History of civil engineering

This paper proposes an unpublished manuscript from the
Pedretti Foundation Archive in Lamporecchio for the attention
of scholars of Leonardo da Vinci, it was entrusted to me by the
illustrious Professor Carlo Pedretti, who, unfortunately, died
recently. The analysis of this brief and enigmatic Foglietto del
Belvedere - a ninteenth century conform extract from an original manuscript on 1530-40 - shows not only the likely contact of Leonardo with «mag.° Antonio florentino» (pseudonym of the architect and engineer Antonio Marchesi da Settignano) at the Belvedere in
Rome, between 1515 and 1516, but also the existence, in that
context, of two lost Leonardo da Vinci treatises: the first, owned
by «mag.° Antonio» himself, «trattava di acque e di volo di
Homini (dealt with waters and Men who could fly)»; the second,
«un libro de pictura (a book of painting)», belonged to a «ser
Antonio (Mr. Antonio)» whose surname is illegible.
Based of these elements, this study – far from being considered
exhaustive – can be useful for a discussion with the scholars,
despite the cryptic nature of the Foglietto; it could offer a
new element within the complex mosaic of the diffusion of da
Leonardo’s scientific, artistic and technical method during the
Early Modern age. Thus, on the occasion of the Fifth Centenary
after his death, we hope to give a new contribution to the
history of the great scientist-artist’s thought.

India has a rich and ancient tradition of building cities, monuments, towers, dams, bridges, reservoirs, step-wells and other civic infrastructure besides beautiful temples and palaces. Some of the present day highways are aligned on ancient tracts that were first laid several centuries ago. There are several ancient Sanskrit texts known as either vāstuśāstra or śilpaśāstra that describe some aspects of residential buildings, temples and other structures. The present text, attributed to the authorship of Nārada, the legendary sage and polymath, is a Vāstuśāstra text, although traditionally the manuscripts are titled Nārada Śilpaśāstra. This text, in terse technical Sanskrit prose describes
site selection, planning of villages and cities, construction of roads, dams, lakes, foundation, basement, and super structure of private and public buildings including marriage halls, art galleries, theaters and temples. Internal evidences point out that in its present form, this text originated at a time when weekdays were not in vogue, but acquired additional material at a later period and fixed in South India around 6th century CE.

L’opera, catalogo dell’omonima mostra organizzata dal CIRICE dell’Università di Napoli Federico II con la Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli (Palazzo Reale di Napoli, Appartamento Borbonico, 12 dicembre 2019-13 marzo 2020) sotto l’egida del Comitato Nazionale per le Celebrazioni del V Centenario della morte di Leonardo, è dedicata alla memoria dell’illustre studioso vinciano Carlo Pedretti, che ha ampiamente ispirato questi studi. La mostra ha voluto porre per la prima volta all’attenzione del grande pubblico le tracce della diffusione, diretta o indiretta, della lezione vinciana e rinascimentale post-vinciana nel contesto dell’architettura e dell’ingegneria del Mezzogiorno moderno, analizzate attraverso testimonianze manoscritte e a stampa sinora mai presentate al pubblico e, in molti casi, del tutto inedite. Introdotti da saggi generali a firma di autorevoli studiosi di Leonardo e del Rinascimento, i contributi specifici della prima parte del volume riguardano, tra le altre testimonianze, gli incunaboli della Biblioteca Nazionale relativi ai trattati un tempo presenti nella biblioteca di Leonardo e che ispirarono i suoi studi; il Codice Corazza, apografo vinciano seicentesco pubblicato per la prima volta da Buccaro sotto la guida di Pedretti, unitamente ai documenti del fondo Corazza della stessa Biblioteca; il Codice Fridericiano, apografo del XVI secolo dal Trattato della Pittura di Leonardo, acquisito nel 2016 su proposta di Buccaro e Vecce dal Centro per le Biblioteche dell’Ateneo di Napoli Federico II; il Foglietto del Belvedere dell’Archivio Pedretti, il cui studio è stato affrontato in dettaglio da Buccaro; infine i Vari disegni di Giovanni An-tonio Nigrone (BNN, Ms. XII.G.60-61, ca. 1598-1603), recanti un progetto di trattato di ingegneria meccanica e idraulica di ispirazione vinciana rimasto manoscritto. Nella seconda parte del volume vengono analizzati per la prima volta i grafici di architettura e urbanistica contenuti nei due album cinquecenteschi che compongono l’inedito Codice Tarsia (BNN, Mss. XII.D.1, XII.D.74), vero e proprio ‘Libro di disegni’ risalente al XVI secolo (ca. 1540-98) conservato nella Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli e un tempo appartenente a quella del principe Spinelli di Tarsia. Questo ricco repertorio documentario diede vita, sul volgere del XVI secolo, al progetto editoriale di Nicola Antonio Stigliola, filosofo e ingegnere nolano: la raccolta contiene splendidi rilievi di antichità e progetti di edifici in gran parte di ambito vignolesco redatti per la committenza farnesiana, oltre a disegni di città fortificate italiane ed europee di estremo interesse e bellezza, in cui è evidente l’influenza degli studi di Leonardo in materia di inge¬gneria militare. Il Codice, oggetto di un attento studio e della catalogazio¬ne digitale per Manus Online da parte degli studiosi del Centro CIRICE dell’Ateneo Fridericiano e della Biblioteca Nazionale, rappresenta una preziosa testimonianza della diffusione del Rinascimento di matrice toscana e romana in ambito meridionale.

This book, catalogue of the recent exhibition organized by CIRICE - University of Naples Federico II, with the National Library of Naples (Royal Palace of Naples, Bourbon Apartment, December 12th 2019-March 13th 2020) with the patronage of the National Committee for the Celebrations of V Centenary of Leonardo's death, is dedicated to the memory of the most illustrious scholar on Leonardo, Carlo Pedretti, who largely inspired these studies. The exhibition has brought to public attention, for the first time, the traces of the diffusion of Leonardo lesson and of post-Leonardo Renaissance lesson in the context of architecture and engineering in the modern Southern Italy, analyzed through never known manuscript or printed testimonies. Introduced by some general essays by important scholars on Leonardo and the Renaissance, the papers of the first part of the book, among other testimonies, deal with the incunabula of the National Library relating to the treaties once present in Leonardo's library that inspired his training; the Codice Corazza, a seventeenth-century apograph published by Buccaro with the advice of Pedretti in 2011, together with manuscript from Corazza collection in the same library; the Codice Fridericiano, a sixteenth-century apograph from Leonardo's Treatise on Painting, acquired in 2016 by the Center for Libraries of University of Naples Federico II on a proposal by Buccaro and Vecce; the Foglietto del Belvedere of the Foundation Pedretti Archive, studied in detail by Buccaro; lastly, the Vari disegni by Giovanni Antonio Nigrone (BNN, Ms. XII.G.60-61, ab. 1598-1603), containing an unpublished project for a mechanical and hydraulic engineering treatise inspired by Leonardo’s studies.
In the second part of the book, the architecture and urban planning graphics contained in the two sixteenth-century albums of the unpublished Codice Tarsia (BNN, Mss. XII.D.1, XII.D.74) have been analyzed for the first time. It a real ‘Book of drawings’ dating back to the 16th century (ab. 1540-98), once belonging to the Prince Spinelli of Tarsia library. This rich documentary repertoire inspired, at the end of that century, the editorial project by Nicola Antonio Stigliola, a philosopher and engineer from Nola: this collection contains some beautiful drawings of Antiquities and architectural projects largely related to Vignola’s works for the Farnese family, as well as very interesting drawings of Italian and European fortified cities, in which the influence of Leonardo's studies about military engineering is evident. This Codex, carefully studied and digitally cataloged for Manus Online by scholras of CIRICE and of the National Library, is a precious testimony of the spread of Tuscan and Roman Renaissance in the Southern Italy.

Training needs analysis (TNA) determines the hole between 'what's' and 'what should be' instances. Building enterprise is very most important for growth, progress and fiscal development of a nation and accordingly the assignment of analyzing training needs in construction tasks is very foremost side within the gift scenario of Indian development industry. Many of the building initiatives are pushing behind the schedule and coaching imparted to employees is just not established on systematic evaluation. On this gain knowledge of a model questionnaire has been all set which is distinct for the reason that questions related to training desires evaluation as well as reasons of prolong had been incorporated. The data so bought might be easy for evaluation and the outcome of hypothesis testing will likely be extra secure.

Pushover analysis is an elegant tool to visualise the performance level of a building under a given earthquake. The purpose of the paper is to summarize the Non Linear static Pushover analysis of medium rise RC bare frame and high rise RC infilled structure with soft stories at different levels using ETABS software. Results concluded that due to the introduction of soft stories in the higher level the intensity of hinge formation becomes lower and lower and at the same time displacement and base shear increases

No history of modern building construction can avoid making reference to the Zeiss-Dywidag (Z-D) system. It will tell in brief the story of a nondescript test planetarium that had been erected 1922/23 on a factory roof in the Zeiss works at Jena, Germany, and that became the cradle of modern thin concrete shell construction. It will furthermore narrate how the building
company Dyckerhoff & Widmann (Dywidag) developed out of this prototype within a couple of years an array of different shell constructions that gained world-wide fame such as the Frankfurt and Leipzig Market Halls. And, it will usually mention their planers, in particular Franz Dischinger and Ulrich Finsterwalder – names who are well-known to engineers dealing with thin shell constructions until today.
Despite this extensive reputation,  the Zeiss-Dywidag system usually is depicted as a significant contribution of the “German School” of engineering that – notwithstanding its fame – mainly was of local importance for thin concrete shell design. Consequently, no thorough study on the Zeiss-Dywidag system’s influence on the early international development of thin concrete shell construction has been carried out so far. An important process of knowledge transfer during the beginnings of thin concrete shell construction  therefore has widely fallen into oblivion. 
This paper wants to recall the fact that there were successful efforts to promote and establish the Z-D system far beyond the German borders. It describes the global dissemination of the Z-D system before the outbreak of the Second World War, which gave a vast number of engineers on four continents a first possibility of gaining practical experience in the erection of thin concrete shells. Furthermore, it reveals that the underlying concepts were acting as important stimulators
for a world-wide growth in the examination of shell theories.

This research focuses on a digital step-by-step recreation of the construction process of the Colosseum, the famous ancient Roman amphitheater, demonstrating that the process of retracing the construction of such a large and complex monument presents a variety of challenges. Computer-generated imagery, or CGI, has been used to recreate ancient structures based on literature and archaeological evidence, focusing primarily on completed structures during their period of use. Given enough data, computer graphics can serve as a tool in simulating the construction of ancient monuments as well, though this approach warrants a balance between optimization and accuracy. Provided with extensive literary research and on-site analysis, the simulation discussed uses general-purpose engineering graphics software which provides an ideal balance of user-friendliness and complexity handling. The creation of the model, using the functionality of the software in question, reveals significant potential as an educational tool for understanding the enigmatic construction processes of the Colosseum, as a training tool for the construction operations of ancient edifices, and as an investigative tool for renovating such structures. Still, setbacks such as complexity spikes and erroneous feature mapping, owing to the dissonance between the computation capabilities of the hardware, the functionality of the software, and the data values provided need to be overcome.

It is commonly known that modern architecture became deeply influenced by the severe beauty inherent in the engineers’ structures since the beginning of the twentieth century. But it is far less known that at the same time also a noticeable change in engineering occurred. A central occurrence for this shift of paradigms in engineering is the Cologne Bridge Quarrel, which developed subsequently to the design competitions for the Hindenburgbrücke in 1913. It is the aim of the author to discuss the main arguments that were given by the experts in the course of this fascinating judicial proceeding about the artistic qualities of an engineer’s construction, and by this, to revive our knowledge of what can be identified as a milestone in Construction History.

""Los depósitos de aguas – soterrados, de superficie o elevados – utilizados mayoritariamente para el almacenaje de aguas de abastecimiento, pero también para las sucias, constituyen una tipología edificatoria cuya característica más sobresaliente es el carácter “oculto” que los espacios que albergan han mantenido durante su vida operativa. Son además casi siempre ámbitos oscuros y misteriosos, características que hacen de ellos, cuando media una brillante intervención arquitectónica, lugares que transmiten emoción a quien los ocupa en sus nuevos usos.

Aunque muchos de ellos, algunos de indudable valor, se han perdido – pongamos el ejemplo del elevado de Salamanca – otros han tenido mayor fortuna y han encontrado nuevas utilizaciones que los han revalorizado prolongando su vida útil.

En la comunicación se examinan las intervenciones realizadas en varios depósitos de superficie o semienterrados, entre otros, en los depósitos del Canal de Isabel II de Madrid, de los de Oviedo, Vitoria y Valencia reconvertidos en contenedores culturales; de los del Sol de Albacete y de la Ciudadela en Barcelona, transformados en bibliotecas; y de los de Cornellá y Lleida convertidos en museos del agua, entre otros.

Finalmente se expone la situación del depósito de aguas fecales de Elorrieta en Bilbao, que forma parte del primer saneamiento moderno realizado en España en la última década del siglo XIX obra del ingeniero Recaredo de Uhagón.

""

Desde que  en el Renacimiento se comenzó a hablar de "ingenieros", hasta llegar a la especialización de los ramos de la ingeniería en el siglo XVIII, la historia nos ha ido contando mucho sobre los usos del dibujo  por parte de estos profesionales. Algunos fragmentos de esa historia se relatan en estas páginas, resultado de un proyecto de investigación que parecía necesario, porque el dibujo se imponía en todas las investigaciones sobre la historia de la ingeniería en la Edad Moderna.  Había que poner el foco de la investigación sobre esas imágenes, y por ello reunimos un equipo interdisciplinar para desarrollar el proyecto “El dibujante ingeniero al servicio de la monarquía hispánica. Siglos XVI-XVIII” (HAR2012-31117), financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España.

Resumen. Por espacio de casi medio siglo, el ingeniero colombiano Guillermo González Zuleta participó en el diseño estructural de los más importantes escenarios deportivos de su país, introduciendo innovaciones tecnológi-cas relacionadas especialmente con la disposición de las graderías y sus sistemas de cubierta, buscando construc-ciones de bajo costo y alta eficiencia estructural. Para ello se valió de pórticos en hormigón, membranas de simple y doble curvatura en concreto y cerámica armada, cables a tracción y otros sistemas mixtos que le permitieron destacarse en el contexto nacional. Este artículo presenta tres de los más importantes proyectos de esta naturaleza desarrollados por González durante sus primeros diez años de vida profesional y analiza las soluciones y detalles que él concibió, a partir de una metodología que combina la inspección visual y la lectura de planos originales. Palabras clave: bóvedas membrana; cerámica armada; construcción de estadios. Abstract. Over nearly half a century, the Columbian engineer Guillermo González Zuleta participated in the structural design of the most important sports venues in his country, he is responsible for introducing technological innovations related to the layout of the stands and their roofing systems, seeking low-cost and high structural efficiency constructions. For this he used concrete frames, single and double curved roofs in concrete and reinforced ceramic, tensile cables and other mixed systems which enables to stand out within the national context. This article presents three of the more relevant projects of this nature completed by González during the first ten years of this professional career and analyses the solutions and details he conceived, based on a methodology that combines visual inspection and reading the original drawings.

Usually, architects face bridge construction quite blankly. A significant exception was Paul Bonatz (1877-1956). The prominent exponent of the "Stuttgart school" produced an unusually extensive and varied oeuvre in this special field. His activities culminated in the time of the construction of the autobahn. Its worldwide acclaimed art of bridge building was substantially influenced by him.
The book traces the fascinating history of this architect's confrontation with the most prestigious field of structural engineering – a confrontation that stretched from the Kaiser's Reich via Weimar Republic and National Socialism through to the young Federal Republic of Germany. In fruitful collaboration with some of the best engineers of his time Bonatz created numerous bridges. Their sophisticated designs have lost nothing of their fascination until our days.

and that the rethoric and visions associated with construction IT are sometimes distant from the reality of construction usage . This paper discusses the observation-participation method as a way to ground construction IT research in industry practice. This research methodology considers the industry as a point of departure, followed by examination of a case study using the observationparticipation method . In this methodology, the researcher is not merely a passive observer, but assumes a variety of roles within the case study and participates in the studied activities. The observation-participation method application to the case study offers the opportunity to see what others have not yet seen and allows gaining access to events and groups, which, in other ways, are innaccesible to scientific research. The researcher perceieves reality from the point of view of someone "in" the case study instead of someone "external" to it.

Urban and environmental historians are becoming increasingly interested in the social construction of expertise in the management and control of natural resources. Experts are often depicted as disinterested, neutral and objective professionals, sufficiently qualified to gauge an independent perspective on a given problem. Yet what happens when an expert's judgment is called into question by other professional experts? The micro-analysis of socio-technological disasters offers one way to interrogate the construction and challenge of professional expertise at both the empirical and conceptual levels. Taking a comparative approach towards the study of two major reservoir failures involving considerable death and destruction in the United Kingdom – Holmfirth in 1852 and Sheffield in 1864 – this paper draws on the under-utilised research of the sociologist Barry Turner and others on the social aetiology of disasters as a route into revealing and accounting for the contested nature of expertise within the Victorian engineering professions. It is based on extensive archival research, including the written records of local and central government, private waterworks' proprietors, the printed press and the records of public inquiry. The cases reveal remarkable continuities in administrative and professional knowledge regarding the explanation of socio-technological disasters, as well as the widespread use of outside experts to interrogate the supposed failings of interested parties.

Free copy available until 4 December from http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1Ps~P15XEnSlBh

The design of a riveted connection involves a large number of parameters: the mechanical properties of the materials, the joining typology, and geometrical aspects. In 1945, the American engineer A.E. Richard de Jonge explained the following: 'A riveted joint is a statically highly indeterminate structure, the behavior of which has baffled the investigators up to the present time, i.e., for more than one century'. This statement highlighting the complex and little-known behaviour of riveted connections is still reported nowadays by researches and engineers alike. The understanding of the original design of these joints and their evolution over time is an essential preliminary step before undertaking any renovation project of historical iron and steel structures.

In this chapter we propose to discuss the strategies deployed by Portugal, a peripheral country in nineteenth and twentieth century Europe, to use its African Empire as a token for asserting its position in the European arena. Beyond diplomatic and political demarches, technology—and particularly the building of railways—was at the core of the Portuguese imperial agenda, determining the way African territories were immersed in the global market. Engineers played a central role in this process by discussing and eventually deciding the layout of the railway lines that were at the core of new anthropogenic landscapes, thus establishing an economic hierarchy among geographical spaces not only within the colonies, but also in a worldwide context. We will use two case studies, one in Angola and one in Mozambique, to argue that technological choices in the colonies were strongly pervaded by political and economic European agendas.

This paper describes the methodology and results obtained after productivity improvement work conducted on two consecutive building construction jobs.  The first one was used to evaluate production rates and productivity, current construction methods, potentials and lacks of construction equipment, current construction planning methodology, and existing tools to asses productivity.  These are briefly discussed in this paper. The second job was preplanned based on the experience and detailed documentation obtained in the first one. Work was conducted in order to “design” construction methods in detail, develop a detailed production planning based on the construction methods developed, select crew components and select their specific tasks, and design communication and control tools. Although the second job’s schedule and budget were originally calculated using standard methods (i.e. historical production rates), new schedule and budget were calculated based on the preplanning effort. Construction performance was measured against these values.

We are building the structures rapidly in the area where there is requirement of the structures. Every structure has its own service life. Every structure is designed by assuming its life of existence. Some of the structures gets more life than expected and some gets fail in achieving its life. Any technology or material has its limitation to withstand. Many of the structures of R.C.C. are located in Seismic prone area. The structures gets damaged due to earthquake and the structures which becomes old should be checked that whether it has the strength of existence or not. The structures should be audited timely for the safety of the human life as well as for the nearby structures. The structures can be checked by various methods of Non-Destructive Test (Rebound Hammer Test, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method, Pulse Echo Method, Probe Penetration Test, Destructive Test. Rebound Hammer Test of Non-Destructive Test is used in this paper to check the strength of an institutional building....

In this growing world, traffic conjunction is considered as most growing problems in both urban as well as sub-urban areas. Traffic congestion is a major issue in day to day life. It has a tremendous impact on the nation’s economy, air pollution, water pollution, travel behavior, accidental risk, land-use and to its end users. Various studies have shown that there is a sudden increase in the traffic congestion. Traffic congestion leads to queuing. Queuing process takes place in both signalized as well as non-signalized intersections, freeways, bottlenecks, incident sites, toll plazas, parking and the areas near the freeways. Queuing also occurs in many non transportation fields. Hence it is very important to study the queue length pattern, its estimation, methods of calculating queue length and give a solution. Hence various methods for estimation of queue length is reviewed.

2019 english 8 pages

Content
1. Introduction
2. Rotary Outboard Engines
3. Rotary Engines for general Purpose
4. Chain Saw
5. Two Stage Compound Prototype / RE for Heavy Fuel
6. Yamaha
7. Kawasaki
8. Patents

german keywords: Wankelmotor / Kreiskolbenmotor
English Keywords: Wankel Engine / Wankel Rotary Engine / Rotary Piston Engine / Rotary Combustion Engine

Nous étudions les méthodes de construction des polygones réguliers proposées par quatre auteurs du XVIIe siècle : deux ingénieurs, Ambroise Bachot et Antoine de Ville, un érudit, Scaliger, et un mathématicien, François Viète. Certaines de ces méthodes se distinguent de la recherche de solutions exactes, typiques de la géométrie pure. Elles visent des solutions générales et approchées qui s’avèrent plus utiles aux ingénieurs, moins sensibles à l’exactitude mathématique qu’à des méthodes faciles à mémoriser et rapides à mettre en œuvre. La comparaison montre que les solutions de l’ingénieur et du mathématicien diffèrent quant aux connaissances mobilisées, quant au sens donné à la notion d’approximation et quant à ce que constitue une approximation acceptable. L’art des fortifications a impulsé une nouvelle approche des méthodes de construction des polygones réguliers. Cette approche échappe au canon des mathématiques pures non par ignorance, mais en connaissance des erreurs tolérées dans les constructions géométriques.

All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owners and the authors of the book. Every efffort has been made to obtain permission to use all copyrighted illustrations reproduced in this book. Nonetheless, whosoever believes to have rights to this material is advised to contact the publisher. Contents Preface Introduction: Engineering for a Changing World Lessons from engineering history: Society, Enterprise, Users Technology: Dream and nightmare Engineering for a changing world The structure of this book 2 The Age of Crisis, 1914-1945 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Society Peace and war Prosperity and decline Liberty and enslavement Civilization and barbarism 2.3 Enterprise Business and bankruptcy Patent wars Worker nightmares 2.4 Users Access and accidents Users and misusers 2.5 Engineers Hero and villain Engineers in totalitarian regimes A new hope 3 The Age of Technocracy, 1945-1970 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Society Making technology non-political: The linear model of innovation Making politics technical: A systems approach to societal challenges 3.3 Enterprise The heyday of R&D The linear model in practice: organizational challenges Systems approaches in business planning 3.4 Users Consumer appliances in the age of "projected users" Projected users in the built environment Users and the systems approach: the car-centered city 3.5 Engineers Growth in influence and numbers Theory and science Professional independence and ethical codes The tide turns 4 The Age of Participation, 1970-2015 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Society Opening up the system Participation by protest Participation by mediation Participation by delegation 4.3 Enterprise Flipping the linear model of innovation Commercializing research and open innovation User-centered innovation Corporations under social pressure 4.4 Users Energetic user-tinkerers Mobility and "biketivists" Hacktivists and other users 4.5 Engineers Opening up institutions Opening up engineering curricula Participation: Science shops and the valorization of knowledge Epilogue: Engineering the Future Diffferent societal challenges Challenges to enterprise and users Beyond technocracy and participation Notes References Illustration credits Index

With the increase in demand for construction materials, man has improved a lot in the construction techniques of structures. Reinforced concrete beams are normally designed as under reinforced to provide ductile behavior such as the tensile moment of resistance. In coastal environment reinforcement corrosion is an obvious cause of deterioration of concrete structure, which affects the durability and service of reinforced concrete structure. Structural stability is majorly influenced by strength of concrete. Torsional strength is a measure of the shear strength of concrete, in other words it is a measure of a resistance against failure in twisting. The main aim of this study is to analyze the flexural, shear & torsional strength, experimentally; of corroded beams using Ordinary Portland cement. Accelerated corrosion technique was adopted to corrode the beam experimentally. We have used varying percentage of corrosion as 0%, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5%. Change in strength of RC beams is studied for varying percentage of corrosion. Beam specimens are prepared using M20 grade concrete for OPC. Beam specimens casted are tested in UTM for flexure and shear. Specially prepared loading setup is used for torsional strength test.

Nicolás Valdés es una figura sobresaliente de la ingeniería militar española del siglo XIX. Su azarosa vida se desarrolló en los dominios españoles de Filipinas, Puerto Rico, Cuba, la Península Ibérica, además de otros países como Francia, Inglaterra, China y México. Como investigador, llevó a cabo ensayos metódicos sobre la resistencia de materiales, en especial de las maderas tropicales, desarrollando tablas y resultados de utilidad para la ingeniería. Publicó, mientras estaba en París en misión de “indagaciones militares” en 1859, su Manual del Ingeniero, libro de texto de gran importancia en las enseñanzas técnicas, y no solo militares, de finales del XIX. Como ingeniero, desarrolló planes de fortificación de las costas españolas, trabajó como arquitecto en Manila y dirigió el último proyecto de fortificación de la parte de tierra de La Habana en 1861, entre otros trabajos. Además de esta vida profesional, mientras trabajaba en Filipinas, Valdés actuó de espía de las posiciones y fuerzas inglesas en Hong Kong con el pretexto de estudiar los materiales pétreos con que los chinos construían sus fortificaciones.El personaje es interesante por sí mismo y su vida. Pero es así mismo de gran relevancia su calidad como ingeniero en los campos civil y militar, el cuidado de sus dibujos y la precisión de sus cálculos.

Primer puente transbordador construido en el mundo (1887-1893).
Alberto de Palacio, Ferdinand Arnodin.
UNESCO world heritage.
El «Puente Vizcaya» une las poblaciones de Portugalete y Getxo, situadas en ambas márgenes de la ría de Bilbao en un punto cercano ya a su desembocadura. Pertenece a la Autoridad Portuaria de Bilbao y en la actualidad es gestionado en régimen de concesión por la empresa El Transbordador de Vizcaya S. L. Es un puente transbordador, de peaje, concebido, diseñado y construido por iniciativa privada entre 1887 y 1893. A finales del siglo XIX  el puerto de Bilbao ex- tendía sus muelles desde la propia bocana hasta el corazón de la villa, y una gran parte de su actividad se desarrollaba en los numerosos cargaderos de mineral situados en todas las poblaciones de la margen izquierda. Existía la necesidad de comunicar las localidades balnearias y residenciales de Portugalete y Getxo sin que la navegación comercial se viese interrumpida, y el arquitecto vasco Alberto de Palacio y Elissague (Sara, 1856-Getxo, 1939), que aunaba genio creador y conocimiento técnico, ideó varias soluciones al problema, decidiéndose finalmente por la de un «puente transbordador». En sentido estricto no se trataba de un puente, sino de una barquilla suspendida mediante cables cruzados de un carro móvil, el cual se deslizaba por los carriles dispuestos en la viga superior –también atirantada y colgada mediante cables– de una gran estructura porticada.

A study was carried out to evaluate the Level of Carbon Monoxide in residential area of GIDC Mundra. Some locations of residential area of Mundra were selected. For that purpose reading should be taken from the locations, they were Orient Abrasives Limited (kaolin Division), Adani Wilmar Ltd., Gujarat Credo Alumina Chemicals Pvt Ltd, Oriental Carbon and Chemicals Ltd, Drof Ketal Chemicals Pvt Ltd, Mundra Plant, Adani Wilmar Limited. Samples one during Morning and one after the Evening were taken from each sampling point. The atmospheric parameters which include measurement of CO level were taken from each locations using CO level meter instrument and the value compared with (WHO) guideline. Data analysis was carried out and suitable measures should be taken out to living healthy human life which free from harmful CO gas.

Building cracks are one form of regularly occurring trouble that occur in any form of concrete shape. In fact, crack-free concrete systems are very uncommon to find in actual global. Cracks in undeniable and bolstered concrete possess a hard to civil engineers from the six decades. All of us want our building structurally safe but it isn't so simple. A crack is to be impacts the building artistic and destroys the wall integrity, influences the shape protection and reduce the sturdiness of concrete. Certain flawed steps during construction and other inevitable causes of various types of cracks begin to emerge structural and non-structural components of a building. So, well timed identification of such cracks and adopting preventive Degree are important. The repair materials and restore technique are exceptional depending upon kinds of cracks in accordance to their positions in shape. A few types of cracks significantly need attention as they're structurally hazardous. Understanding the causes and effects of cracking very well is critical for selecting proper measures to solve the cracking problem in concrete.

Este libro tiene su origen en el curso celebrado en el Centro Asociado de la UNED de Segovia, como fruto de una colaboración entre la UNED y la Fundación Juanelo Turriano. Su título, Ingeniería romana, que la majestad de tu Imperio cuente con el adecuado prestigio de edificios públicos, incluía las palabras de Vitruvio, que expresaban la estrecha relación entre la obra pública construida por los ingenieros y la grandeza de un imperio que gracias a esas infraestructura​s controló las extensas tierras bajo su dominio. Queríamos dar respuesta a preguntas tales como: ¿de qué manera se comunicaba un extenso imperio?, ¿qué papel jugó la religión en la ingeniería hidráulica?, ¿hasta qué punto la obra pública facilitó la vida de los ciudadanos?, ¿cómo se abastecía de agua una ciudad?, ¿qué sabemos del Acueducto de Segovia?, ¿cómo podemos identificar un puente romano?, ¿cómo interpretó el Renacimiento español la ingeniería romana? Con este libro la Fundación Juanelo Turriano inicia una serie de publicaciones donde se recogerán las lecciones impartidas por reconocidos especialistas en los cursos de extensión universitaria, para de ese modo, contribuir a difundir en la sociedad la historia de la ingeniería.

The concept of (architectural heritage) is  more concepts interesting by The scientific community in Iraq and has long been a relatively dating its beginnings to the early sixties of the twentieth century, and coincides with the establishment of the Iraqi school of architecture in fifties, and since that time has increased awareness of the importance of architectural heritage as one of the ingredients for a sense of identity and continuity of civilization.  Islamic architecture in Iraq   Characterized on mosques as a field essential to reverse the manifestations  , so it was a great place  for social effectiveness as minarets emerged on the difference others before  and there were multiple types of contracts starting from the semi-spire to full  eara  to half of the ring , and then appeared cornice, a trim architectural resembling beehives used in mosques in which layers are paved with two purposes ,Structural and decorative at the same time ,Column decorated with a crown is also us...

Türkiye’de son iki yüzyıl boyunca refah ve ilerlemenin önkoşulunun teknoloji olduğuna inanılmıştır. Bu nedenle modernleşme sürecinin en başından beri mühendisliğe hayati bir önem verilmiş ve teknolojinin edinilmesi devlet tarafından desteklenmiştir. Tahmin edileceği gibi bu sadece Türkiye örneğine has bir durum değildir. 20. yüzyıl başında Türkiye gibi geç endüstrileşen ve modernleşmenin eşiğinde bulunan birçok ülkede teknoloji, modernleşme ve refah arasında kritik bir ilişki olduğuna inanılıyordu. Bu koşullar altında modernleşme, ulusun inşası ve mühendisliğin bu süreçte yüklendiği görevleri açısından Türkiye örneğinin bu ülkelerden büyük bir farkı yoktur. Mevcut farklar ise batılı olmayan, üstelik yıllardır güçlük içindeki bir imparatorluğun tebaası olarak yaşamış bir toplumun iç dinamiklerine ve tepkilerine dayanır.

During the last two centuries, technology has been accepted as the is prerequisite of development and welfare in Turkey. Hence, from the very beginning of the modernization process, engineering has been assumed as vital and importation of technology has been supported by the state. Not surprisingly, this attitude was not only specific to the Turkish case. In the 20th century, many other late-industrialized nations at the threshold of modernization like Turkey believed in the critical relationship between prosperity, modernity, and technology. From this point of view, the Turkish case has no significant difference from these nations in nation building, modernization and the role of the profession in this process. Nevertheless, the story differentiates due to inner dynamics and reactions of a non-western society, which had been the vassal of an empire in difficulties.

Deterioration of Reinforced Concrete Structure made an alarming situation for researchers and students for specializing in the sturdiness affecting parameters along side crushing strength, various uncontrollable parameters like environmental or exposure situations are equally important for the service existence of structures. Rusting of reinforcement in strengthened concrete diminishes the provider existence and exacerbates concrete structures causing early stage failure of structures. Therefore, assessing present situation of reinforced concrete structure is essential for planning, repairing and replacing of structure.

Vehicular traffic is the major problem in metropolitan cities because traffic congestion is increasing rapidly at signalized intersections; it results in chronic situation in dense downtown areas. Traffic congestion is also major problem for smooth transportation. So, here we adopted a mechanism which minimizes traffic problems and that mechanism is called hydraulic machine. Hydraulic machine is the mechanisms which lift the things up and down at a particular height. Our purpose is to create a mechanism which lifts the footpath at signalized intersection up and down when there is more traffic at signalized intersection. We studied about the various congested signalized intersection areas and then selected Bhim Square for our study. We collected the peak hour traffic data using videography survey method and categorized the vehicles into different classes. Calculate the queue length at bhim square using normal footpath and again calculate the queue length for same traffic data by using hydraulic foothpath. On comparing the reduction of queue length percentage we observed that hydraulic footpath is more preferable than the normal footpath for congested traffic at signalized intersection, because it reduce approximate 60% queue length. Also, hydraulic footpath gives extra space at signalized intersection and it helps to increase service volume.