Industrial Safety

Natural hazards, such as earthquakes, floods, storms, extreme temperatures, etc. can trigger fires, explosions and toxic or radioactive releases at hazardous installations and other infrastructures that process, store or transport dangerous substances. These technological secondary effects of natural hazard impacts are also called "Natech" accidents (from "natural hazard-triggered technological accident"). Natech accidents are frequent in the wake of natural disasters, and they have repeatedly had significant and long-term social, environmental and economic impacts (e.g. Krausmann and Cruz, 2013; Girgin, 2011; Krausmann, Cruz and Affeltranger, 2011; Godoy, 2007). It should be noted that Natech accidents can be triggered by any kind of natural hazard; a major natural hazard, like a strong earthquake or a hurricane, is not necessarily required to cause a Natech event. Recent studies highlighted that the specific aspects of Natech risk are unfortunately often overlooked in chemical accident prevention programmes and disaster risk reduction frameworks, causing Natech accidents to recur (Krausmann and Baranzini, 2012). This is compounded by the predicted increase of Natech risk as a result of worldwide industrialisation, climate change, population growth and community encroachment on natural hazard zones. This outlook has triggered initiatives that aim to close gaps in Natech risk reduction. For instance, the OECD Working Group on Chemical Accidents has recently produced a Natech Addendum to the OECD Guiding Principles on Chemical Accident Prevention, Preparedness and Response (OECD, 2015). This chapter will introduce the problem of Natech risks with a focus on emergency planning and response. It will present major lessons learnt that were obtained from an in-depth analysis of Natech accidents in the European Commission's eNatech accident database (http://enatech.jrc.ec.europa.eu) and make recommendations on how to close remaining gaps. A comprehensive treatment of Natech risks and how to manage them is available in Krausmann, Cruz and Salzano (2017).

Seats are one of the most important components of vehicles and they are the place where professional driver spend most of their time. For example, according to Occupational Outlook Handbook by United State Department of Labor, the truck drivers frequently work 50 or more hours a week. The truck drivers sit while they are driving their 50 hours per week. Assuming four weeks vacation and one more for holidays, which is about 2350 hours driving time per year. Automotive seats, which are in contact with vehicle occupants, play an important role in improving the comfort and work environment of a driver and passengers. The improvement of automotive seating systems, particularly for the driver, has been the subject of intense interest for many years since a driver feels more fatigue than passengers. The paper describes a large variety of studies and up-to-date techniques developed for vehicle seats used by different type of transportation system such as cars, trucks, tractors, trains and aircrafts. The objective of this paper is to review the state of the art of vehicle seat design. Keywords: vehicle seats, recent research and development.

Natural hazards, such as floods, landslides, or earthquakes, can trigger accidents in oil and gas pipeline transport or distribution systems which can cause damage or failure of system components and the subsequent release of toxic or flammable substances. This type of accident, in which a natural event affects a hazardous infrastructure, is also called natech accident. These accidents can have potentially major impacts on the population, the environment, and industry due to significant direct and indirect costs associated with an accident.

A recent analysis on past accidents in pipeline networks in Europe and the USA highlighted the importance of natural hazards as accident causal factors both in oil and gas pipeline systems. This analysis also flagged associated safety and supply-security concerns. Prevention and preparedness are therefore key to preventing casualties, pollution, supply-chain effects, and economic losses due to damage, business interruption and clean-up costs.

The present study extended the risk assessment capability of the JRC's RAPID-N framework for rapid natech risk assessment and mapping by integrating a new functionality for assessing the risks of earthquake impacts on oil transport pipelines. With this, the JRC provides a tool to industry and authorities that contributes towards the identification of natech risk hotspots and pipeline system weaknesses with respect to external accident triggers, and it allows an estimation of the potential consequences of such impacts.

This report briefly recapitulates the main results of the pipeline natech accident analysis, introduces the main features of RAPID-N, discusses the methodologies selected for assessing the risk of damage and failure in oil transport pipelines due to earthquake impact, and then describes the modifications made to RAPID-N to implement these methodologies. As a final step, the implementation of this new assessment feature is demonstrated through a case study application with RAPID-N.

As standards of living generally improve across the globe, there is a corresponding change in people’s perception and acceptance of risk. The impact of natural hazards is an emerging threat to industrial facilities, pipelines, offshore platforms and other infrastructure that handles, stores or transports hazardous substances. When accidentally released, hazardous substances can lead to fires, explosions, and toxic or radioactive releases. These so-called Natech accidents are a recurring but often overlooked feature of many natural disasters and have often had significant human, environmental and economic impacts. Industries and authorities must be able to learn from incidents and capture the lessons that are needed to safely conduct business and produce goods for the whole of society.

Among natural events, storms can seriously affect the integrity of an industrial installation and lead to accident scenarios such as fires, explosions and the dispersion of chemicals in the environment. In addition, scientists expect an overall worsening of extreme weather events in this century due to climate change, which will further increase the threat to industrial facilities.

This report analyses past technological accidents with hazardous materials releases and damage to industrial facilities caused by the impact of storms. It discusses the vulnerability of industrial sites including that of the main equipment types present at the facility and analyses how they are damaged.

The first part of the report describes the storm hazard. It discusses storm types and their occurrence, as well as the main effects that cause damage to human settlements and the environment. The report lists strong winds, heavy precipitation, lightning and storm surge as the main effects responsible for damage to industrial installations.

In the second part of the report, we perform an analysis of past storm-triggered Natech events. Using different sources of public information on technological incidents, this study:

1. Analyses incident statistics;

2. Reviews a number of “landmark” accidents;

3. Discusses the lessons learned.

From the analysis of past events, the report concludes that Natech events caused by storms are frequent and that their relative occurrence is increasing compared to the overall occurrence of technological incidents from other causes in the analysed databases. The largest losses were generally triggered by heavy rain and flooding, while the most frequent trigger was lightning. The study also highlighted the role of a loss of power supply in triggering an accident or hampering the mitigation of its consequences.

The study presents lessons learned from the forensic analysis of past events and puts forward recommendations for future risk reduction for all storm effects. The most important lesson is that storm predictions based on past events are not sufficient to be well prepared for future events, in particular in the face of climate change.

The fifth edition of the United Nations Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (GAR) is being issued four years after the adoption of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (Sendai Framework).

This edition of GAR is the first punctuation mark in the implementation of the Sendai Framework. It offers an update on progress made in implementing the outcome, goal, targets and priorities of the Sendai Framework and disaster-related Sustainable Development Goals. It provides an analysis of how risk science is changing, presents areas for additional endeavour, and explores aspects of understanding and managing systemic risk. It presents innovative research and practice for pursuing risk-informed sustainable development, and provides an introduction to the wider scope and nature of hazards and related risks to be considered.

Chapter 3 of the report on "risk" investigates how we currently monitor and model a range of hazards, including tsunamis, landslides, floods and fires. Other hazards are less familiar as they were not part of the Hyogo Framework for Action. However, they are part of the Sendai Framework and include: biological, nuclear/radiological, chemical/industrial, NATECH (natural hazards triggering technological disasters) and environmental hazards. Chapter 3 looks at our understanding of how these hazards interact with exposure and vulnerability.

Chapter 3.1.9 on "Natech" describes Natech events which are a recurring but often overlooked fature in many disaster situations. Besides providing examples of important Natech accidents that occurred in the past, the characteristics of Natech risk are discussed. Information on Natech risk drivers and instruments for effective Natech risk management are explained, together with how progress in Natech risk reduction can be measured.

Bu çalışmada, endüstriyel kazalar ile ilgili bilgiler içeren uluslararası veri tabanlarında Türkiye'de meydana gelmiş endüstriyel kazalara ait bilgilerin hangi kapsamda yer aldığı araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, yaygın olarak kullanılan ve birçok çalışmada temel kaynak olarak başvurulan CRED Acil Durumlar Veri Tabanı (EM-DAT) ve UNEP APELL Teknolojik Afetler Listesi ile Avrupa Birliği'nin Büyük Kaza Raporlama Sistemi (MARS) incelenmiştir. MARS veri tabanında Türkiye'de meydana gelmiş herhangi bir kazanın yer almadığı görülmüş, EM-DAT ve APELL veri tabanlarında ise oldukça kısıtlı sayıda kazaya ait bilgiye rastlanmıştır. Bu kazaların önemli bir bölümünün ise endüstriyel kaza tanımına uymadığı belirlenmiştir. Dolayısıyla incelenen uluslararası teknolojik kaza veri tabanları Türkiye'de meydana gelmiş endüstriyel kazaları kendi kriterleri dahilinde bile tam olarak yansıtmamaktadır. Bu veri tabanlarındaki eksiklik ve hatalar, kaynak olarak kullanıldıkları çalışmaları da negatif yönde etkilemektedir. Karşılaşılan bu problemlerin envanter çalışması sırasındaki olası hatalar kadar literatürde Türkiye'deki endüstriyel kazalar ile ilgili bilgi boşluğundan da kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Bu bağlamda, ülkemizde meydana gelmiş endüstriyel kazaların nedeni, oluşumu ve sonuçları ile ilgili düzenli ve ulaşılabilir bir bilgi kaynağının veya envanterin bulunmuyor oluşu önemli bir eksiklik olarak göze çarpmaktadır.

Industrial operators have an important role to play in terms of reducing the probability of accidents by utilizing their awareness and understanding of the system and the situation during normal and abnormal operating conditions. Industrial operators are important barriers against accidents. Distributed Situation Awareness (DSA) has been shown to correlate with positive performance and goal achievement. The role of individual operators as barriers against accidents calls for a greater understanding of DSA in the process industry and industrial plants. Industrial operators must cope with uncertainties with regards to the information they must process in normal and abnormal situations, while working in geographically dispersed locations and with different teams. The significance of DSA during an abnormal situation increases manifold and influences the possible consequences of an accident scenario. Aim of this article is to consider the effect of two distinct training methods on DSA and safety-related performance of industrial operators during an accident scenario. The results show that participants trained with the help of 3D virtual environments (N=12) were able to maintain better DSA and performed effectively within a simulated scenario as compared to those (N=12) trained with a conventional training method.

Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, and landslides, can impact industrial installations that process or store hazardous materials, potentially causing major accidents with fires, explosions or toxic releases. Accidents of this type are commonly referred to as Natech accidents. Numerous Natech accidents in the wake of past natural events are testimony to the possibly major disaster potential of this type of accidents. A recent study on the status of Natech risk management in the EU and the OECD found an increase in Natech risk awareness but it also highlighted significant gaps in the development of methodologies for analysing and mapping Natech risk. However, for decisions relating to the siting of new or the retrofitting needs of existing hazardous installations, and for emergency planning, Natech-prone areas need to be identified and the associated risk adequately assessed. In order to fill this gap, a web-based rapid Natech risk assessment and mapping framework called RAPID-N was developed. It is available at http://rapidn.jrc.ec.europa.eu. While the framework is in principle applicable to any kind of natural disaster, it has currently been implemented for earthquake impact on industrial facilities.

Natural-hazard triggered technological accidents (natechs) at industrial facilities have been recognized as an emerging risk. Adequate preparedness, proper emergency planning, and effective response are crucial for the prevention of natechs and mitigation of the consequences. Under the conditions of a natural disaster, the limited resources, the possible unavailability of mitigation measures, and the lack of adequate communication complicate the management of natechs. The analysis of past natechs is crucial for learning lessons and for preventing or preparing for future natechs. The 17 August 1999, Kocaeli earthquake, which was a devastating disaster hitting one of the most industrialized regions of Turkey, offers opportunities in this respect. Among many natechs that occurred due to the earthquake, the massive fire at the TUPRAS Izmit refinery and the acrylonitrile spill at the AKSA acrylic fiber production plant were especially important and highlight problems in the consideration of natechs in emergency planning, response to industrial emergencies during natural hazards, and information to the public during and following the incidents. The analysis of these events shows that even the largest and seemingly well-prepared facilities can be vulnerable to natechs if risks are not considered adequately.

Seats are one of the most important components of vehicles and they are the place where professional driver spend most of their time. For example, according to Occupational Outlook Handbook by United State Department of Labor, the truck drivers frequently work 50 or more hours a week. The truck drivers sit while they are driving their 50 hours per week. Assuming four weeks vacation and one more for holidays, which is about 2350 hours driving time per year. Automotive seats, which are in contact with vehicle occupants, play an important role in improving the comfort and work environment of a driver and passengers. The improvement of automotive seating systems, particularly for the driver, has been the subject of intense interest for many years since a driver feels more fatigue than passengers. The paper describes a large variety of studies and up-to-date techniques developed for vehicle seats used by different type of transportation system such as cars, trucks, tractors, trains and aircrafts. The objective of this paper is to review the state of the art of vehicle seat design. Keywords: vehicle seats, recent research and development.

Introduction.This article, based on statistical data analysis, detected that the ratio of registered accidents with fatal consequences to the total number of accidents in Ukraine is 100 times greater than the corresponding figure for the European Union countries. It was discovered that organizational reasons that were related to creating, implementing and operating the occupational safety management system were the main causes of accidents.
Purpose.The purpose of this article is to aspectate the criterial estimation of potential effectiveness of the occupational safety management.
Methods.To achieve the goal, we used the method of theoretical research (analysis).
Results.In order to solve this problem, the author:
- analyzed the existing algorithm for constructing and implementing the occupational safety management system;
- aspectated the present methods of assessing the effectiveness of occupational safety management system functioning in Ukraine;
- interpreted a comprehensive criterion for assessing the potential of the system efficiency of the occupational safety management;
- identified the possible ways of probabilistic assessment of stochastic system state in a random period of time (transitional step).
It was discovered that the existing algorithm for constructing and implementing the occupational safety management system in enterprises has a recommendatory nature and lays some risks in the form of erroneous project solutions. The current methods of assessing the effectiveness of the occupational safety management system cannot characterize the effectiveness of its preventive properties objectively, that is they cannot indicate the potential of its effectiveness.
It was indicated that the solution of this problem lies in the plane of forming the assessment criteria of the efficiency potential of the occupational safety management system within the existing methods. It can be interpreted as a comprehensive criterion, which consists of the sum of the effectiveness criteria for each operation (Kі), which are performed within the system and are aimed at achieving the main goal.
In the mathematical form, the efficiency criterion of the i-th operation (Kі) can be represented as the objective function, which reaches its extremum in the half-interval (-∞ to 10-6], where 10-6 is the value of acceptable risk.
It was identified that the main stochastic factors that exist within the system affect the probability of its state at any given time. To determine the probability of the system state at any given moment, the author suggested using mathematical modeling method, based on the theory of Markov processes. The presence of a stochastic factor that is difficult to predict, multidimensional and capable to resist actively, for example, the "human factor", makes it possible to recommend (with certain assumption) to consider most of the processes within the system as heterogeneous Markov process.
Conclusion:
1. The regulatory and legal framework in Ukraine does not provide a clear algorithm for creating and implementing occupational safety management system. Moreover, the lack of professional sectoral experts (of labor protection) among developers creates prerequisites of making mistakes at the stage of the design, which can later cause accidents and disasters in the industrial conditions.
2. Currently existing methods of evaluating the effectiveness of occupational safety management system can only characterize the effectiveness of the system, but after the event. However, they cannot objectively indicate the effectiveness of its precautionary properties, i.e., the potential of its effectiveness. The solution of this problem is to form the assessment criteria the potential of the effectiveness of the occupational safety management system within the existing methods.
3. A criterion for estimating the potential efficiency of the occupational safety management system can be interpreted as a complex criterion, which is formed from the sum of effectiveness criteria for each operation (Kі), which is performed within the system and is aimed at achieving the main goal. In mathematical form, the efficiency criterion of the i-th operation (Kі) can be represented as the objective function, which reaches its extremum in the half-interval (-∞ to 10-6].
4. The problem of evaluating the probability of the system state at any given random period of time (step) is caused by the presence of human and external stochastic factors. The solution of this problem is to use the mathematical modeling of probabilistic system states based on the theory of Markov processes.
Проблема. В статті на основі аналізу статистичних даних, встановлено, що співвідношення кількості зареєстрованих нещасних випадків зі смертельними наслідками до загальної кількості нещасних випадків в Україні, перевищує відповідний показник по країнам  Європейського Союзу майже у 100 разів. Встановлено, що основними причинами виникнення нещасних випадків, були організаційні причини, які прямо пов’язані з побудовою, впровадженням і функціонуванням системи управління охороною праці. 
Мета. Метою даної статті є аспектаціякритеріальної оцінки потенціалу ефективності системи управління охороною праці.
Методи дослідження. Для досягнення поставленої мети було використано метод теоретичного дослідження – аналіз.
Основні результати дослідження.З метою вирішення зазначеної проблеми автором:
- проаналізовано існуючий алгоритм побудови та впровадження системи управління охороною праці;
- проаспектовано існуючи методики оцінки ефективності функціонування СУОПП в Україні;
- інтерпретовано комплексний критерій оцінки потенціалу ефективності системи управління охороною праці;
- визначено можливі шляхи стохастичної оцінки імовірнісного стану системи у випадковий період часу (перехідний крок).
Встановлено, що існуючий алгоритм побудови і впровадження системи управління охороною праці на підприємствах має рекомендаційний характер та закладає певні ризики у вигляді помилкових проектних рішень, а діючи методики оцінки ефективності системи управління охороною праці, об’єктивно не можуть характеризувати ефективність її попереджувальних властивостей тобто свідчити про потенціал її ефективності.
Зазначено, що вирішення цієї  проблеми лежить в площині формування в рамках існуючих методик критерію оцінки потенціалу ефективності системи управління охороною праці, який можна інтерпретувати як комплексний критерій, котрий формується з суми критеріїв ефективності по кожній з операцій (Кі), що виконуються в межах системи і спрямовані на досягнення основної мети.
В математичному вигляді, критерій ефективності і-той операції (Кі) можна представити у вигляді цільової функції, яка досягає свого екстремуму в напівінтервалі (-∞ до 1х10-6], де 1х10-6, величина прийнятного ризику. 
Визначені основні стохастичні фактори, що існують в межах системи і впливають на імовірність її стану в той чи інший момент часу. Для визначення імовірності стану системи в той чи інший момент часу, автором запропоновано застосування методу математичного моделювання на основі теорії марковських процесів. Наявність в системі такого важко передбаченого, багатомірного, а також спроможного чинити активний супротив стохастичного фактора, як «людський фактор», дає можливість рекомендувати (з певним припущенням) розглядати більшість процесів в межах системи, як неоднорідний марковській процес.
Висновки та конкретніпропозиції автора:
1. Відсутність в нормативно-правовій базі України чіткого алгоритму побудови та впровадження СУОПП, а також фахових галузевих спеціалістів (з охорони праці) серед розробників, створює передумови внесення помилок на стадії її проектування, які в подальшому можуть стати причинами нещасних випадків та промислових аварій і катастроф в умовах виробництва.
2. Існуючи на даний момент методики оцінки ефективності системи управління охороною праці,  можуть лише  характеризувати ефективність дії системи,  так би мовити постфактум, але не можуть об’єктивно свідчити про ефективність її попереджувальних властивостей, тобто про потенціал її ефективності. Вирішення зазначеної проблеми лежить в площині формування в рамках існуючих методик критерію оцінки потенціалу ефективності СУОП.
3. Критерій оцінки потенціалу ефективності системи управління охороною праці можна інтерпретувати як комплексний критерійякий формується з суми критеріїв ефективності по кожній з операцій (Кі), яка виконується в межах системи і направлена на досягнення основної мети. В математичному вигляді, критерій ефективності і-той операції (Кі) можна представити у вигляді цільової функції, яка досягає свого екстремуму в напівінтервалі (-∞ до 1х10-6].
4. Проблема оцінки імовірності стану системи в той чи інший випадковий період часу (крок), обумовлена наявністю в її межах таких стохастичних факторів як «людський» та зовнішні. Вирішення цієї проблеми лежить в площині застосування методу математичного моделювання імовірнісних станів системи на основі теорії марковських процесів.

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a young country that has great ambitious development plans for the future. One of those recent plans was to join the international commercial nuclear club. In addition to the nuclear industry, the development of the existing petroleum and aviation industries in the UAE create many challenges that need to be safely managed. The main advantage of joining the nuclear industry now is the ability to benefit from the international experience in this regard. There are many international organisations with advanced safety management systems that can help the UAE’s safety critical organisations to run their businesses in a safe manner. However, those experiences must be used properly. Not everything that worked perfectly in a specific country can have the exact outcome in the UAE.  Elements such as culture, organisational structures, and communication differ from one country to the next. Each country develops its management system according to its requirements and needs. In order to fully benefit from international experiences, the UAE needs to study the effect of those elements. Then instead of constructing new management systems to help operate safety critical industries, the Emirati organisations can use best practice methods already available after customising them accordingly. This dissertation is a first step toward achieving this goal by studying the impact of culture, organisational structures, and communication on safety critical organisations in the UAE.

The article suggests the priority ways of improving the Occupational Safety and Health Management System
(OSH MS) in the industrial complex of Ukraine based on the analysis of it’s functioning for the last five years. Analysis
was carried out by examining the dynamics of changes in main indicators that characterize effectiveness of OSH MS,
that are industrial injuries, occupational diseases, condition of production equipment, buildings and structures, as well
payments on pecuniary damage in consequence of occupational accidents. It is found that the dynamics of changes in the
number of occupational diseases, physical deterioration of production equipment, and material payments on pecuniary
damage to victims has negative character, and reduction in the number of industrial injuries is leveled by their
classification as not permissible and with high value of severity coefficient. The role of "human factor" was defined as
main cause of risks (mistakes) production in modern labor protection management system of Ukraine. There was shown
a schematic model of occurring of hazards on stages of functioning of OSH management system at the manufacture. A
visual scheme of the automated operational control over working conditions and management of sanitary parameters of
the production environment (ASCC) was developed and submitted to reduce influence of "human factor" as well as to
improve working conditions. To improve efficiency of OSH management system, ways of reforming of existing labor
protection services of manufactures were suggested.
In workplaces with high degree of professional risk, it is proposed to introduce system of operational video
monitoring and responding to erroneous actions (violations of requirements regulations on labor protection) of employee,
as an integral part of ASCC system, as well as of OSH management system at manufacture.

The article provided an interpretation of the integral components of the quantitative risk assessment
criteria of danger, analyzed known methods for determining dangerous and harmful factors, and certification of
workplaces on working conditions. An algorithmic scheme kriterial evaluation of occupational hazards and
basic theoretical aspects of the methodology of analysis of hazardous and harmful factors

Industrial corporations around the world can be found who are proud of their safety records, safety achievements, and published their results on the Internet. Here are 34 companies who we found in 2015 searches that had important safety achievements plus we have added their own key comments by presidents, CEO's, and directors of Safety. At the end we have list their achievements in consecutive hours, consecutive days and/or consecutive months/years without a lost time injury for a  major work unit or division or the organization as a whole.

The increase in size, automation and complexity of modern sociotechnical systems changed the dynamics of work environments and calls for new methodologies and metaphors towards safety of complex systems. Chemical, nuclear, and transportation (i.e. road, maritime, and aviation) industries are composed of various nested subsystems where smooth coordination and communication are essential features to achieve continuous and safe operations. Even though such subsystems exist since the industrial revolution, fewer studies have been conducted in these domains: to understand the work as it is done (rather than it is imagined), which is the only way to shed light about the variability in work performance and how these subsystems can combine to generate dangerous and unexpected outcomes. The theoretical framework of Distributed Situation Awareness provides a firm background to investigate the subsystems that constitute the chemical, nuclear, and maritime industries/domains. This paper unfolds...

Climate change is depended on generation of green house gas. Burning fossil fuel generates green house gas. Most of the energy needs of the world is met by burning fossil fuel. Renewable energy source is alternative energy source which do not generate green house gas, is inexhaustible. Development and use of renewable source of energy is the way  to stop climate change.

The increase in size, automation and complexity of modern sociotechnical systems changed the dynamics of work environments and calls for new methodologies and metaphors towards safety of complex systems. Chemical, nuclear, and transportation (i.e. road, maritime, and aviation) industries are composed of various nested subsystems where smooth coordination and communication are essential features to achieve continuous and safe operations. Even though such subsystems exist since the industrial revolution, fewer studies have been conducted in these domains: to understand the work as it is done (rather than it is imagined), which is the only way to shed light about the variability in work performance and how these subsystems can combine to generate dangerous and unexpected outcomes. The theoretical framework of Distributed Situation Awareness provides a firm background to investigate the subsystems that constitute the chemical, nuclear, and maritime industries/domains. This paper unfolds...

Accidents are unexpected events resulting in unwanted or undesirable outcomes. Unwanted outcomes can include harm or loss to personnel, property, production or nearly anything that has some inherent value. These losses increase organization's operating cost through higher production costs, decreased efficiency, and longterm effects of decreased employees' morale and unfavourable public opinion (U.S. Department of Energy 2012). All accidents need not cause loss. Depending up on the consequences, types of accidents are classified as near miss, first-aid injury, non-reportable injury, reportable injury and fatality. Near misses are harmless disruptions from normal operation without any personal injury or property loss. First-aid injuries are accidents in which the victim is returned back to workplace after treatment at first-aid centre. Non-reportable injuries are accidents in which victims are send to hospital with or without treatment at first-aid centre for further medical examination and victim returns to workplace within 48 h of the event, and Reportable injuries are accidents in which the victim is send to hospital with or without treatment at first-aid centre for further medical examination and victims returns to workplace after 48 h of the event and fatality are accidents with loss of life to one or more persons as consequence of accident.

Accidents are unexpected events resulting in unwanted or undesirable outcomes. All accidents need not cause loss. Depending up on the consequences, types of accidents are classified as near miss, first-aid injury, non-reportable injury, reportable injury and fatality. In this paper, analysis of 2179 accidents comprising of 1539 near misses, 366 first-aid injuries, 161 non-reportable injuries, 95 reportable injuries and 18 Fatalities occurred at the 22 operating plants and 7 construction projects in a public sector power company in India during the period of 10 years from 2006 to 2015 with reference to IS-3786 “Method for the Computation of Frequency and Severity Rates for Industrial Injuries and Classification of Industrial Accidents” is described. The principal factors related to causation of accidents as per IS-3786 are Agency (B1), Unsafe Mechanical or Physical Condition (B2), Unsafe Act (B3), Unsafe Personal Factor (B-4), Type of Accident (B-5), Nature of Injury (B-6) and Locati...

E-waste is commonly termed as electronic waste. These wastes comprise of TVs, MP3 players, DVDs, mobile phones, laptops, etc. Hazardous materials are released due to this which harms the environment and affects human health. Currently, many countries are facing problems due to the generation of e-waste which has drawn attention to minimize it with the help of new methods. Lack of awareness and resources are the main cause behind e-waste management in India. Harmful toxic materials set foot into the waste materials which harms human health as well as environment. At the same time, wastage of material goods takes part when profitable materials are disposed and unhealthier ambience are risen due to natural recycling. With the help of this paper, best current assessment methodologies are discussed for e-waste management considering global and social scenario, recycling and recovering process, environmental and occupational hazards.

The increase in size, automation and complexity of modern sociotechnical systems changed the dynamics of work environments and calls for new methodologies and metaphors towards safety of complex systems. Chemical, nuclear, and transportation (i.e. road, maritime, and aviation) industries are composed of various nested subsystems where smooth coordination and communication are essential features to achieve continuous and safe operations. Even though such subsystems exist since the industrial revolution, fewer studies have been conducted in these domains: to understand the work as it is done (rather than it is imagined), which is the only way to shed light about the variability in work performance and how these subsystems can combine to generate dangerous and unexpected outcomes. The theoretical framework of Distributed Situation Awareness provides a firm background to investigate the subsystems that constitute the chemical, nuclear, and maritime industries/domains. This paper unfolds...

The increase in size, automation and complexity of modern sociotechnical systems changed the dynamics of work environments and calls for new methodologies and metaphors towards safety of complex systems. Chemical, nuclear, and transportation (i.e. road, maritime, and aviation) industries are composed of various nested subsystems where smooth coordination and communication are essential features to achieve continuous and safe operations. Even though such subsystems exist since the industrial revolution, fewer studies have been conducted in these domains: to understand the work as it is done (rather than it is imagined), which is the only way to shed light about the variability in work performance and how these subsystems can combine to generate dangerous and unexpected outcomes. The theoretical framework of Distributed Situation Awareness provides a firm background to investigate the subsystems that constitute the chemical, nuclear, and maritime industries/domains. This paper unfolds...

The safety climate shows the attitude and general perception of the organization's management regarding safety. This study investigates the impact of safety training on the safety climate of operational employees working in the West Oil and Gas Company. Materials and Methods: This study is quasi-experimental interventional research, which was conducted in the first half of 2019 in West Oil and Gas Production Company with a pretestposttest design. The study population included all workers in the operational departments of The West Oil and Gas Production Company. The sampling was done randomly with 240 people. The study questionnaire included a demographic information questionnaire and the safety climate questionnaire of "the safety organization of England." The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by safety professors, and its reliability was obtained at 0.84 using the Cronbach α coefficient. Results: The mean score of safety climate components before the intervention was 2.65, and after the educational intervention reached 3.66. The safety improvement had the highest score among the components of the safety climate. Also, the lowest mean score of the component before the intervention was related to the violation of safety rules, which had the lowest mean score after the intervention of the licensing system. Conclusion: Educational intervention improved the safety climate in West Oil and Gas Production Company, so safety training plays a vital role in increasing the safety climate in the oil and gas industries.