History and civilisation of the Huns, Scythians

Опублікований лист з архіву керівника розкопок Мелітопольського кургану Олексія Івановича Тереножкіна, який є не лише цікавим курйозом з історії дослідження цієї визначної пам'ятки і документом епохи, а й джерелом до вивчення стану пам'яткоохоронної справи у повоєнний час. Він змушує ще раз звернути увагу і на сучасне відношення громадськості та органів охорони культурної спадщини до загрози і наявних фактів руйнації археологічних об'єктів урбаністичними чинниками.

Desde Escitia a la Península Ibérica, de la Edad de Bronce -si no antes- a los primeros siglos de nuestra Era, diversos seres antropomorfos, humanos o mitológicos, han sido representados luchando contra el grifo -id est, la grifomaquia- a lo largo de milenios y kilómetros con distintos significados, muchos de los cuales aún suponen una incógnita para la arqueología...

SADAQSHILIQ: THE ART OF MAKING AND SHOOTING THE KAZAKH HORSEBOW
In Kazakhstan the art of archery existed from the prehistoric times, when the first areas of Andronovo culture started appearing at the territory of the republic. Since then the tides of horsebow nomadic nations passed here: the Sakis, Skythians, Huns, Ancient Turks, Kipshaks, Mongols, and finally the Kazakh tribes that fought the Dzhungars with their horsebows. This article consists of a review of the contemporary horse archery movement in the world, describes the history of the Kazakh horsebow origin, distinquishes two main types of horsebows, analyses the literature, and tells about anatomy and construction of the Kazakh horsebow, as well as its performances and usage methods.

CАДАҚШЫЛЫҚ – ҚАЗАҚ АТТЫ САДАҚ БУУ ЖӘНЕ АТУ ӨНЕРІ
Қазақстанда садақшылық өнері тарихтан бұрынғы замандардан-Андроново мәдениеттің алғашқы аймақтары республиканың аумағында туындау кезінде пайда болған. Сол уақыттан бері осы жерден бірталай атты садақты көшпенділер толқындары өтіп кетті: сақа-скифтер, хундар, көне түркілер, қыпшақтар, монғолдар, және ақырында жонғарлармен атты садақпен соғысатын қазақ тайпалары. Бұл мақаланың ішінде: заманауи әлемдегі атты садақшылық қозғалыстың шолуы, ғылыми әдебиетіның анализы, қазақ атты садақтың қайнар көзіңнің тарихы, атты садақтың екі түрлерін атап кетуі, олардың анатомиясын мен құрылымын және садақтың қолдалыну тәсілдері туралы анықтамасы бар екен.

САДАҚШЫЛЫҚ -ИСКУССТВО ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЯ И СТРЕЛЬБЫ ИЗ КАЗАХСКОГО КОННОГО ЛУКА
В Казахстане традиция стрельбы из лука существовала с древнейших времен, когда первые очаги андроновской цивилизации возникли на территории нашей республики. С тех пор через казахстанские степи прошли целые пласты конно-лучных кочевых народов: скифы-саки, хунну, древние тюрки, кыпшаки, монголы, и наконец казахские племена, воевавшие с луками против джунгаров. В данном исследовании: обзор современного движения конных лучников в мире, история происхождения казахского лука, описание двух основных типов луков, анализ научной литературы литературы, справка о строении и анатомии, а также работе и методах использования казахского конного лука.

Papers devoted to the typology of certain categories of the material culture need the close cooperation with the local schemes. A change of researching “optics” is likely to have a positive effect on the process of studiing the general trends in the material, if this process of research is closely linked with the base of any typological constructions — with the spatial and chronological relations analysis. Besides the publication of new stray finds and partial republication of already known finds from the burial complexes, the main goal of this work is the checking of certain typological tendentions of such category of Scythian culture as akinakai (Scythian swords and daggers) of the Carpathian-Dniester region. A geographical division of Carpathian-Dniester region is proposed: Middle Dniester (Bukovinian) group, Eastern Carpathian (Neamţ) group, Siret-Dniester (Moldavian) group, Lower Dniester and Lower Danube groups. Chronologically, the massive of akinakai of Carpathian-Dniester region could be divided into three groups: Early Scythian (650—550 BC), Middle Scythian (550—450 BC) and Classic Scythian (450—300 BC). The following trends connected with Scythian swords and daggers were noticed: Early Scythian burials with akinakai concentrate in Bukovina and strayfinds in Moldova, Middle Scythian burials — are grouping in Moldavian and the strayfinds — in Neamţ group, and the Classical Scythian burials with akinakai are presented only in Lower Dnister and Lower Danube groups.

Elinizdeki kitabın temel iddiası da, en eski tarihî devirlerden ortaçağlara ve modern döneme, Türkler ve İskitlerin aynı halklar olduğudur. Bu iddia, atlı-savaşçı Türk-İskitlerin konar-göçer yaşam tarzı unsurları ve eklemeli dilleri üzerinden delillendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Kıl çadırları, araba-evleri, ete dayalı beslenmeleri, kısrak sütü-kımız içmeleri, kadınların erkeklerle eşit konumu, Tûran taktiği, at üstündeyken geriye ok atmaları, giyim-kuşamları, yas törenleri, ölü gömme biçimleri, kanaatkârlık ve cesaretleri, bu çalışmada üstünde durulan karakteristik Türk-İskit yaşam tarzı unsurlarından bazılarıdır.

Doğrusu, dünya üzerindeki tüm varlıklar gibi topluluklar da tanımlanıp adlandırılmak için bir “ötekiye” ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bu bağlamda konar-göçer Türk-İskitler ve yaşadıkları coğrafyayla ilgili ilk tanımlamalar, yerleşik eski İranlılardan da geriye, Sümer coğrafyasındaki yerleşik topluluklara kadar gitmektedir. Bununla beraber, tarih boyunca bir topluluğun, ötekisi saydığı bir diğerine karşı vehmettiği üstünlüğün zaman, mekân ve aidiyetle sınırlı olduğuna inanıyoruz. (Kitabın arka yazısı)

У каждого народа есть своя легендарная история и «предфилософия»: у индусов – «Ригведа», у иранцев – «Авеста», у евреев – «Пятикнижие» и т.д. У тюркских народов Турана таковым является древнее учение «Жасау ізі» («Яссы», «Тропа существования»), хранителем и ретранслятором которого был соратник Чингисхана и Джучи-хана по имени Майкы-бий. Он по праву считается основателем казахской классической школы биев. В настоящей книге известного казахского ученого, этнографа и литератора Мухамед-Халела Сулейманова это учение впервые предстает не в раздробленном и рассеянном по различным шежире, легендам, эпосам и отдельным поговоркам-максимам виде, а как единое, логически связанное, цельное. В книге показывается генезис общественной мысли, морали и права номадов евразийской Великой степи от легендарной праматери «Бір-ана» до Чингисхана. Также приведены уникальные исторические свидетельства самих степняков, раскрывающие исторические истоки чингизизма, как идеологической доктрины. Данная работа будет интересна всем, кто интересуется историей, философией, языком и культурой тюркских народов степной Евразии.

Бабенко Л.И. Коллекция Александропольского кургана в собрании Харьковского исторического музея имени Н.Ф. Сумцова // Полин С.В., Алексеев А.Ю. Скифский царский Александропольский курган IV в. до н.э. в Нижнем Поднепровье.  Киев–Берлин: Видавець Олег Філюк, 2018.

The research  regarding the depictions of Scythian females in the Scytho-Sarmatian and Greek art shows that there is a division between images of armed Scythian females (who are represented as ordinary people) and Scythian females without weapons (who are represented as rulers on the throne or mythological beings with zoomorphic or vegetative limbs). The written sources and archaeological findings show that sometimes the last two functions were united, as was the case of the Massagetian queen Tomyris and burials of armed females from the Mound No. 5 near village Zelenoe of Kherson, which contained weapons and pronounced female objects (bronze mirror, beads, stone tile with a wooden grinder), as well as symbols of the supreme Scythian goddess (plaques with an image of the goddess). Even though Scythian women could carry weapons and participate in military actions, in Scythian art they were never depicted with weapons. Graves of Amazons are very common in the Northern Black sea region during the Scythian and Sarmatian periods. Even though the written sources also point to the presence of Amazons in Athropatene, the archaeological evidence to support these statements is very rare. The graves of female warriors were registered in the archaeological findings from Azerbaijan during the Late Bronze (or Early Iron) Age, in the burial mound No. 6 (with a child) and mound No. 12 from the necropolis of Plovdag in Nakhchivan. The reason for the female burials to be rare in this particular geographic area may be due to insufficient studies of skeletal remains to establish the gender of the buried. As a conclusion – the archaeological sources alone are insufficient to determine social and military status of females in the Scythian and Sarmatian burials. Only a comparative research of written sources, ancient art, archaeological and anthropological remains will allow us to establish it.

The Significance Of Women İn The Scythian Turks Abstract The women of Scythian Turks with their importance in the social, political, military and economic life, belonged to one of the most powerful nations of the Ancient Ages, still countinue their name today known as the famous " Amazons " These legendary warrior women who have been the theme of many films, novels and music of today, were in fact the Ancient Scythian Turkic women who rode their horses in the Scythian land. Many nations, especially the Ancient Greeks have been impressed by these heroic women who were riding, herding, fighting next to their men that they started the famous Amazonian legends that has been ongoing for ages. With so many advantages in the political, social and military fields, these warrior women had many rights that the women of their times in other nations never had.

The excavations carried out lately at Yassıhöyük/Gordion, Boğazköy/Büyükkaya, Kaman-Kalehöyük, Çadırhöyük, Porsuk and Liman Tepe and also the survey at Hydas and Hisarlık Tepesi/Troya VIIb2 and Tel-el Cüdeyde excavations of which findings were evaluated later, reveals clearly that the Hittite Empire vanished approx. in 1190 BC and it was the end of the Late Bronze Age and beginning of the Dark Age, that is the Early Iron Age (1190-850 BC). These settlements located in North-West, West, Central and Southern regions of Anatolia determine how the movements of people who were called Thracean-Phrygian migrations and the Sea People moved towards Anatolia, and brought to an end of the Late Bronze Age. Not fixing any center belonging to the Early Iron Age on the Black Sea coasts indicates that these movements of people were not by means of Northern Anatolia, that is the Black Sea.

Architecture of the Iron Age in the Central Black Sea Region shows different pecularities compared to the Land and Coastal zones. By the help of present data we have, the earliest samples of the Iron Age pottery in the Black Sea Region can be dated to the end of the Early Iron Age. During the Middle Iron Age important settlements in the Kızılırmak/Halys Bend are Boğazköy, Alaca Höyük, Hacı Bektaş Höyük (Suluca Karahöyük), KamanKalehöyük, Eskiyapar, Oluz Höyük, Alişar Höyük, Çadır Höyük and also in the south of the Kızılırmak/Halys, Kültepe, Sultanhanı, Yassıdağ, Topaklı and Porsuk.

The pottery possessed in these settlements, known as Alişar IV, are the painted potteries having composition of figures of deer styled in silhouette technique and a concentric circle motif and sometimes with geometrical motifs. It is observed that the styles of ceramics workshops in the Kızılırmak/Halys Bend and its south that had been producing monotonously since the Middle Iron Age had some changes since the Late Iron Age, especially due to their decorations. Instead of figures of deer in silhoutte, figures with a more natural view, using linear and reserve technique appeared. The figures of bird were more abundant in number and in view, and also figures of bull, donkey, roe, goat, lion, dog, fish and insect were used as the main elements in the compositions. Apart from this, various creatures such as bull with wings and sphinx, and also strange, unusual creatures that can not be identified appeared. The figures of human in a styled form which were few in the Middle Iron Age, started to be the most important thing in the Late Iron Age. Mother Goddess/Kubaba of Phrygians, who had been worshipped since the Neolithic Period, was depicted on the pottery during this period. We observe that the pottery workshops in the Kızılırmak/Halys Bend and also the ones in the south were influenced by the innovations and also the political events that occurred in the Late Iron Age and showed this on their productions. For instance, figures of horse and cavalrymen that appeared suddenly were most probably due to the Eurasian Horse-Riding Nomads. Besides, it is apparent that the figures of sphinx with crown and beard, depicted on the pottery had an influence of Western Iran that is Median-Achaemenid. Apart from the motifs and figures in the Late Iron Age, there were some notable changes in the paint decoration technique. The traditional colors of dark red, brown and black continued to be used in decoration; however, as an innovation, figures and compositions were started to be drawn in the frames with white and beige base. This frame technique was applied, after sometime, without using the white base. We acknowledge that the pottery workshops continued their productions in the Kızılırmak/Halys Bend, not only by keeping their traditional characteristics, but also reflecting the external influences during the period that is from the beginning of 5th Century BC to the middle of 4th Century BC, Hellenistic Period that is the Last Phase of the Late Iron Age.

As a result of archaeological survey carried out up to present, no settlement or camp site belonging to the Eurasian Horse-Riding Nomads in Anatolia, that is the Scythians and Cimmerians were determined. Besides, in the light of present data, it is under debate where the Scythians spread and in which regions they were. It is assumed that some tribes of Eurasian Horse-Riding Nomads who moved in to Anatolia through the Caucasia and destroyed Yassıhöyük/Gordion utterly in the end of the Middle Iron Age, then from Paphlagonia to the Central Black Sea Region and from there to the Eastern Black Sea Region.

Another culture that was effective in the Central Black Sea Region, was Achaemenids. Among the satrapies that were established in Anatolia by Achaemenids, we acknowledge that three satrapies comprise the Black Sea Region of today. The first satrapy to mention is Daskyleion that comprises NorthWest Anatolia, together with Paphlagonia and Mariandyns, land means western part of the Black Sea Region. The second satrapy named Katpatuka (Cappadocia) was ruling today’s Central Anatolia and probably the Central Black Sea Region. The third satrapy in the Eastern Black Sea Region was ruling the lands of Mushki, Tibarens, Macrons, Mossyniks, Marelis; the land between today’s Ordu and Trabzon provinces. The second satrapy named Katpatuka (Cappadocia) comprised the today’s Central Anatolia and the Central Black Sea Region; that is the central part of the coasts of northern Anatolia. As we acknowledge, apart from Phrygia, Paphlagonia and Kilikia were the tax regions (nomos) of Achaemenid King Darius the Great, Cappadocians are mentioned as ‘Syrian’, however Pontus is never mentioned, thus, this northern area was included in Cappadocia in 6th century BC. Cappadocia Satrapy most probably comprised the region of Anatolia from the Taurus Mountains reaching at the Black Sea. Cappadocia Satrapy was divided into two parts. The southern part was named as Major Cappadocia and the northern part as Minor Cappadocia or Pontic Cappadocia. We acknowledge that Gashka people who live seminomadic in the Cental Black Sea Region during the Iron Age, did not settle in permanently and also did not let any alien settle in the region. We observe that despite their powerful dominance, some settlements that appeared to be seen on the terrestrial of the Central Black Sea Region during the end of Early Iron Age and also acquired a character with its ceramics with painted decoration of Central Anatolia Iron Age, were dwelled in by the people whose place of origin was the Central Anatolia. We acknowledge that this policy of dwelling was effective completely in the Land and Coastal regions by degrees. In the light of all these evaluations, we can utter that the culture of the Central Black Sea Region during the Iron Age had the local pecularities of Central Anatolian Culture and was an extension to the north.

Збірник наукових праць Б. А. Шрамка (1921–2012), присвячений 95-річчю від дня народження зна-
ного археолога. Видання містить опубліковані в різні роки статті та тези доповідей і повідомлень, у яких
представлені результати багаторічних досліджень харківського вченого на Більському городищі (VIII–
IV ст. до н. е.).
Роботи Б. А. Шрамка розміщено у збірнику в хронологічній послідовності, що дає можливість про-
стежити розвиток концептуального погляду дослідника на місце та роль Більського городища в системі
загальних етнокультурних процесів, що відбувалися в Східній Європі в епоху раннього залізного віку.
Для істориків, археологів, музейних працівників, викладачів, краєзнавців, студентів вищих навчаль-
них закладів та усіх, хто цікавиться давньою історією.

Avrupa Hun hükümdarı Rua 434’te ölünce onun kardeşinin çocukları Bleda ve Attila, imparatorluğun yönetimini birlikte devralmışlardır. Attila, selefleri tarafından yürütülmekte olan Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu’nun sürekli baskı altında tutulması siyasetini terk etmemiş ve 441’de Doğu Romalılarla savaşa girerek Birinci Balkan Seferi’ni düzenlemiştir. Savaş sona erdikten sonra, kardeşi Bleda’nın 444-445 yıllarında ölümüyle birlikte Attila, Hun İmparatorluğu’nun tek hâkimi olmuş ve tüm Hun ordularını kendi komutası altına almıştır. Aradan geçen birkaç yıl içerisinde, Doğu Romalıların 434 yılında Attila ile yapmış oldukları Margus Antlaşması’nın koşullarını hâlâ tam olarak yerine getirmemiş olmaları ve Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu’nda yaşanan bazı doğal felaketler, Attila’nın 447 yılında ikinci bir Balkan Seferi’ne çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Bu seferin tarihlendirilmesi ve seferin nasıl yürütüldüğü konularında farklı görüşler vardır. Biz de bu bildirimizde Attila’nın 447 yılı Balkan Seferi hakkında mevcut olan Roma-Bizans kaynaklarındaki kayıtları aktardık ve bu sefer konusunda modern tarihçilerin yapmış oldukları incelemeleri elden geçirdik. Ayrıca, bugüne kadar Avrupa Hun tarihi konusunda özellikle Türkiye’de üzerinde pek durulmamış olan bir Süryani kaynağı olan Antakyalı İsḥaḳ’ın Hunlara ve bu sefere ilişkin yazdığı kayıtları da bildirimizde sunarak bu bilgileri değerlendirdik.

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When the Hunnic ruler Rua died in 434, the sons of his brother, Bleda and Attila, mutually inherited the rule of the empire. Attila did not abandon the policy of constantly keeping the Eastern Roman Empire under constraint pursued by his predecessors, entered into a war with the Eastern Romans in 441 and launched his First Balkan Campaign. After the war came to an end, Attila became the sole ruler of the Hunnic Empire following the death of his brother Bleda in 444 or 445 and he brought all the Hunnic armies under his command. In the meanwhile, the Eastern Romans abstained from entirely fulfilling the agreements of the Treaty of Margus they had concluded with Attila in 434. Within a few years, while the Eastern Romans did not fulfill the agreements of the Treaty of Margus, some natural disasters occurred in the Eastern Roman Empire. The disobedience of the Eastern Romans to the treaty and these natural disasters caused Attila to launch a second Balkan Campaign in the year 447. There are different views on the dating of this campaign and how exactly it was conducted. In our paper, we narrated the records found in Romano-Byzantine sources regarding Attila’s Balkan Campaign of the year 447 and we examined the studies made on this campaign by modern historians. Additionally, we presented and evaluated the records written by Isaac of Antioch, a Syriac source not emphasized much on Hunnic history especially in Turkey until now, regarding the Huns and this campaign.

This is the main part of my work. It is the highlight of my studies. I explained how the upper structure of Roman society, the Church, survived and made deal with barbarians, how all old science and culture went down and under a new order. Well, absolutely amazing time. There are that Catalaunian Fields and it is the highlight of the highlights. I, as a specialist in nets and military arts, write the consequences of that great battle, in every aspect. I put to cover some heraldic point of view, and it is quite telling: when one of the ladies of my neighbors saw the cover she said: "Bellicose picture, I am sure my son shall love this book."

Numerous legends are known in Eurasia, in which one or more hunters are trying to get a stag, and then the hunters will find a new homeland, or establish a new cathedral at the location where the deer appeared earlier. According to the structure of the legend, the Eastern legend type is more ancient. In its most archaic version the sole hero spots a doe, who later turns out to be the daughter of a king, later marrying the hero and then they found a new homeland where his people may reproduce.

This article deals with the evolution of the terms Scythia and Scythians in the geographical and rhetorical milieu. The article consists of two chapters: (1) Scythia and Sarmatia in imperial Latin and Greek literature of the 1st – 2nd centuries and (2) Scythians in late classic Greek literature of the 3rd – 7th centuries. The syntactical relations between toponyms and ethnonyms in the main geographical texts of the 1st chapter are illustrated with special schemes called syntaxogramms: Strabo (fig. 2–3), Pomponius Mela (fig. 4), Plinius the Elder (fig. 5) and Ptolemy. This method of graphical representation of the geographical text allows us to see more precisely the spatial limits of possible location on the map of each people described in this text. In the 2nd chapter there are investigated different peoples named Scythians – classical Scythians, Goths, Huns, Avars and Turcs. The contextual and quantitative (table 1) analysis of the Greek terms Scythia and Scythians shows that this term was changing the denotated objects many times during the period of Late Antiquity. This allows us to propose the following scheme of the development of the term's meaning: from the time of Dexippos the word Scythians was used to denote the Goths and other barbarians from the northern Pontic region. This model was changed by with Priscus when the new barbarians – i. e. the Huns – not only had come to Scythia but also made there a new empire. Priscus had designated the Huns with the name Scythians, but after the death of Attila and the destruction of Hunnic empire this name slowly disappears from the historical discourse. The new revival of the term Scythians takes place in the works of the historians dealing with the Avars and Turks.

Ornithomorphic motifs in design of Scythian akinakai still appear in early 6th c. BC. Specific form of a pommel stylized with bird heads (or claws of a bird of prey) with an eye at the bottom is the stylistic development of earlier types pommel decorated in a more realistic manner . The article proposes to combine swords and daggers with a similar finial in a separate type called Solokha type (due to the most famous Royal barrow with akinakes). The paper details the chronology of complexes with Solokha type akinakai, as a result, determined by the chronological framework of the wide distribution period: 410—370 BC. Special attention is focused on stray finds of these swords and daggers, which spread from Bulgaria in the West to Tyumen in the East.

Türklerin, kutsal elementi hiç şüphesiz "demir" dir. Demirin kutsiyeti ise; eski Gök-Tanrı inancı ve Şamanizm ile alakadardır. Zira Türkler Demirin Gökyüzünden Tanrı tarafından indirildiğine inanmaktaydılar. Bu yüzden demire Türkler tarafından Gök veya Kök Demir de denilmektedir. Zira Demir elementinin oluşması Dünyamızda meydana gelmiyecek ancak yıldızlardaki nükleer reaktör patlamaları sonucu oluşacak yüksek ısıdaki gücü gerektirmektedir.

Öz: İskit kraliçesi Tomyris hakkında antik yazarlarda hem kısıtlı hem de birbirinden farklı bilgiler vardır. Bunların tümü Tomyris ve Pers kralı Kyros arasındaki savaşla ilgilidir. Bu savaşta uygulanan iki savaş hilesi söz konusudur. Bunlardan biri Herodotos ve Iustinus'a göre Kyros'un uyguladığı şarap ve yemekli tuzaktır. Ancak bazı yazarlar bu tuzaktan hiç söz etmezken Polyainos ise bunu tam tersine Tomyris'e ait gösterir. Diğeri de Tomyris'e ait olan bozkır savaş taktiğidir. Bazı yazarların değindiği bu savaş hilesinden ise Herodotos ilginç biçimde söz etmemektedir. Çalışmada ağırlıklı olarak bu farklı yaklaşımların sebepleri üzerinde durulmakta ve Tomyris hakkındaki bilgiler karşılaştırılmaktadır.
Abstract: In the surviving ancient sources there is only limited and inconsistent information concerning Tomyris, the Scythian queen and all of this information relates to the war between Tomyris and Kyros, the Persian king. There were two strategies employed in these wars. One, according to Herodotos and Iustinus, was the trap baited with wine and food and although some authors never mention this, Polyainos reported it as belonging to Tomyris. The other strategem of Tomyris was the steppe war. Herodotos, surprisingly, never mentioned this strategy, yet some ancient authors did. This study addresses the reasons of these different approaches and compares the information that has been related concerning Tomyris.

En önemlisi 948-952 yılları arasında yazdığı bir siyasetname ve milli güvenlik siyaset belgesi niteliğindeki kitabı De Administrando Imperio (DAI) olmak üzere, bize üç kitap bırakan Bizans'ın imparator yazarı 7. Konstantinos Porphyrogenitus, aynı zamanda kaybolma eşiğindeki eski Bizans kitaplarının önemli bir kısmını bir araya getirerek, bir 'yayıncı' kimliğiyle de tarihe büyük hizmet etmiştir. DAI'deki tarih atıfları büyük ölçüde işte bu eserlerden okumalara dayanmaktadır. Yani başta Priskos olmak üzere Hunlar hakkındaki bilgimizin kaynağı olan Roma eserlerini Konstantinos da görmüştür. Ancak bunları değerlendirmekte kendi çağdaşı geliş-meleri değerlendirmesindeki aynı başarıyı yakalayamadığı hükmünü peşin olarak aktararak incelememizi yapacağız. Konstantinos'un bugün ulaştığımız seviyede tarihçi benzeri bir muhakeme sergilemesini bekleyemeyiz ve bazı haber ve kayıtların değerlendirmesinde hataya düştüğü kuşkusuzdur ama nihayet, belirttiğimiz gibi, Bizans kaynakları vasıtasıy-la bizim bildiğimizi o da biliyordu. Bu bakımdan, onun bazı ifadeleri ilk bakışta bize hata olarak gözükse de, ardında başka şeyler aramak durumundayız. Belki de bunların hikmetini çözmekle, en azından tamamını peşin olarak hatalı görmemekle mesulüz. Çeşitli topluluklara, bölgelere ve birkaç yerde konuya hasredilmiş bölümlerden oluşan DAI'de bir Hun bölümü bulunmaz. Zaten etnik bölümler çağdaş topluluk-ları anlatır. Diğer bölümlerde Hun tarihini anlatmayı amaçlayan bahisler de bulun

СЛЕДЫ ГУННОВ В ИБЕРИИ Великий союз всадников-гунны-создали сильную империю во Внутренней Азии. Некоторые их ветви постепенно переместились на запад с I века до н.э., и достигли края Европы или Кавказского региона, где и обосновались. Многие уче-ные отрицали, что гунны долгое время оставляли следы в этом регионе, несмотря на то, что считается, что его населяли сарматы и аланы. Недавние археологические сравнительные исследования и антропологический результат подтвердили их при-сутствие не только в северной части Кавказа, но и на Южном Кавказе. Основываясь на этих результатах, я искала дополнительные доказательства древнего поселения гуннов, поскольку была уверена, что там жили гунны, ввиду того, что венгерские хроники средневековья фиксировали историю маеотического региона, связываю-щего странствия венгерского народа. Во время моих исследований я выявила обще-го предка кавказских иберийских и венгерских королей-великого охотника Ним-рода. Между тем, венгерская хроника связывала Нимрода с гуннами, грузинские археологические находки-полихромный стиль-показали сходство с небротидных сокровищ с гуннами, что не может являться совпадением. Более того, я обнаружила три значительных сходных мотива как на Кавказе, во Внутреннем Азии, так и в Карпатском бассейне, которые связаны с гуннами. Таким образом, древнее присут-ствие гуннов на территории Южного Кавказа, современной Грузии, было подтвер-ждено четырьмя дисциплинами позднего античного периода.

The women of Scythian Turks with their importance in the social, political, military and economic life, belonged to one of the most powerful nations of the Ancient Ages, still countinue their name today known as the famous " Amazons " These legendary warrior women who have been the theme of many films, novels and music of today, were in fact the Ancient Scythian Turkic women who rode their horses in the Scythian land. Many nations, especially the Ancient Greeks have been impressed by these heroic women who were riding, herding, fighting next to their men that they started the famous Amazonian legends that has been ongoing for ages. With so many advantages in the political, social and military fields, these warrior women had many rights that the women of their times in other nations never had.

In general for the Great Steppe the clusters of necropolis of a certain period (where several women with weapons were buried) were founded in the Lower Dnepr (the 4th c. BCE) and in the Lower Don (the late 1st c. BCE – the mid. 3rd c. CE). There were the most important economic zones of Scythia (fig. 1) and Sarmatia (fig. 5), with the best pastures, with a large population and the presence of cities. In the 4th c. BCE the number of women with a weapon increased in connection with the disintegration of Scythia, for Sarmatians of the beg.–mid. of the1st c. and the second half of the 2nd c. CE – after the waves of migrations from the East. In the Central Asia the women-warriors are almost not identified. In those tribal groups of nomads who often clashed for the most attractive regions all women from the age of marriage (12 years) could receive the military training during collective hunting and small raids. But they need the mobilization of women occurred rarely and not all of them participated in wars. The corpses of most of the women who died in the war remained on the battlefield and did not get to the clan cemetery. The women-warriors in the graves are usually the age of 25-30 years, after long years of marriage. In the more early age (in period the main military activity) the weapons are usually absent with them. The placement of the weapons was, probably, due to two factors: it was associated with special personal military merits in previous years and with the status of the family (or husband) at the time of woman death. The set of female weapons in each community was different from the male. The weapons more prestigious than the usual arrows sometimes dependent on age group or from the specific traditions of her clan (which used a specific type of graves). The relatives were not keen to place in the grave of the woman a full range of her weaponry (probably, they sometimes put with the woman their weapon similar to that which she used). For the socially significant woman to denote her status was sufficient to have the weapons of more rare type (1-4 spears and scaly armor for Scythians; the axe, long sword or three different blades for Sarmatians). For the Sarmatian women who got married in the settlements of settled cultures in the Mouth of the Don, their weapons remained an important factor of self-identification; it was recognized also by their new relatives. Some of these women were integrated into the local elite (in Tanais).

ILLUSTRATIONS:
Figure 1. Scythian necropolises of the of late 5th – 4th cc. BCE with three or more women-warriors.
Figure 2 Women-warriors in Mamai-Gora biggest Scythian barrow necropolis’ context.
Figure 3. Women-warriors in Skel’ki Scythian ground cemetery: I – plan; II - the most important women-warriors graves (based on: Papandopulo 2011, pp. 6-7).
Figure 4. Women-warriors in Ryadovye Mogily (Zolotaya Balka) Scythian barrow necropolis context (based on: Polin 2014, color figs. 1 and 2).
Figure 5. Sarmatian necropolises of the of 2nd-1st cc. BCE – the early 3rd cc. CE with the series of women-warriors (the ethno-political map presents the late 1st c. CE).
Figure 6. Women-warriors in the late 1st c BCE – 1st c. CE Novyi Middle Sarmatian biggest barrow necropolis (based on Yatsenko 2016a, fig. 2).
Fig. 7. Women-warriors in the Late Sarmatian (the late 2nd – early 3rd cc. CE) Vysochino I-II-V barrow necropolis context (based on Yatsenko 2016a, fig. 1).
Fig. 8. The woman-warrior in the Late Sarmatian Valovyi I barrow necropolis context (based on Bezuglov, Glebov, Parusimov 2009, figs. 2, 16 and 21) 
Fig. 9. The woman-warrior in the Middle Sarmatian part of Peregruznoe I barrow necropolis context of the 1st c. CE (based on Yatsenko 2016a, fig. 1).
Fig. 10. Women-warrior in the Late Sarmatian (the late 2nd – early 3rd cc. CE) Novye Bedrazhy ground necropolis (based on Kurchatov, Simonenko, Chirkov, 1995).
Fig. 11. The female graves of the Middle and Late Sarmatian Cultures with axes: 1 – Kobykovo , barrow 10 (after T.A. Prokhorova); 2 – Lebedevka, barrow 2 (after M.G. Moshkova); 3 – Chuguno-Krepinka, barrow 2 (after A.V. Simonenko); 4 – Ust’-Kamenka, barrow 22 (after V.I. Kostenko).
Fig. 12. Women-warriors in the 2nd-1st cc. BCE Tanais ground town Greek necropolis context, excavation trench of 2001-2002 yy. (based on I.I. Tolochko plan).
Figure 13. Woman-warrior in the Late Sarmatian part of Kobyakovo hillfort’ Maeotean groud necropolis in Don Mouth’ context (based on Larenok 2016, pl. 4).
Figure 14. Woman-warrior in the mid. 1st c. CE Yezhi aristocratic necropolis of local prince and his harem’ context, Afghanistan (based on Yatsenko 2001).

Mátyás Bél (1684–1749), the famous historian from Hungary, paid a good deal of
attention throughout his life to the genesis of the Hungarian language and alphabet, as
well as to the origins of the Hungarian nation itself. As for the roots of the Hungarian
language, Bél’s most important means of inquiry was Hebrew comparison on a Biblical basis (that is, comparing the individual languages to Hebrew), a method which had long been dominant in Europe but was already on the wane in the time of Bél. In support of it he elaborated a particular theory of his own. According to it Japheth, the ancestor of the Scythians and (in his interpretation) of the Hungarians, did not take part in the construction of the tower of Babel, and consequently his descendants preserved the “Adamic language”, that is, Hebrew, which would account for the “relationship” between Hebrew and Hungarian. The aim of Bél was to find a, possibly illustrious, place for the Hungarian language, generally unknown and thus regarded as barbarous, on the great linguistic tree, and to determine its position with regard to Hebrew and other languages. The same aim was served by the supposed relationship between the Székely (Szekler) runic writing and the ancient eastern alphabets, before all Hebrew; the Hungarians, and their supposed ancestors, the Huns and the Scythians, could thus be presented as nations of a very ancient culture.
As for the origins of the nation, Bél stuck to his opinion throughout his life,
proclaiming as he did that the Hungarians were of a Hun–Scythian–Avar origin. His
stubbornness should presumably be accounted for by the fact that the new theories
arguing for the Finno–Hungarian linguistic and ethnic relationship (Leibniz, Bayer)
were then still far from solidly established. Consequently, Bél continued to adhere to
the old theory, but wished to present it in a new form. Making use of the ancient and
medieval narrative works, he intended to breathe new life into the concept of
Scythian–Hun–Avar–Hungarian identity, and thereby to offer a critical prehistory of
scientific character, by elaborating similarities in lifestyle between the Hungarians and
their Scythian and Hun predecessors. The model he followed was probably Clüver’s
Germania antiqua. By attenuating the descriptions of Ammianus, and emphasizing the
neutral or positive remarks by Priscus, he tried to neutralise the negative overtones of
Scythian, and especially of Hun origins, for the negative image of the Huns was utterly
detrimental to the contemporary view of the Hungarians. Bél, of Slovak origins,
attributed a role to the “Slavs” (Slovaks) as well in his prehistorical conception: he
identified them as the Sarmatians and accordingly regarded them as indigeneous.
However, he argued that the Slavs had entered into an alliance, and even merged, with
both the Huns and the Hungarians, a reflection of the concept of the “host nation”
which characterised contemporary Slovak thinking. The origin of the Slovaks is but an
additional element in the theory of Bél, his major aim being the elaboration of a
representative and at the same time apologetical prehistory of the Hungarians.
The scholarly stance of Bél is in keeping with that of the so-called contemporary
Hungarus intellectuals: he regarded as his task to fight off foreign critiques and to
represent the Hungarian point of view in the international scientific discourse. Yet, in
contrast to his contemporaries, he took the field of history instead of literature and the
history of science. It is thus a protagonist of “Hungarus historiography” and “Hungarus
historical linguistics” that we have every reason to admire in his person.

Rjabchikov, Sergei V., 2017. Skify, sarmaty, meoty, skandinavy i slavyane (The Scythians, Sarmatians, Meotians, Scandinavians and Slavs; in Russian).
Hermonassa, 3, pp. 3-12.

Keywords: Scythia, Scythian, Sarmatian, Meotian, Slavonic, Slavs, Scandinavian, Old Rus, the Old Russian, Tmutarakan’, Ukrainian, Russian, Скифия, скифский, скифы, сарматский, меотский, славянский, скандинавский, Древняя Русь, древнерусский, Тмутаракань, украинский, русский

Fax: 310 16 98 http://www.ttk.gov.tr [email protected] ISSN 0041-4255 Yerel Süreli, Hakemli dergidir. Ağustos 2016 -ANKARA Belleten'i indeksleyen uluslararası indeks ve abstraktlar: America, history and life 0002-7065 1963-; Historical abstracts. Part A. SĺG: wolle "yün, yünlü kumaş ve iplik önüne gelen determinatif " Christel Rüster-Erich Neu, Hethitisches Zeichenlexikon, Wiesbaden 1989, s. 347. ; Ahmet Ünal, Multilinguales Handwörterbuch Des Hethitischen/ A Concise Multilingual Hittite Dictionary/Hititçe Çok Dilli El Sözlüğü, Hamburg 2007, s 226; 569. 2 ĺD: nehir, ırmak, nehir isimlerinin önüne gelen determinatif, Rüster-Neu, a.g.e., s. 326.; Hit. hapa-"nehir, ırmak, çay, dere" Ünal, a.g.e. s. 166,251. 3 Hulana Nehri Memleketi'nin geçtiği metin yerleri ve lokalizasyon teklifleri için bkz. Hayri Ertem, Boğazköy Metinlerinde Geçen Coğrafya Adları Dizini, Ankara 1973, s. 50.; Giuseppe F del Monte -Johann Tischer, Die Orts und Gewässernamen der Hethitischen Texte, RGTC 6, 1978, s. 529 vd. ; Giuseppe F del Monte, Die Orts und Gewässernamen der Hethitischen Texte, RGTC 6/2, 1992, s. 205. 4 Albrecth Goetze, Hattušiliš. Der Bericht über seine Thronbesteigung nebst den Paralleltexten, (MVAeG 29/3), Leipzig 1925, s. 21.

Scythian weaponry is one of the most original components of the material culture of the population of Eastern Europe of 7th–4th centuries BC and it could be called a “visit card” of the early nomads of Eurasia. The number of finds of Scythian swords and daggers has exceeded two hundred in the western part of the “Scythian world” (including the territory of the Carpathian-Dniester region, Transylvania, Silesia, Southern Carpathians and Southern Danube Region). It is well known, at least, 16 swords and daggers of Scythian appearance from the territory of Bulgaria, but unfortunately, this category of material culture did not become a subject of a special study earlier. Southern Danube or Bulgarian group of Scythian akinakai is represented by all main periods: Early (7th – the early 6th century BC), Middle (mid 6th –1st half of the 5th century BC) and Classical one (late 5th–4th century BC) and it is specific to the local steppe groups on the Western frontiers (like the Lower Danube and the Lower Dniester groups). It is also quite emblematic that the majority of artifacts refers to the end of Middle Scythian period and fills up all the territory of Northern Bulgaria, while the Early Scythian and Classical swords are grouped only in the central part, tending to the foothills of the Balkan mountain range.

One of the features of Scythian archaic blade weaponry is the use of bronze, often in the combination with iron. This technologe of Early Scythian bimetallic akinakai goes back to “Cimmerian scheme”. Within the framework of that scheme Prescythian daggers of Kabardino-Pjatigorsk type were manufactured.  The most later daggers of this type are likely were used until the middle 7th c. BC, so they could be treated as prototypes for Scythian akinakes. Bimetallic technology of Scythian smiths was inspired by previous tradition and the first exemplars of Gudermes akinakai appeared at the turn of 8th–7th c. BC in the Caucasus. In the Carpathian basin archaic Scythian akinakai made wholly or partly from bronze are also well-known. These akinakai of Posmuş type are closely related to the next tradition — of Kelermes type — which also penetrated to Northern Pontic region from the territory of Caucasus region. Posmuş type was probably an intermediate combining old technology of bronze casting and new morphology. A number of features shows a genetic link between Gudermes and Kelermes types. Among them are: three-part handle and the bight under the pommel. So, the bimetallic akinakes is the product of the further evolution of bladed weaponry producted by “Caucasian laboratory” and it could be assumed that for a while it was coexisting with Kabardino-Pjatigorsk type daggers, perhaps in the 1st half of 7th c. BC. Further development of the Scythian akinakai and their distribution in Black Sea region probably provoked the renouncement of the use of bronze due to the excessive complexity of or limited access to raw materials. However, the morphology of this new product was more stable, as a result new types of swords and daggers appeared. In the Danube-Carpathian region a creative rethinking of Gudermes and Kelermes traditions is registered for Early Scythian period. These processes led to the emergence of such types as Posmuş in Transilvania and Ferigile in Wallachia — local phenomena of the Carpathian-Danube. The singularity of distribution of the first akinakai allow us to conclude that Scythian akinakes entered this region two main routes: initially, along the northern border of forest-steppe to Transilvania and later — along the southern border, to Bărăgan Plain.

This monograph proposes a reconstructive chronology of South Asia’s history in the late fifth century CE. It shows how the Gupta lands up to Yamuna and Narmada were encroached by Alchon Hun Khiṅgila, et al. Other powerful dynasties such as the Vākāṭaka, Aulikara, Parivrājaka, and Traikūṭaka were nearly destroyed in multiple invasions. A military history of India has been reconstructed here based on a pattern of deaths of many kings. The study shows how the development of contemporary rock-cut monuments was disrupted and abandoned.

Miklós Banai PhD and Prof. Béla Lukács PhD, held a lecture about their research on the origins of Central Europe's peoples, by the invitation of the Széll Kálmán Foundation, on the 28th of November, 2014.

They have established the fact that Central European identity has dual roots and it originates in two contemporary Bronze Age civilizations. While the identity of the Western part stems from the traditions of the well-known Mycenaean culture, the Eastern part stems from the much less known Andronovo culture. Incorporating these findings in European public discourse could significantly shape and strengthen Central European peoples' alliance.