History of buildings and architecture

Studie byla roku 1965 publikována v knize ,,Archeologické studijní materiály: Kapitoly k pravěku. Západočeského kraje" (svazek 2) vydanou v Praze Archeologickým ustavem ČSAV. / The study was published in 1965 in the book "Archaeological Study Material: Chapters to Prehistory. West Bohemian Region" (Volume 2) issued in Prague by the Archaeological Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.

Das Kloster St. Johann in Müstair zählt seit 1983 zum UNESCO Welterbe. Dies nicht nur wegen der hervorragend erhaltenen Fresken in der Klosterkirche, sondern auch wegen seines Gebäudeensembles. Dazu zählt auch der sogenannte «Plantaturm» nördlich der Kirche. Nachdem er aufgrund seines Innenausbaus, der in weiten Teilen aus der Zeit der Äbtissin Angelina Planta (reg. 1478–1510) stammt, lange als Bauwerk aus der Zeit um 1500 galt, ist dank der archäologischen Grabungen und Bauuntersuchungen im 20. und zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts gesichert, dass es sich stattdessen um den ältesten erhaltenen Wohn- und Wehrturm aus der Zeit um 960 handelt. Vom ottonischen Baubestand ist praktisch das gesamte Mauerwerk mit den eingelegten hölzernen Ringankern vorhanden.
Der Innenausbau stammt vorwiegend aus der Zeit unmittelbar nach einem verheerenden Brand anlässlich des Schwabenkriegs 1499 und wurde in den folgenden Jahrhunderten nur leicht verändert und angepasst. Das Erscheinungsbild wurde durch Erhöhung der Dachschräge von ursprünglich 17° auf 27° im Jahr 1664 und die Aufmauerung der Schwalbenschwanzzinnen verändert.
Seit 2003 ist der Turm das Kernstück des Klostermuseums und ein kultureller Anziehungspunkt, der weit über die Region hinausstrahlt.

In my dissertation I describe the building history of the church of the Saviour in Utrecht, Holland. The church was founded in the remains of a Roman castellum that merovingian 'maiordomus'  Pippin had transferred to the Anglo-Saxon missionary Willibrord.

Four major building phases are described. First Willibrord had rather sizeble hall church erected with a eastern annex, that was used as a burial chamber until 854. In that year the bishop of Utrecht fled from his see because of Viking threat. it was only around 924 that bishop Balderic was reinstated in Utrecht. Based on archaeological indications an outer crypta was added on the eastside during his episcopate. Bishop Ansfried had the church rebuilt on the original groundplan. The hall was divided into two. On the western side a grand 'westwerk' was erected, on the eastern part a basilical structure was built. The eastern annex was preserved.  It seems that the role of the church changed from mausoleum to episcopal palatine chapel. Around 1050 the church underwent another building phase. The ancient annex was torn down and a wide transept was erected in it's place. On the the eastern side a huge choir with crypt was built, in which the first bishops of Utrecht were venerated. The remails of these bishops had been taken out of their graves during the tearing down of the ancient eastern annex.
The church remained in this shape until it was torn down during the Reformation, in the year 1587. 
The research done for this 'paper reconstruction' of the church  had a interdisciplinary character, in which diplomatic, hagiograhical, litugical and archaeological sources wew used.

Forbát Alfréd (1897-1972) magyar származású építész és grafikus életművének bizonyos részei jól ismertek, ugyanakkor más korszakait-publikációk hiányában-homály fedi. Jól dokumentált berlini és pécsi tevékenysége, ám például a Szovjetunióban töltött évéről keveset tudunk. Weimari korszakának valódi jelentőségét, a Gropius-irodában való közreműködésének mértékét és eredményeit, a Bauhaus építészeti munkájára gyakorolt hatását csak az utóbbi évek kutatásai tárták föl. Forbát valóban úttörő weimari korszakának terveiből szinte semmi sem valósult meg. Ezért oly fontos az a néhány kis épület, mely még Forbát 1925-ös Berlinbe való átköltözése előtt született és - ha több-kevesebb kompromisszummal is - magán viseli a papíron maradt tervek számos gondolatát. A három szóba jöhető épület közül tanulmányom témájául az 1924-ben épült gellérthegyi villát választottam, mert tudomásom szerint még senki sem azonosította és részletes ismertetés sem jelent meg róla. Tanulmányom célja ennek a Forbát-életműben is fontos, a magyar építészettörténetben pedig szinte egyedülálló alkotásnak a bemutatása, összevetve az építész weimari terveivel, a Stadthagen-házzal, valamint a korabeli magyar építészeti miliőben való elhelyezése.

This is a characterisation study of farms and farm buildings in eastern Ceredigion, Wales, which aims to gain a better understanding of a class of buildings which, compared with houses and chapels, is poorly understood. A rapid survey looked at the chronology of farmsteads and individual building types, leading to an assessment of architectural character in terms of farm layout, building materials and style.

Il saggio analizza in modo dettagliato l'evoluzione delle tecniche costruttive impiegate nelle caserme Italiane costruite tra l'Unità d'Italia e la seconda guerra mondiale, toccando anche il tema dei metodi di verifica statica, in particolare quelli relativi alle strutture di copertura.

A presente obra constitui o resultado de diversos anos de
pesquisa de doutoramento desenvolvida entre a Universidade
“La Sapienza” de Roma e o Instituto Superior Técnico de Lisboa.
O objectivo inicial da investigação era o de estudar de forma
crítica as fontes sobre a arte de construir em alvenaria, que têm
permanecido adormecidas nas bibliotecas, sistematizar a informa
ção obtida e, por fim, discutir à luz das teorias e conhecimentos
mais recentes a sua utilidade para a conservação de
edifícios históricos.
O autor conseguiu ir mais além destes objectivos e o resultado
final é uma original contribuição para o conhecimento europeu
da “Arte de Bem Construir”, tão necessária aos engenheiros
e arquitectos envolvidos em processos de restauro e de conserva
ção do património construído. Esta obra apresenta três componentes principais:

1. Constitui uma primeira bibliografia comentada das fontes
técnico-literárias necessárias ao conhecimento das construções
em alvenaria, à imagem de obras tais como a de Kruft, destinada
às fontes da história da Arquitectura, ou a de Von Schlosser,
dedicada às técnicas artísticas;

2. Consiste no primeiro repertório estruturado, comentado
e traduzido para a linguagem técnica contemporânea, do antigo
conhecimento construtivo dos sistemas de fundações, maciços
portantes, arcos, abóbadas e respectivos revestimentos;
3. Compreende uma reflexão sistemática e completa sobre o
uso desses princípios e técnicas nos diversos momentos do processo de conservação arquitectónica, ou seja durante o levantamento cognitivo, na fase de tomada de decisões e, por fim, na fase de intervenção propriamente dita.

Este livro coloca, de forma original, as antigas técnicas construtivas ao lado das modernas técnicas de intervenção, como
instrumentos úteis e fundamentais para a actividade conservativa.
Não caindo em simples comparações entre eficácia de uma
ou outra técnica, vista a multiplicidade infinita da casuística
possível, o saber tradicional é tratado em pé de igualdade com o
conhecimento contemporâneo, contrapondo as vantagens de um
e de outro, estabelecendo assim a difícil relação entre o antigo e
o moderno.

Este trabalho inovador não só é importante para engenheiros
e arquitectos como para historiadores da Arte, estabelecendo
uma forte proposição para a preservação dos edifícios antigos e
em particular para a formação de uma cultura do restauro em
Portugal. Espero que possa vir a constituir uma referência basilar
para a ciência das construções e da sua conservação e um ponto
de partida para investigações futuras na área dos sistemas construtivos tradicionais.

Seußling (Gde. Altendorf, Lkr. Bamberg) wurde in der historischen Forschung bereits im 19. Jahrhundert als Ort einer der 14 Slawenkirchen diskutiert, die Karl der Große um 800 für die Main- und Regnitzwenden errichten ließ. Dank umfangreicher Ausgrabungen in den Jahren 1999 bis 2001 in und um die Kirche sowie in verschiedenen mittelalterlichen Siedlungsarealen zählt Seußling nun auch zu den wenigen in größerem Umfang archäologisch untersuchten Siedlungen des Frühmittelalters in Oberfranken.

Die große Materialbasis und komplexe Stratigrafie ermöglichten eine differenzierte Analyse der Siedlungsgenese vom 4./5. Jahrhundert bis in die Neuzeit, die hier vorgelegt wird.

Einen Hauptbestandteil der Studie bildet die ausgearbeitete Regionalchronologie der Keramik. Auf dieser Basis konnte ein vielschichtiges interdisziplinäres Bild der Strukturentwicklung der Siedlungskammer von der späten römischen Kaiserzeit bis in die Neuzeit gewonnen werden. Da die Siedlungs- und Baugeschichte in enger Wechselwirkung mit der Landschaftsentwicklung des Untersuchungsgebietes steht, flossen in besonderem Maße geografische und geoarchäologische Quellen in die Bearbeitung ein.

The New Opera of Paris was built between 1862 and 1875, during the Industrial revolution and in a context of development of the metallurgy. Set within the new haussmanian avenues, the Opera was designed by the young architect Charles Garnier selected in the competition held in 1860 by the Second Empire. The characteristics of the building and the decorative choices that were made, depend a lot of the personality of Garnier as he was curious about the new technologies, attached to the polychromy and willing to promote the skills of his time. He chose to use several metallurgic techniques such as cupreous alloys cast, galvanoplasties, or cast iron for the outer ornaments of his new opera.
The whole work is the result of a research and the study of archival documents, reports, restoration studies as well as treaties of the XIXth century, for my master's degree report, under the direction of Isabelle Pallot-Frossard and Annick Texier.

Im Zuge der Masterthesis des Verfassers am Department für Bauen und Umwelt, Zentrum für Baukulturelles Erbe der Donauuniversität Krems, konnten im Süden der Filialkirche hl. Johannes der Täufer, in St. Johann im Mauerthale die bisher unbekannten baulichen Reste eines Profanbaus entdeckt werden, der mit ziemlicher Sicherheit als römischer Wachturm des norischen Donaulimes anzusprechen ist. Dieser Neuentdeckung kommt insofern große Bedeutung zu, als
der Nominierungsprozess des bayrischen und österreichischen Donaulimes als UNESCO-Welterbe bereits voll angelaufen ist.4 Dieser Beitrag soll sich als kurzer Vorbericht zu einer umfassenden Bauforschung verstehen und ausschließlich die
als römisch zu bezeichnenden Baubefunde in Beziehung zum mittelalterlichen Sakralbau präsentieren.

Estudio de las grandes obras de la Valencia del siglo XIV desde la perspectiva de la historia económica, analizando las formas de gestión, los costes, la mano de obra y el abastecimiento de materiales en una época en la que se construyeron edificios como el Miguelete o las Torres de Serranos.

The thesis questions the assumption that housebuilding in England’s far north was limited by a need for defensibility until after the Union of the English and Scottish Crowns in 1603. Only a few houses survive to provide evidence but the concept of a ‘house-building culture’ enables an interdisciplinary approach to the subject, using historical, architectural and archaeological evidence originating in the culture within which houses were conceived, constructed and altered. A proposed model for the house-building culture also structures the thesis. Chapters 3-6 examine some individual elements. The character of pre-existing houses suggests what builders might have expected from a house, while alterations indicate a desire for more rooms with specific functions, wider stairs and new chimneys, hallmarks of Hoskins’ ‘Great Rebuilding’. Changing tenure encouraged higher-quality housebuilding, and urban plots provide evidence of Johnson’s ‘closure’. The ‘builders’ who instigated particula...

The paper deals with a particular category of inscriptions – masons’ marks on marble items –, and aims to bring both an epigraphical and an archaeological perspective to the study of this type of documents. These epigraphic signs generally consist of inscriptions composed of single or multiple Latin or Greek letters, carved by officials and workers during the productive process. Throughout the Roman Imperial Period, they were used in the whole Empire and they pertained to the category of quarry marks, long labels especially recurring on colored marble blocks dispatched from Imperial quarries. Around the middle of the 3rd century, this epigraphic system completely disappears, reflecting a substantial change occurred in the quarry administration and in the organization of the building sites. From the 5th century, they re-appear in Mediterranean contexts in the form of simple letters, abbreviated names or monograms
recurring with high frequency on marble architectural decoration and liturgical church-furniture. A huge amount of marks comes from all over the Mediterranean and shows the existence of a shared knowledge
across regional borders. A typological classification is essential in order to provide a correct understanding of marks and their meaning and operating principles. This typo-chronological classification is based on
chrono-contextual criteria, by focusing on the moment and the place of carving, and by a comparative analysis of marks. With such a contextualization, each kind of mark may provide original and precious
information about the spread of artisanal practices in different cultural and geographic contexts.

Renate Leggatt-Hofer 143 4 Schloss Orth an der Donau und die Wiener Hofburg im 16. Jahrhundert als Brennpunkte eines habsburgischen Kaiserprojektes-politische Architektur im europäischen Kontext 143 4.1 Ausgangslage-Fragestellung-Zielsetzung 143 4.2 Historisch-politische Hintergründe 149 4.3 Das Echo der habsburgischen Kaiserpolitik im europäischen Residenzbau 167 4.4 Die Strahlkraft des Wiener Kaiserkastells (1552-1619) 180 4.5 Zusammenfassung 181 5 Die archäologische Grabung 2004 in Schloss Orth an der Donau Nikolaus Hofer 181 5.1 Einführung 181 5.1.1 Befunddokumentation und Grabungsmethodik 181 5.1.2 Chronologische Aussagekraft und Qualität des Fundmaterials 184 5.1.3 Aufbau der Befund-und Fund auswertung

The different construction technics, the different shapes of the buildings and
the wall stratigraphy of the emergent structures are materials of knwoledge.
This paper try to bring new data about the evolution of the Zenete’s fortifications (Granada), along the andalusian period, relating this with the
settlement and trying to show the changes suffered by the region.

Research and Documentation of a High Middle Ages Structure on Charvátova Street in Prague

Rescue archaeological research, which was carried out in the autumn of 2009 by the Prague department of the National Heritage Institute in the northeastern part of the current multifunctional Quadrio building, discovered the ruins of a large stone building of the High Middle Ages. Its location, size, preservation condition, and the structures laid the foundation for the interdisciplinary cooperation and application of new documentation methods.

The repair and maintenance of buildings in a 15th-century rural seigneury. The example of the castellany of Talmont (Vendée region).

The medieval accounts of the châtellenie de Talmont, dating from the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, have been the subject of an in-depth study on the organization of building sites and the economy of construction at the end of the Middle Ages. These maintenance and repair accounts, kept in the records of the châtellenie, compared with archaeological data, have enabled a detailed inquiry into the construction sector in this seigneurie of coastal Poitou at the end of the Middle Ages.

Zusammenfassung: Seit rund 7.000 Jahren dominiert in unseren nordalpinen Breiten vielerorts die Holzbauweise. Einen Höhepunkt erreichte sie insbesondere während der letzten Jahrhunderte vor der Zeitenwende, der Latènezeit. Dabei stand die keltische Handwerkskunst nicht nur im Bauwesen, sondern im gesamten kunsthandwerklichen Bereich der römischen in keinster Weise nach. Im Gegensatz zur Großmacht Rom führte jedoch insbesondere der fehlende Imperialismus der keltischen Volksgruppen zu einem Verdrängen und Vergessen ihrer großartigen Leistungen. Erst während der letzten Jahrzehnte konnten archäologische Forschungen in Ansätzen ein Bild des vorrömischen Europa zeichnen: Während des 2. Jh. v. Chr. bildete sich in Mitteleuropa R. Karl, J. Leskovar [Hrsg.] (2019), Interpretierte Eisenzeiten. Fallstudien, Methoden, Theorie. Tagungsbeiträge der 8. Linzer Gespräche zur interpretativen Eisenzeitarchäologie. Studien zur Kulturgeschichte von Oberösterreich, Folge 49, Linz, 89-100. 90 Die vorgeschlagenen Interpretationen, Einschätzungen und gedanklichen Ansätze dienen als Diskussions-grundlage für zukünftige Forschungen, die uns die Siedlungsmuster, Bauformen und Konstruktionsprinzipien der Eisenzeit ein Stück näherbringen. Abstract For some 7.000 years, timber has been the dominant construction material in many areas north of the Alps. Timber architecture reached a peak in particular during the last centuries BC, the Latène period. Celtic skills, not just in building but in all areas of crafts, were in no way inferior to those of the Romans. However, in contrast to the might of Rome, the lack of imperialism on the part of the Celtic peoples led to their remarkable achievements being neglected and forgotten. It has only been during the last decades that archaeological research has led to the emergence of a first picture of pre-Roman Europe. During the 2 nd century BC a new social system came into being, with complex forms of the organisation of production, trade, politics, and the military. Large-scale fortified settlements (oppida), the urban character and far-reaching significance of which is now beyond dispute, were established across wide areas of France, southern Germany, and Bohemia. But even today, the picture of a f lourishing civilisation with thriving trading centres in pre-Roman Europe has not found general acceptance. This is particularly well illustrated by many of the reconstructions that have been suggested for Celtic buildings and sections of settlements, which are characterised on the one hand by an often remarkable primitivism of their architecture and its execution, on the other hand by the proposed forms of construction, which are regularly based on the simplest kinds of post structures. This paper relies on both knowledge of historical timber construction and analogies from research into historic buildings, in order to demonstrate that existing reconstructions of Iron Age buildings can in no way do justice to the range and the richness of variety of Celtic architecture, either in form and construction, or in colour and ornamentation. Architectural-sociological approaches are suited to a discussion of the effects on architecture of the social and economic structural changes that took place during the Latène period. Using examples from sections of the oppidum at Manching, it is shown that the view through the "spyglass" of the architect and building researcher can lead to different results regarding the overall structuring and layout of buildings, as well as the forms of construction of individual structures. The methods used in searching for patterns among the traces structures have left behind play as much a part as considerations on the process of construction, detailed solutions in historical timber buildings, the properties of materials, or the continuity of timber construction in many rural areas into the 19 th century. In this paper it is frequently emphasised that the interpretations and assessments, as well as the ideas that are pursued from the perspective of the architect, are proposed as part of a wide-reaching discipline. They are intended as an addition to existing archaeological thought. At no point is claim laid to absolute accuracy or truth. Rather the interpretations presented here are intended to serve as a basis for future research that can throw further light on the layout of settlements, types of construction and structural principles in the Iron Age.

El trabajo que presentamos pretende hacer una aportación al estudio de las construcciones medievales de carácter fortificado de la provincia de Almería a través del análisis de las técnicas y tipologías constructivas. Se trata de una pequeña parte de un trabajo mucho más amplio que se encuentra en curso (Martín, Martín, 2009) y que intenta estudiar, sistematizar y dotar de significación histórica las fortificaciones medievales y sus fábricas en Andalucía Oriental. El importante volumen de construcciones medievales aún visibles (especialmente las fortificaciones) y la abundante información y experiencia acumulada en los últimos años, permiten realizar una primera aproximación en este sentido Martín, 1997 Martín, -2003.

Building complex of manorial estate contains mill, brewery and barogue granary (later destillery). There are relics of sgraffito plaster on the mill facade. The topic brings some historical data connected to the relics of overlooked historical complex.

Lecture by Diana Barillari, PhD in Preservation of the Architectural Heritage
Head Carolina Di Biase
“Methods and Themes of Historical Research”
Organized by Marica Forni
with Maria Antonietta Crippa and Ornella Selvafolta
“Babel Bibel” in Kakania, turn of the century
Central European Architecture and the Orient
Diana Barillari (Università degli Studi di Trieste)
For information:
Organization of the PhD activities
Laura Balboni [email protected]
7th lecture
May 9th, 2.00 p.m.
Spazio Aperto, via Bonardi 9, floor -1

Bei dem Ensemble des heutigen Bachmann-Museums handelt es sich um die letzten Gebäude des ehemaligen Schlosses Bremervörde. Eine seit dem 13. Jahrhundert belegte Burg wurde durch die Bremer Erzbischöfe systematisch zur ihrer Residenz ausgebaut. Nach einem verheerenden Brand im Jahre 1603 wurde die Anlage als Schloss im Stile der Weserrenaissance wieder aufgebaut. Nach dem Dreißigjährigen
Krieg gelangte das Schloss zunächst in den Besitz des schwedischen Generals Wrangel, welcher umfangreiche Baumaßnahmen auf dem Gelände vornahm. Weitere Umbauten erfolgten in der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts sowie im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert.
Durch die Zusammenführung von archäologischen, bauhistorischen und archivalischen Quellen gelang es die Baugeschichte der heutigen Museumsgebäude über 400 Jahre hinweg zu verfolgen und dabei interessante Details von der Fundamentgründung bis zur Dachstuhlkonstruktion nachzuweisen.

The article is an attempt to calculate the resources needed to build a Romanesque Norwegian parish church with Værnes church as the case study. As there are no written sources as to the building process or accounts of costs or funding, the method is a close investigation of the church itself, calculating the volume of the different elements of the fabric and the materials used. On the basis of these figures the work effort needed to produce the materials and raise the building is estimated.
More than 50 % of the work effort was directly related to the production of the masonry; procuring stone, burning lime and building the walls. 10% of the work effort was spent on the transport of materials; almost 25 % of the workday equivalents, if the use of draught animals and ship rent is included. The considerable size of the transportation work is a consequence of the use of stone. The roof construction constitues another 23 % of the work effort. Especially the production of the 50 000 shingles and the tar was very work intensive. On the other hand the artwork, in the form of the carved heads on the roof trusses and the portal sculpture, represented a very small cost, calculated to some 0,3%.
The total work effort is estimated to 133 work years of 267 days of 12 hours. A comparison with the time spent on reconstructing the timber church of Södra Råda, Sweden shows that the work effort pr square meter was ca 9 times higher at Værnes. A simple comparison indicates that to build a large stone church like Værnes equals the building of some 20 wooden churches of ordinary size.
By the combination of dendrochronological datings and the calculations of the effort put into different sections of the fabric, it would be optimal if the construction was done in 5 campaigns of two years. The construction could thus well be done in 10 years or less. The reason that the building activity went on from ca 1130-1200 must have been that the time was needed to acquire the necessary silver to hire specialist craftsmen and buy material that were not available locally.
The calculations show that ca. 100 work years was probably carried out by local farmworkers and thralls. In addition some 17 work year equivalents was done by local draught animals. The remaining 33 work years was done by specialists paid in silver. Totalling a cost of 60-100 kg of silver. A mean of 85 kg silver needed for wages and some special materials gives a need for 1,3 kg each of the 65 years building period. When the cost for church textiles, metalwork and books are added this figure may be doubled. The estimation of this component is an important question for further research. Probably at least 2 kg of silver per year was needed. With an estimated total annual fabrica income in Stjordølafylket of as little as 6 kg, it is not surprising that the financing of the building took time.
The work contributions on the other hand was a lesser effort. 5 building seasons of 20 work years gives 10 work years pr year during the campaigns. When divided on some 650 farms there is about 65 farms behind each work year. Compared to the effort of mobilising ca. 430 men to the royal fleet (leidangen), the work component of the church building effort had a marginal influence on the local economy.

The contribution once again highlights the opportunity to tackle the study of historical building in a long-term perspective, highlighting the contribution that can come from the study of archive sources if interpreted in the light of renewed readings of material evidence. At the same time as the restoration works that at the beginning of the second decade of this century involved the exterior of the cathedral of San Cerbone in Massa Marittima (facing of the tribune, part of the roof) and some portions of the interior (presbytery, left aisle chapels), a new description of the state of conservation of the building is presented. The report and the relative correspondence were prepared in the 1830s by the engineer of the Circondario (Massa district) on behalf of the "Commissione granducale per il restauro delle chiese parrocchiali". These reports were drawn up in order to ascertain the state of conservation of the buildings of worship. The baptismal font of Giroldo da Como, defined in the report as "a large pile excavated in octagonal form in a solid square figure in travertine" of 1267, and the urn containing the relics of San Cerbone, a work by Goro di Gregorio dated 1324, are also remembered. It is interesting to note that the statuettes of saints and prophets - in the report only ten and not eleven - were not originally placed in the choir, as claimed by twentieth-century literature, but were placed between the columns that supported the table of the high altar, resulting already in relation to the urn in 1835, the year in which the report was drawn up.

In Sweden there are about 450 self standing campaniles from nineteenth century or older and approximately 6000 preserved church bells. Until recently the oldest preserved campanile were considered to origin from the sixteenth century. A survey and dendrochronological analysis of campaniles in Skara Diocese have identified at least six campaniles from the fourteenth and fifteenth century. This paper aims to bring new information on the historic construction of these wooden campaniles in central Scandinavia and their transformation during the medieval. In the research we investigate significant qualities in construction and craftsmanship, how this type of the medieval campaniles were built and raised and later restored and transformed. The medieval campanile in Grevbäck is used as a case for in deep investigation.

These proceedings contain the contribution of most of the speakers in the conference "Les grandes résidences urbaines en Europe (1500-1830) - Approche pluridisciplinaire d'un objet à redéfinir" (Brussels, 22nd-23rd may 2015). This collection of papers deals with recent research, including Belgium, in a multidisciplinary and European framework.

Cette présentation à la Journée des doctorants 2016 (Ecole doctorale Histoire, Art et Archéologie) avait pour intention de relever les principaux écueils à l'identification et à la localisation des hôtels aristocratiques bruxellois aux Temps modernes. Le croisement de sources (notamment les cartes, les actes notariés et l'iconographie) ne peut répondre que très imparfaitement à la question de l'histoire immobilière si on ne fait pas appel à des approches comme la géolocalisation ou à la science (éminemment) auxiliaire qu'est la généalogie.