Human Memory

A discussion of the question whether memory modification technologies threaten the authenticity of our lives. Distinguishing between memory enhancement and memory editing, the paper highlights the potential benefits of the former type of memory modification, including when it comes to promoting an "authentic" life based on a truthful remembrance of the past; as well as the therapeutic benefits of memory editing for people struggling with conditions like Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

That being said, the paper also argues that memory editing can raise legitimate concerns about authenticity in two main ways: first, by threatening the truthfulness of someone's life, and secondly, by interfering with his/her disposition to respond in certain ways to some past events, when it is reasonable to respond in such ways. These considerations will carry particular weight in cases of non-therapeutic use, when they are less likely to be outweighed by the need to avoid severe psychological suffering.

Since the paper was published I have changed my mind on some issues (e.g. I no longer find the discussion of the nature of our affective reasons fully convincing), although I still think that the basic intuitions behind it are on the right track.

Przysługujący widmom wywrotowy, niemalże rewolucyjny potencjał został odsunięty oraz zagubiony poprzez pozbycie się tej kontrowersyjnej kategorii z terytorium metafizyki i zbyt pośpieszne odesłanie jej do przestrzeni badań nad literaturą, sprowadzając ją jedynie do roli użytecznego, bezpiecznego narzędzia interpretacji.

Książka Andrzeja Marca odzyskuje niepokojący charakter widmontologii i ponownie wprowadza widma do myśli metafizycznej. Czym nawiedzona i przeniknięta jest tradycyjna metafizyka, co właściwie ją dręczy, nie daje spokoju oraz nieustannie podmywa jej stabilność?

Kategoria widma Derridy posłużyła Marcowi przede wszystkim do rozważań nad charakterem współczesności i przeobrażeń, jakie dokonały się w obrębie myśli ponowoczesnej. Współczesna kultura, zdaniem Marca, stała się miejscem powstawania widm, nieustannie powracających z przeszłości. Uznając, że nie jesteśmy już w stanie tworzyć utopijnych wizji przyszłości, autor stara się zdać sprawę z widmowego charakteru współczesnej kultury, analizując m. in. strategie vintage, retro, nurt no future w kulturze lat 70. czy nurt fantastyki naukowej w literaturze.

The present article reports a survey conducted to identify the practices on passwords usage, focusing particularly on memory limitations and the use of passwords across individuals with different age and education backgrounds. A total of 263 participants were interviewed, with ages ranging from 18 to 93 years, and education level ranging from grade school to graduate degree. Contrary to our expectations, effects of cognitive decline due to aging were not observed on memory performance for passwords. The results suggested instead, that the number of password uses was the most influential factor on memory performance. That is, as the number of circumstances in which individuals utilized passwords increased, the incidence of forgotten and mixed-up passwords also increased. The theoretical significance of these findings and their implications for good practices on password usage are discussed.

1␣,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25D3), the active form of vitamin D 3 , is an immunoregulatory hormone with beneficial effects on Th1 cell-mediated inflammatory diseases. Although IL-17-producing CD4 + T helper (Th17) cells have been recently identified as novel effector cells, the immunomodulating effects of 1,25D3 on Th17 cells have not been well defined. We confirmed here that 1,25D3 inhibited the generation of Th17 cells in vitro. Interestingly, 1,25D3 synergistically suppressed the generation of Th17 cells by the combination with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). 1,25D3 and ATRA suppressed the development of allergen-induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in a mouse ear swelling model. In addition, we found that 1,25D3 and ATRA significantly inhibited the development of human Th17 cells from both naïve and memory human CD4 + T cells. 1,25D3 and ATRA effectively suppressed mRNA expressions of IL-1R1, IL-21R, IL-23R, RORC, and AHR in human T cells. ATRA further suppressed IL-6R, whereas 1,25D3 did not. Finally, we found that 1,25D3 and ATRA remarkably blocked IL-22 as well as IL-17 mRNA expression in human memory CD4 + T cells. Thus, we initially reveal that 1,25D3 and ATRA have synergistic effects on the generation of Th17 cells, suggesting that the combination with ATRA would provide a promising novel therapy for Th17 cell-related immune diseases including skin inflammation.

In this paper, we summarize the data obtained in our laboratory showing the effects of glucocorticoids on human cognitive function in older adults, young adults and children. We first present data obtained in the aged human population which showed that long-term exposure to high endogenous levels of glucocorticoids is associated with both memory impairments and a 14% smaller volume of the hippocampus. We then report on studies showing that in older adults with moderate levels of glucocorticoids, memory performance can be acutely modulated by pharmacological manipulations of glucocorticoids. In young adults, we present data obtained in our laboratory showing that cognitive processing sustained by the frontal lobes is also sensitive to acute increases of glucocorticoids. We also summarize studies showing that just as in older adults, memory performance in young adults can be acutely modulated by pharmacological manipulations of glucocorticoids. We then present a study in which we showed a differential involvement of adrenergic and glucocorticoid hormones for short-and long-term memory of neutral and emotional information. In the last section of the paper, we present data obtained in a population of young children and teenagers from low and high socioeconomic status (SES), where we showed that children from low SES present significantly higher levels of basal cortisol when compared to children from high SES. We then present new data obtained in this population showing that children and teenagers from low and high SES do not process the plausibility of positive and negative attributes in the same way. Children from low SES tended to process positive and negative attributes on a more negative note than children from high SES, and this type of processing was significantly related to basal cortisol at age 10, 12 and 14. Altogether, the results of these studies show that both bottom-up (effects of glucocorticoids on cognitive function), and top-down (effects of cognitive processing on glucocorticoid secretion) effects exist in the human population. Q

Understanding a sentence requires a working memory of the partial products of comprehension, so that linguistic relations between temporally distal parts of the sentence can be rapidly computed. We describe an emerging theoretical framework for this working memory system that incorporates several independently motivated principles of memory: a sharply limited attentional focus, rapid retrieval of item (but not order) information subject to interference from similar items, and activation decay (forgetting over time). A computational model embodying these principles provides an explanation of the functional capacities and severe limitations of human processing, as well as accounts of reading times. The broad implication is that the detailed nature of crosslinguistic sentence processing emerges from the interaction of general principles of human memory with the specialized task of language comprehension.

Human memory is not perfect -people constantly memorize new facts and forget old ones. One example is forgetting a password, a common problem raised at IT help desks. We present several protocols that allow a user to automatically recover a password from a server using partial knowledge of the password. These protocols can be easily adapted to the personal entropy setting [7], where a user can recover a password only if he can answer a large enough subset of personal questions. We introduce client-server password recovery methods, in which the recovery data are stored at the server, and the recovery procedures are integrated into the login procedures. These methods apply to two of the most common types of password based authentication systems. The security of these solutions is significantly better than the security of presently proposed password recovery schemes. Our protocols are based on a variation of threshold encryption ] that may be of independent interest.

Immunological memory is thought to depend on a stem cell-like, self-renewing population of lymphocytes capable of differentiating into effector cells in response to antigen re-exposure. Here we describe a long-lived human memory T cell population that has an enhanced capacity for self-renewal and a multipotent ability to derive central memory, effector memory and effector T cells. These cells, specific to multiple viral and self-tumor antigens, were found within a CD45RO − , CCR7 + , CD45RA + , CD62L + , CD27 + , CD28 + and IL-7Ra + T cell compartment characteristic of naive T cells. However, they expressed large amounts of CD95, IL-2Rb, CXCR3, and LFA-1, and showed numerous functional attributes distinctive of memory cells. Compared with known memory populations, these lymphocytes had increased proliferative capacity and more efficiently reconstituted immunodeficient hosts, and they mediated superior antitumor responses in a humanized mouse model. The identification of a human stem cell-like memory T cell population is of direct relevance to the design of vaccines and T cell therapies.

Melodic contour, the shape of a melody without reference to the individual notes, is important in the cognition of short, unfamiliar melodies. Melodic contour has generally been conceived as specifically the direction of pitch intervals (i.e., up or down). It is argued that the magnitude of the pitch intervals (i.e., step or leap) is also encoded as part of relative pitch memory for melodies. It was hypothesised that participants are sensitive to changes in pitch interval magnitude (PIM) in a discrimination task using transposed melodies. It was also hypothesized that PIM is encoded in relative pitch memory for melodies as part of melodic contour. The results indicate that participants are sensitive to changes in pitch interval magnitude, but does not support the hypothesis that PIM is encoded as part of melodic contour. Instead, the results of the experiment suggest that the effect of on contour discrimination appears to arise from melodic expectations..

Memory is the fundamental component of humans as well as systems. In the computer system the memory is organised in well
organised format and all the elements are suited according to the applications and desired output. Similar classification is also been used
for the human memory as described by different psychologists. In this article we categorize the stages of human memory and their
conversion from one stage to another as used for direct interaction with computer system. The categorization of memory has basic form as
sensor memory and intermediate form as short term memory and final stage as long term memory used to describe the realistic
phenomenon of memory organization. We create an interface to categorize the users’ memory in various memory forms by using the
applications of lookalike images and identifying whether the images are similar or having some difference as identified by the human
memory and recorded the time taken by the user. We also conclude our proposal in by defining the terminology used for transformation of
one form of memory into other and its future application.

Il perché del luogo

Tra giardino e luogo della riconciliazione

Il n'y a que deux couleurs: noir et blanc Noir la vie, blanc la mort-ce qu'on a oublié depuis longtemps 1. Andreas Walser La separazione richiede uno spazio che si prenda cura della morte. Spesso collocato al di fuori dalle mura a distanza dalla vita urbana, a volte completamente inserito nel quotidiano andare, il cimitero si offre come luogo di risposta per il defunto. Hans Belting asserisce che "perdendo il proprio corpo il defunto perde anche il proprio luogo" 2 : la ricerca del defunto coinciderebbe con la ricerca del suo luogo. Egli continua identificando nell'aldilà il luogo verso cui il defunto si dirige, ma rimarrebbe irrisolta la questione del corpo terreno il quale necessita di un luogo dove 'riposare'. Nel Neolitico i morti erano seppelliti sotto la propria casa al fine di tenerli accanto a sé ma in seguito si svilupparono le Necropoli e da qui il cimitero che appartiene da un punto di vista sia giuridico che culturale al territorio della comunità, che ha fondato presso di sé un secondo insediamento, quello 'dei suoi morti'3.
La tomba è solamente l'immagine di un 'luogo stabile'4. La configurazione della tomba e del cimitero stesso altro non sarebbe che una strategia per compensare la mancata realtà di questo luogo incerto5.
Il cimitero è quindi un luogo fittizio: lo si può figurare solo come luogo del ricordo. Anche le immagini sulla tomba appaiono come immagini private rese pubbliche, in cui il defunto sopravvive nel ricordo come egli era in vita.
Usuali sono poi le iscrizioni che mettono in guardia dal
danneggiare la tomba; il defunto non può difendere il luogo e questa protezione deve essere garantita dai viventi.
Nella ricerca svedese sulla questione sono state evidenziati due casi che promettono di trattare il luogo con due avvicinamenti apparentemente diversi: l'uno è il caso del Cimitero nel Bosco di Erik Gunnar Asplund e Sigurd Lewerentz e l'altro è il Kirkogarden
con Katarina Kirka entrambi sviluppati a Stoccolma. Se il primo è un evidente esempio di isolamento dal contesto cittadino, il secondo ne è pienamente circondato.

1 "Es gibt nur zwei Farber; schwarz und weiss schwarz: das Leben, weiss: der Tod-schon längst vergessen", Andreas Walser, Andreas Walser-Und jetzt-gehe ich.
3 Ibid., pp. 187-188
4,Ibid.

The author attempts to interpret Andrzej Stasiuk’s short story Miejsce, which was included in the new core curriculum of Polish language teaching in secondary schools. the aim of the article is to demonstrate that the theme of the place inscribed in Stasiuk’s work can be perfectly described thanks to the adoption of a hermeneutical mode of reading, which will not only emphasize the importance of the phenomenology of space inscribed in the interpreted text, but will also show young readers how Heidegger’s being in the place translates into building one’s own identity.
***
Autor podejmuje próbę zinterpretowania opowiadania Andrzeja Stasiuka Miejsce, które znalazło się w nowej podstawie programowej nauczania języka polskiego w szkołach średnich. celem artykułu jest wykazanie, że temat miejsca wpisanego w dzieło Stasiuka można doskonale opisać dzięki przyjęciu hermeneutycznego sposobu czytania, który nie tylko podkreśli znaczenie fenomenologii przestrzeni wpisanej w interpretowany tekst , ale także pokaże młodym czytelnikom, jak przebywanie Heideggera w miejscu przekłada się na budowanie własnej tożsamości.

The structural aspects of human memory continue to baffle researchers. There are several issues that investigators have been concerned with, e.g., whether there is a single storage system or a multiple one, the nature of the processing of information that takes place, the invariant features of the memory processes, the role of the individual in the storage of information, etc. An understanding of these issues should aid educators in creating better learning environments. A brief review relating to these aspects is offered here.

The EEG was recorded while subjects judged whether sequentially presented feature-concept pairs are semantically congruent. Later and without prior warning they had to perform a semantic and episodic memory task. The results show that the upper alpha band is most sensitive to the encoding and processing of semantic information. It is only the upper alpha band that distinguishes between good and bad semantic memory performers and that shows significant correlations with semantic memory performance during that time period, semantic processing actually takes place. Even when the influence of episodic memory was removed by partial correlations, a reliable association between upper alpha desynchronization and semantic memory was observed.

Introduction to E-BOOK of Vedic Maths on Fast Calculation
Enough has been written about the utility of maths in our routine life or for competitve exams
but still maths is an area which scares people the most. Students generally have a sort of
phobia from maths. For them, the numbers sometimes become mere symbols written on the
black board. But here, we would invite you to the world where numbers play with you, come
alive and stop being mere symbols written on the black board and lead you to the virtual tour
of intellectual journey where calculations fascinates you, thrills you and become very simple
and easy to deal with. Our mind operates very fast and has a variety of operational properties
and we have tried our level best to make the reader to use his hidden potential.
This E-Book contains vedic memory methods to speed up maths calculation especially for
aspirants of competitive exams. We have a very rich heritage of our ancient mathematicians
who discovered numerous easy methods to do any degree of complex calculation. In this E-
Book, the methods described are based upon Vedic Ganit which was rediscovered from
ancient Sanskrit texts earlier this century by Bharti Krishan Tirthaji Maharaj. This is the E-
Book designed by Virender Mehta due to recieving numerous request mails to explain some
short cut methods used in competitive mathematics, he is sharing this important E-Book with
the readers. The methods described in this E-Book are extremely beneficial for the aspirants
of all competitive exams. He takes delight in working out huge problems mentally-sometimes
even faster than electronic gadgets like calculators or computers. These methods are also
useful for our daily life to calculate anything like numbers, calculations, bills, interest or any
kind of transcation. The reader for sure would enter into the world of enchantment for maths
with our author Virender Mehta.
Some of the significant features of these vedic methods in the field of calculation are as
following:
These vedic methods ensharps the memory and increase the mental agility.
These methods enhance the precision of our thought power and observation skills.
Our short term and long term memory both are activated by these mental methods.
These methods boost our self confidence.
With these methods, we can solve long multiplications and divisions in a single line.
We can enhance our innovation capabilities by using these methods.
These vedic methods offer a very different approach to mathematics, that is both
powerful and fun.
 If you practise these vedic methods regularly, then you can save your time and
energy during competitve exams where time managemant is the success mantra.
 Practice session has been provided at the end of every topic.
 Every effort has been put to encourage mental activity.

Recent studies have reported that males show better naming of nonliving things than females, while females show better naming of living things than males. Such effects may reflect sex differences in the size of lexicons across categories or their access/retrieval strategies. These possibilities were examined in three experiments using semantic fluency tasks for two living (animals, fruits) and two nonliving (tools, vehicles) categories. Experiment 1docu mented better fluency for ‘fruits’ in females (n=300) and for ‘tools’ and ‘vehicles’ in males (n=300). Experiment 2 examined fluency consistency by re-testing a subgroup of subjects again 30 min later. This confirmed the pattern across sex and revealed that subjects reproduced 70% of the same words (even when not instructed to do so). Finally, in Experiment 3, a new sample of male and
female subjects was tested for 4 min to exhaust their fluency lexicons and overcome access/strategy effects. This confirmed the female advantage for fruits and male advantage for tools. These findings are consistent with differences in the size of lexicons for males and females and are attributed to sex differences in domain-specific processing systems.

АННОТАЦИЯ: Нарративизация памяти, прошлого, личного опыта – одно из ключевых направлений исследования нарративов как в отечественной, так и в зарубежной лингвистике. Настоящая статья посвящена мнемическому нарративу – особому типу нарратива, сконструированному на основе личного опыта и направленному на его осмысление и оценку. Мнемический нарратив выступает в качестве рекуррентного средства объективации памяти и обладает рядом структурных и лексико-грамматических особенностей, обусловленных спецификой его семантики. В статье определяются специфические параметры мнемического нарратива и описываются некоторые из его свойств. 

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: память, мнемический процесс, воспоминание, нарратив, нарративизация памяти, мнемический нарратив, репрезентация памяти, мнемическая нарратология.
ANNOTATION: Narrativization of memory, past and personal experience is a key avenue of narrative studies both in Russian and international linguistics. This paper focuses on mnemonic narrative which is a specific type of narrative based on personal experience and designed as a means of reflecting on and assessing one’s past. Mnemonic narrative is regarded as a recurrent form of representing memory and, as such, it has a number of structural and lexico-grammatical properties determined by its semantics. The paper discusses specific parameters of mnemonic narrative and describes some of its properties.

KEY WORDS: memory, mnemonic process, remembering, narrative, narrativization of memory, mnemonic narrative, representation of memory, mnemonic narratology.

prologue, intro and afterword of book
Publication date: October 20, 2016
Abstract:
Restrictive border protection policies directed toward managing the flow of refugees coming into neoliberal democracies (and out of failing nation-states) are a defining feature of contemporary politics. In this book, Verónica Tello analyses how contemporary artists--such as Tania Bruguera, Isaac Julien, Rosemary Laing, Dierk Schmidt, Hito Steyerl, Lyndell Brown and Charles Green--negotiate their diverse subject positions while addressing and taking part in the production of images associated with refugee experiences and histories. Tello argues that their practices, which manifest across a range of contexts including Cuba, the United States, Australia and Europe, represent an emergent, global paradigm of contemporary art, 'counter-memorial aesthetics'.

Counter-memorial aesthetics, Tello argues, is characterized by its conjunction of heterogeneous signifiers and voices of many times and places, generating an experimental, non-teleological approach to the construction of contemporary history, which also takes into account the complex, disorienting spatial affects of globalization. Spanning performance art, experimental 'history painting', aftermath photography and video installation, counter-memorial aesthetics bring to the fore, Tello argues, how contemporary refugee flows and related traumatic events critically challenge and conflict with many existing, tired if not also stubborn notions of national identity, borders, history and memory.

Building on the writings of such thinkers as Michel Foucault and Jacques Rancière, this book offers a useful concept of 'counter-memory' for the twenty-first century. It shows how counter-memorial aesthetics is not only central to the nexus of contemporary art and refugee histories but also how it can offer a way of being critically present with many other, often interrelated, global crises in the contemporary era.

http://bloomsbury.com/us/counter-memorial-aesthetics-9781474252737/

Defined in hazy terms by Freud and bereft of attention for a century afterwards, the concept of repression suddenly gained public prominence in the 1980s, at the same time that child sexual abuse (CSA) was finally achieving widespread recognition as an important societal problem. However, despite its public and therapeutic popularity, a convincing scientific case still has not been made for the existence of repression. Recent research establishes that some of the techniques used by therapists to aid in recovering sexual abuse memories can cause a third of people to 'remember' events that never happened to them. Lastly, we have known since the 1880s that human memory is capable of substantial and rapid forgetting: no special mechanism is necessary to explain cases in which people forget trauma, and also sometimes forget that they have previously told others about it. We conclude by noting how research that disputes the existence of a special mechanism -repression -and cautions against using techniques that may lead people to confuse imagination with reality have been misinterpreted as suggesting that sexual abuse should not be taken seriously.

It is well known that the frailties of human memory and vulnerability to suggestion lead to eyewitness identification errors. However, variations in different aspects of the eyewitnessing conditions produce different kinds of errors that are related to wrongful convictions in very different ways. We present a review of the eyewitness identification literature, organized around underlying cognitive mechanisms, memory, similarity, and decision processes, assessing the effects on both correct and mistaken identification. In addition, we calculate a conditional probability we call innocence risk, which is the probability that the suspect is innocent, given that the suspect was identified. Assessment of innocence risk is critical to the theoretical development of eyewitness identification research, as well as to legal decision making and policy evaluation. Our review shows a complex relationship between misidentification and innocence risk, sheds light on some areas of controversy, and s...

This special issue addresses the possible connections and mutual benefits of examining together two analytic concepts – memory and periphery. These concepts receive much attention in various scholarly discussions, yet they have done so rather independently from each other. The potential applications and utilities of combining memory and periphery and the epistemic insights they provide for various disciplins are presented in the different contributions to this issue.

The question under discussion is metaphysical and truly elemental. It emerges in two aspects-how did we come to be conscious of our own existence, and, as a deeper corollary, do existence and awareness necessitate each other? I am bold enough to explore these questions and I invite you to come along; I make no claim to have discovered absolute answers. However, I do believe I have created here a compelling interpretation. You'll have to judge for yourself. What follows is the presentation of three essays I have worked on over the past several years seeing publication for the first time. "Hollows of Experience" was written first as an invited chapter for a collection on the ontology of consciousness. However, when cuts became necessary, my chapter got the knife. Its length has prohibited it from publication in any print journal. "Myth and Mind" was written next as a journal article, but as my involvement with it grew so did its length, so it has also idled on my websty awaiting its call. "From Panexperientialism to Conscious Experience" was written most recently, but it is the only one to have been available to the public elsewhere than my own website. Under the name, "The Continuum of Experience", it was Target Article #95 on the recently closed Karl Jaspers Forum (for discussion purposes only). I have put them in a different sequence here, for reasons of logical sense. Up first, "Panexperientialism" deals with an idea difficult for many to accept, namely that conscious experience is a particular mode of symbolically reflected experience that is largely unique to our species. However, I aver that experienced sensation in itself (as found, for example, in autonomic sensory response systems) goes "all the way down" into nature, and thus the title, panexperientialism. Understanding this idea is helpful to dealing with the focus on language in Part I of "Hollows", next, since here speech and general symbolic interaction in general are found to be the catalysts for the creation of our consciously experienced world (our "lived reality"). In Part II, however, I explore how experienced sensations must be coeval with existence, and, with even greater temerity, how all this sensational existence might have arisen within some literally inconceivable background of awareness-in-itself that yet has a dynamism that occasionally breaks into existence as experiential events and entities. (The latter may sound wacky, but physicists and cosmologists are themselves attempting to come to terms with that which seethes with vast potential energy in what they refer to as the quantum vacuum.) "Myth and Mind" was put third since it deals with a major lacuna in "Hollows"-that presumed prehistoric period when members of our species made the painful crossing of

It has been explicated by the author before that as natural organic sentient or consciousness beings, we essentially function as quantum electro-biochemical computers in which our mind provides the software and our brain epitomizes its hardware. And, while the subject of mind was elucidated before in a companion paper, this paper concentrates on the question of brain as the hardware and a means for recording and playing back our memories whose usage serve the purpose of being able to function within our environment. In this regard, a distinction is made among three different portions of the brain that include the Outer, the Middle, and the Lower Inner brain. Furthermore, it is elucidated that while the Outer and Middle brain are always conscious, our Lower Inner brain operates in the subconscious or unconscious mode. Accordingly, a distinction is made between two types of memories recorded within our psyche that may be classified as the explicit and the implicit memories. And, while explicit memories operate in the conscious mode, the implicit memories that may also be referred to as the instinctual memories always operate in the subconscious, and practically, unconscious mode. Furthermore, as the implicit memories are mostly governed by emotion raising the question of our survival, the Lower Inner part of the brain is also referred to as the ‘Survival Brain.’ Furthermore, as it epitomizes the part of our brain that has been highly manipulated and distorted with regard to its proper functioning, it is also referred to as the ‘Reptilian Brain’ that includes the so-called our ‘Brainstem,’ connecting our Midbrain to our Spinal Cord and the core of our Central Nervous System. It is also explicated that in terms of its operation, the brain can be modelled as a system of ‘Traffic Stop Light.’ In this respect, the ‘Upper-Outer’ and the ‘Middle’ Brains that are conscious, respectively, operate in the ‘Red’ (Stop or Freeze) and ‘Yellow’ (Fight or Flight’) light modes, while the ‘Lower Inner-Survival-Reptilian’ brain that epitomizes the Subconscious-Unconscious Brain, functions in the ‘Green’ (‘Relax’) light mode. Thus, when instinctual memories become activated and surface in our consciousness when there is concern for our danger and the chance of feeling unsafe, which is immediately followed by a sensation of anxiety and fear, the Middle Brain lights in the Yellow mode, advising caution. Accordingly, it triggers a sense of ‘Flight’ or ‘Fight’ action in which ‘Flight’ is a rather passive response to the triggered feeling of Victim Consciousness in which there is a concern for self-security and personal safety that is often followed by resorting to some form of addictions to alleviate the feelings of anxiety or fear, that is accompanied by pain, suffering, misery, etc., as one form of self-destructive solution (or lack of it). In contrast, feelings of lack of trust in Self followed by a sense of being abandoned or betrayed by God for possibly a perceived sense of shame and guilt one is afflicted with, and exacerbated with a sense of lack of self-esteem or unworthiness and such, giving rise to Victim Consciousness, may trigger a ‘Fight’ response in which the individual wishes to get some self-satisfaction at any costs, even turning to progressively an egotist, narcissist, or psychopath at the expense of others. In this respect, both ‘Flight or Fight’ response is triggered by fear, specifically fear of feeling unsafe or fear of failure to succeed. Note that the instinctual or implicit memories were initially devised for gaining knowledge and wisdom and skills that are recorded in the Subconscious Mind as a matter of repetition of the same or similar tasks that may be recalled naturally, automatically, and without any conscious efforts, at a later time. However, due to negative aliens’ intrusion in our Subconscious Mind, it has practically turned into an Unconscious Mind as a result of atrophy for having become distant or disconnected from the Inner Spirit-HIGHERSELF and the God-SOURCE. Accordingly, the negative aliens have managed to distort-reverse such memories through the imposition of holographic inserts or utter fake memories, these implicit memories are now almost entirely composed of shocking, traumatic, or devastating memories that now routinely come on the surface of consciousness inciting fear or dread through finding association with certain stimuli of similar themes or nature recorded primarily in the past and parallel times.  And, the only exception involves the procedural memories with respect to how to do certain tasks, which are mainly attained in this lifetime.

Human memory: Research and theory. Memory is a psychological process that holds coded information. This information can be retrieved voluntarily and consciously or unconsciously. In the study of memory, some researchers have enhanced its structural components while others have considered its processes. This Special Number on me- mory presents papers on iconic memory, working memory, and long-term perceptual and semantic

When so much is being written on conscious experience, it is past time to face the question whether experience happens that is not conscious of itself. The recognition that we and most other living things experience non-consciously has recently been firmly supported by experimental science, clinical studies, and theoretic investigations; the related if not identical philosophic notion of experience without a subject has a rich pedigree. Leaving aside the question of how experience could become conscious of itself, I aim here to demonstrate that the terms experience and consciousness are not interchangeable. Experience is a notoriously difficult concept to pin down, but I see non-conscious experience as based mainly in momentary sensations, relational between bodies or systems, and probably common throughout the natural world. If this continuum of experience — from non-conscious, to conscious, to self-transcending awareness — can be understood and accepted, radical constructivism (the “outside” world as a construct of experience) will gain a firmer foundation, panexperientialism (a living universe) may gain credibility, and psi will find its medium.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction: Remembering as a Psychological and Social-Cultural Process — Brady Wagoner

I. Concept and History of Memory
1. The Evolutionary Origins of Human Cultural Memory— Merlin Donald
2. From Memory as Archive to Remembering as Conversation— Jens Brockmeier
3. Discerning the History Inscribed Within: Significant Sites of the Narrative Unconscious —Mark Freeman

II. Cultural Contexts of Remembering
4. The Landscape of Family Memory— Bradd Shore and Sara Kauko
5. Materiality of Memory: The case of the Remembrance Poppy— Kyoko Murakami
6. Approaches to Testimony: Two Current Views and Beyond— Kotaro Takagi and Naohisa Mori
7. Rethinking Function, Self and Culture, in ‘Difficult’ Autobiographical Memories — Steve D. Brown and Paula Reavey

III. Memory through the Life Course
8. The Cultural Construction of Memory in Early Childhood— Katherine Nelson
9. Memory in Life Transitions—Constance de Saint Laurent and Tania Zittoun
10. Memory in Old Age: A life-span perspective— Dieter Ferring

IV. Memory, History and Identity
11. National Memory and Where to Find It— James Wertsch
12. History, Collective Memories or National Memories? How the Representation of the Past is Framed by Master Narratives— Mario Carretero and Floor van Alphen
13. Media and the Dynamics of Memory: From Cultural Paradigms to Transcultural Mediation— Astrid Erll

Preface/Introduction

The question under discussion is metaphysical and truly elemental. It emerges in two aspects — how did we come to be conscious of our own existence, and, as a deeper corollary, do existence and awareness necessitate each other? I am bold enough to explore these questions and I invite you to come along; I make no claim to have discovered absolute answers. However, I do believe I have created here a compelling interpretation. You’ll have to judge for yourself.

What follows is the presentation of three essays I have worked on over the past several years seeing publication for the first time. “Hollows of Experience” was written first as an invited chapter for a collection on the ontology of consciousness. However, when cuts became necessary, my chapter got the knife. Its length has prohibited it from publication in any print journal. “Myth and Mind” was written next as a journal article, but as my involvement with it grew so did its length, so it has also idled on my websty awaiting its call. “From Panexperientialism to Conscious Experience” was written most recently, but it is the only one to have been available to the public elsewhere than my own website. Under the name, “The Continuum of Experience”, it was Target Article #95 on the recently closed Karl Jaspers Forum (for discussion purposes only).

I have put them in a different sequence here, for reasons of logical sense. Up first, “Panexperientialism” deals with an idea difficult for many to accept, namely that conscious experience is a particular mode of symbolically reflected experience that is largely unique to our species. However, I aver that experienced sensation in itself (as found, for example, in autonomic sensory response systems) goes “all the way down” into nature, and thus the title, panexperientialism.

Understanding this idea is helpful to dealing with the focus on language in Part I of “Hollows”, next, since here speech and general symbolic interaction in general are found to be the catalysts for the creation of our consciously experienced world (our “lived reality”). In Part II, however, I explore how experienced sensations must be coeval with existence, and, with even greater temerity, how all this sensational existence might have arisen within some literally inconceivable background of awareness-in-itself that yet has a dynamism that occasionally breaks into existence as experiential events and entities. (The latter may sound wacky, but physicists and cosmologists are themselves attempting to come to terms with that which seethes with vast potential energy in what they refer to as the quantum vacuum.)

“Myth and Mind” was put third since it deals with a major lacuna in “Hollows” — that presumed prehistoric period when members of our species made the painful crossing of the symbolic threshold into the beginnings of cultural consciousness. Speech plays a central role here, too, but I look more at narrative structures from the dawn of self-awareness when ritual and myth became vital to human survival. Why would fantastic stories and bizarre rituals be necessary? I speculate that growing foresight led to the unavoidable realization of certain mortality, from which, in turn, emerged the secondary realization that we were now alive. In con-trast to our yet-to-come death, we have life here and now, and by ritually identifying with a symbolically expanded mythic, i.e., sacred, reality, we may continue to live on after bodily death, just as our ancestors and loved ones are assumed to do. Language and mythmaking are necessary to avoid mortal despair and they remain at the core of human consciousness.

As Ernst Cassirer (1944) has noted, language and myth are “twin creatures”, both metaphoric webs over a reality we can never wholly comprehend. We live in the symbolic and construct our works of imagination and wars of conquest to make life meaningful, to feel immortal, and to sense that we ourselves participate in a reality greater than ourselves. No doubt we do, but this does not mean our culturally constructed self-identities survive the death of our bodies, and it does not imply that our symbolic concepts can ever indicate the ultimate truth. We simply must symbolize an extended reality that was sacred to our ancestors: “Is it not our way, as illusory as it may be, to force continuance on our world and our life in the face of their inevitable ending? Are we not compelled to extend those imagi-nary horizons as far as we can despite the terror and the sometime joy their extension incites? Is their closure not a form of death?” (Crapanzano, p. 210)

Of course, this leaves me in the uncomfortable position of being forced to admit that this venture of mine must inevitably be another attempt at meaningful mythmaking. But what else could it be? This is certainly not a scientific proof though it is indeed an academically rigorous exploration. (Just try to count the citations!) I hope the reader will judge my thesis on the basis of its coherence, the sense of meaning it evokes, my intellectual responsibility, and, finally, the engagement it inspires. If you have read my expositions and found yourself immersed in the timeless questions I here call forth, I would call these writings successful (even if you violently disagree with my answers).

I am very grateful to Huping Hu, editor, for granting me this special issue of JCER in which to present my ideas in some detail. He has patiently dealt with my exuberant approach and allowed the many changes I kept coming up with right until the final publication date. I also wish to thank the many potential commentators who politely replied to my invitation, and, even more, I thank those who made time to write actual commentaries.

References

Cassirer, E. (1944). An Essay on Man: An Introduction to a Philosophy of Hu-man Culture. New Haven/London: Yale UP.

Crapanzano, V. (2004). Imaginative Horizons: An Essay in Literary-Philosophical Anthropology. Chicago: U of Chicago Press.

Gregory M. Nixon
University of Northern British Columbia
Prince George, British Columbia, Canada

The aim of this article is to present a succinct review and evaluation of the main areas of contention in the false memory debate and, from this basis, to suggest ways in which the best from both sides can be utilized. We examine the potential pitfalls of therapy in terms of the fallibility and suggestibility of autobiographical memory and therapists and therapeutic techniques as the architects of false memories. We then evaluate the case for false memory formation examining if some researchers hold misconceived views of psychotherapy, if experimental studies lack ecological validity, and the effect of trauma on memory. Finally, we explore how the potential pitfalls of therapy can be avoided in practice, reflecting on the usefulness of British Psychological Society guidelines, how clinicians can implement research findings, and how research on the false memory debate can be improved. We conclude that the way forward is researcher–clinician collaboration in the development of ecologically valid research paradigms.

The process of memory may be described as an entanglement of encoding,
consolidation and retrieval, one that is marked by its slippages, incompletions
and fault lines. As a complex cognitive and collective activity, memory connects
to various orders of excitation, representation, and recall, both through the neural
networks that shape a subject and its unique consciousness and through discourse
networks that shape a shared culture and its unique orders of meaning and
materiality. In its molecular and cultural mechanisms, memory operates through
biases, absences and amplifications that construct a convergence-divergence
loop, connecting to various states of subjectivity and interactivity. The fixity and
fluidity of memory as a process thus depend largely on the permutations and
combinations of selective information, transmitted and transmuted through
emergent and connective qualities. The brain model as well as the collectivemodel
of memory—whereby memory may be studied as a neural activity and a
discursive process, respectively—thus entail reconstruction and forgetting, which
correspond to not just how the past is accessed but also how the future may be
anticipated, psychologically as well as collectively. In its ontological as well as
functional capacities, memory incorporates production and re-production of
identities that are retrospective and imaginative while also being aspirational and
anticipatory in quality. In its various orders of representation, memory often
operates through an asymmetric mix and an interplay of information, interpretation
and imagination, each category problematically marked by unreliability and
ambivalent articulations of agency.

Cognitive science of religion (CSR) brings theories from the cognitive sciences to bear on why religious thought and action is so common in humans and why religious phenomena take on the features that they do. The field is characterized by a piecemeal approach, explanatory non-exclusivism, and methodological pluralism. Topics receiving consideration include how ordinary cognitive structures inform and constrain the transmission of religious ideas, why people believe in gods, why religious rituals and prayers tend to have the forms that they do, why afterlife beliefs are so common, and how human memory systems influence socio-political features in religious systems. CSR is often associated with evolutionary science and anti-religious rhetoric but neither is intrinsic nor necessary to the field.

[Contents]

1. 기억 연구의 역사적 배경과 개념 - (7-52)
2. 기억 이론 개관: 기억의 인지지심리학적 연구의 흐름 - 이정모, 박희경- (53-150)
3. 기억 실험: 과제유형 및 과제분석 - (151-177)
4. 기억장애의 선택적 고찰 - (179-211)
5. 시냅스촉진: 학습과 기억의 세포학적 메카니즘 - (213-245)
6. 해마와 공간기억 - (247-261)
7. 돌연변이 생주이에서의 해마 장기강화 - (263-293)
8. 기억의 신경심리학적 평가 - (295-331)
9. 기억장애의 임상적 고찰 - (333-354)

The essay investigates two personae: Socrates as depicted by Plato and Descartes as narrator of the Discourse on Method and Meditations. Socrates is aware of his ignorance and insists on remembering to care for the self; Descartes claims to have overcome ignorance through a method that breaks problems into simple and certain elements, establishing a self-certain yet impersonal subject that comprehends and controls objects. The Cartesian approach has led to the modern process of "liquidation" that reduces beings, property, and truth to resources, wealth, and information—initiating the dangerous and unprecedented epoch known as the Anthropocene. The Socratic approach offers some promise of reintegration and resistance to liquidation by urging us to care for wholeness and recognizing that being exceeds what we comprehend.