es el impacto en las poblaciones durante su conquista; es decir, analizar y discutir qué efectos pudo causar el paso de las tropas macedonias por los diferentes territorios. Como se trata de un tema muy extenso, lo hemos limitado geográficamente hasta su llegada a Egipto (336-332 a.C.). Para ello hemos elaborado un modelo de estudio que nos ha permitido establecer una primera aproximación a dicha cuestión y, a su vez, que nos pueda ser de utilidad como un modelo aplicable a otros conflictos del mundo antiguo. Se trata de un estudio que se encuentra en su fase inicial, ya que tan sólo se han analizado las principales fuentes de Alejandro; el objetivo final es el de aportar un análisis más completo desde el cual, se tendrán en cuenta otras fuentes, como la epigrafía, la arqueología y la numismática. A nivel metodológico hemos realizado un vaciado de las fuentes literarias, conocidas comúnmente como las fuentes de Alejandro. Tal como menciona Guzmán Guerra (1986, 9-25), éstas se pueden clasificar en dos grandes grupos; las fuentes de 1ª y las de 2ª generación. En gran parte hemos utilizado las fuentes de ésta última para desarrollar nuestro trabajo, pues son las que mejor se han conservado hasta nuestros días. Los autores que hemos tratado han sido, por orden cronológico: Diodoro de Sicilia, Quinto Curcio Rufo, Plutarco, Arriano de Nicomedia, Diodoro Sículo y Justino. Con cada uno de los autores hemos llevado a cabo el mismo proceso; se han seleccionando aquellos pasajes que muestren evidencias del impacto en las poblaciones conquistadas y posteriormente los hemos clasificado según su método de actuación. Abstract: The purpose of this essay is to contemplate a new approach to the study of war in the fourth century BC., focusing our attention to the period of Alexander the Great, but also dealing with a subject insufficiently studied: the impact of war on the population through the process of conquest. This is to say, to analyze and discuss which effects might have caused the pass of the Macedonian troops through the different territories. Since the subject is vast, it has been limited until the arrival of the Macedonians in Egypt (336-332 BC). For that objective, we have developed a study model that allows us to establish a first approximation to the subject. At the same time, it can also be a model applicable to other conflicts of the ancient world. Currently, this study is at an early stage of development because only the literary sources are analyzed. The final goal is to create a complete analysis in the future, considering other sources, such as epigraphy, archeology and numismatics. At a methodological level, we concluded a complete documentary research of the literary sources. As it is mentioned by Guzmán Guerra (1986, 9-25), these can be classified into two categories: first and second generation. The latter group is the one analyzed in this paper due to its better preservation. The studied authors are, by chronological order: Diodorus Siculus, Quintus Curtius Rufus, Plutarch, Arrian of Nicomedia and Justin. The same process to study all the authors is used, selecting those passages that show evidence of the impact on the conquered populaces and classifying them according to their procedures.

The evolving relationship between the People’s Republic of China and Russia has received a great deal of scholarly attention in recent years, particularly in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union and of China’s growing participation in the global market as a rival of the United States. However, the often highly positive relationship between China and Russia is not a twenty-first century phenomenon. The two nations have a robust history of partnership, affiliation, and mutual support. This research will examine the nature and evolution of Sino-Russo relations, with a particular emphasis on the mechanisms and motivations informing the nations’ contemporary interactions. Of particular interest will be the premise of the emergence of a “New Cold War” or new “Great Game.” These models will provide an important context through which to assess Russia and China’s current efforts to pursue and cultivate their mutual interests, both on their own terms and in regard to the alliance’s strategic positioning against the powers of the European Union and, especially, the United States.

Current research article is based on worth of the subject International Relations as branch of our national language. The objective of current study is to observe the inconsistent segments of the Pakistani government policy in education division and especially in universities of Pakistan. According to the current theme, the mainly significant downbeat impact emerges in form of collapse in attaining the education in the context of International Relations. In this connection, students who want to opt the subject of International Relations, in Urdu language, should be encouraged.

This study aims to investigate the changes in the mutual recognition between Korea and China from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, and in the international relationship discerned from here. To discuss these topics, the methodologies of digital humanities based on linguistic big data are used. The objective materials that show the relation and the exchange between modern Korea and China suggest that there had been a constant connection. Based on the frequency and co-occurrence relationship of the term ‘China’ and ‘Jina’, the trend can be divided into three stages. The quarters are 1910 and 1920. Before 1910, the most co-occurred words of ‘China’ and ‘Jina’ were related to history, geography, and academics. After 1920, the most co-occurred words of that related to political and cultural movements in China. Co-occurred words of Japan was related to Japan's political situation and economic
exploitation. The results of Chinese database analysis show the change in Korea-China relations since 1830. According to the annual frequency of ‘Joseon’, the trend can be divided into three periods. These three periods are characterized by the traditional regional order, the transition of the East Asian regional order, and the global nationalist and communist movements. Both of two result clearly shows the modern transformation of the regional order in East Asia. In short, the modern text big-data
of Korea and China shows meaningful information about the mutual recognition of the two countries in modern era and the change in international relations behind them.

The refugee crisis is the tragic result of a criminal policy of war and military intervention for regime change, implemented by the United States and the European Union in Afghanistan, Iraq, Sudan, Libya and, above all, Syria. What the world witness today, with thousands of desperate refugees trying to reach Europe, it is the effect of this policy, maintained by the major Western powers. In more than a decade, Afghanistan wars and Iraq, waged under the pretext of being "against terrorism", and justified on the infamous lies about "Iraqi weapons of mass destruction", devastated whole societies and killed hundreds of thousands of men, women and children. To these wars followed the war for regime change - led by the United States and NATO - which overthrew the government of Muammar Gaddafi and turned Libya into a country of mockery, with virtually no government, wracked by continuous fighting between rival militias. This was followed by civil war in Syria - fueled, armed and financed by the US government and its European allies, aiming to topple Bashar Al-Assad and replace him with an obedient puppet to Western powers.

Current research article is based on worth of the subject International Relations as branch of our national language. The objective of current study is to observe the inconsistent segments of the Pakistani government policy in education division and especially in universities of Pakistan. According to the current theme, the mainly significant downbeat impact emerges in form of collapse in attaining the education in the context of International Relations. In this connection, students who want to opt the subject of International Relations, in Urdu language, should be encouraged.

Current research article is based on worth of the subject International Relations as branch of our national language. The objective of current study is to observe the inconsistent segments of the Pakistani government policy in education division and especially in universities of Pakistan. According to the current theme, the mainly significant downbeat impact emerges in form of collapse in attaining the education in the context of International Relations. In this connection, students who want to opt the subject of International Relations, in Urdu language, should be encouraged.