Gluten

Lupin is an economical source of protein, fibre and bioactive compounds, and to obtain these health and nutritional benefits lupin flour has been used in bread production. However, addition of more than 10% lupin flour markedly reduces bread quality mainly due to gluten dilution. The main aim of this research was to retain lupin bread quality enriched with higher percentages of lupin flour (20%) by addition of vital gluten powder (0%, 2%, 3.5% and 5%), investigating the effects of lupin variety (Lupinus albus and L. angustifolius) and two baking systems (rapid and sponge & dough). Impact on bread staling qualities was also determined through texture analysis of samples over a 72-h storage period. Compared to lupin bread with nil gluten addition, significant improvements in loaf volume and crumb texture were observed with addition of gluten powder especially at 5% which increased loaf volume by an average of 20% across lupin sources and baking methods, and crumb softness by 30-50%. Differences were observed between the lupin flour sources. L. angustifolius had a reduced weakening effect when blended with the base flour compared with L. albus. The Sponge & Dough process was found to be more suitable to the inclusion of lupin flour than the rapid process.

Coeliac disease is an antibody-mediated enteropathy that presents permanent intolerance to ingested gluten, for which only treatment is lifelong devotion to a gluten-free diet. The aim of this study was to produce and investigate cracker biscuits prepared from gluten-free composite flour. Gluten was separated from wheat flour to make gluten-free wheat flour (GFWF). Raw rice, Bengal gram, fresh potatoes and Italian millet were dried and ground into powder. The cracker biscuits were prepared by incorporating different levels of gluten-free composite flour. The cracker biscuits were investigated for their physico-chemical and sensory properties. The spread ratio of control biscuits  containing only 100% wheat flour was higher but weight was
lower than other cracker biscuits containing gluten-free composite flour. Chemical analysis showed that gluten-free cracker biscuits had higher moisture, ash, and fat content, while lower protein  content than control biscuits. The sensory results showed that overall acceptability,
taste, flavor and texture scores differed significantly (p<0.05). The cracker biscuits containing 45% gluten-free wheat flour, 25% rice flour, 15% Bengal gram flour, 10% potato flour and 5% Italian millet  flour was the favorite sample of the sensory evaluation with the highest overall acceptability among all types of gluten-free cracker biscuits.

The study focused on the Characterization of Flour from Avocado Seed Kernel. Based on the findings of the study the percentages of crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, total carbohydrates, ash and moisture were 7.75, 4.91, 0.71, 74.65, 2.83 and 14.05 respectively. On the other hand the falling number was 495 seconds while gluten was below the detection limit of the method used. Moreover, the sensory evaluation in terms of color, texture and aroma in 0% proportion of Avocado seed flour was moderate like and slight like for 25% and 50% proportions of Avocado seed flour. On the otherhand, the taste of the biscuits prepared with 0% Avocado seed flour was moderate like, in 25% proportion of Avocado seed flour were slight like and in 50% proportion was neither liked nor disliked. The overall acceptability results for 0% proportion of Avocado seed flour was moderate like and slight like for 25% and 50% proportions of Avocado seed flour. Furthermore, the computed p values for the comparison of the level of acceptability in terms of color, texture, aroma, taste and overall acceptability of biscuits using 0%, 25%, and 50% avocado seed flour were lower than 0.05. Thus the null hypothesis is rejected.

A pesquisa do presente trabalho que é voltado para pessoas com intolerância ou alergia ao glúten e à lactose.Para isso o objetivo é elaborar um produto com base em outro já existente, substituindo alguns ingredientes que não contenham esses compostos alergênicos sempre atentando para a aceitabilidade sensorial.O objetivo principal do trabalho é desenvolver um produto que possa ser produzido em larga escala, utilizando tecnologias e matérias primas de baixo custo.Há hoje no Brasil um grande número de pessoas que apresentam alguma intolerância ou alergia alimentar e que não podem ingerir determinados alimentos. O glúten e a lactose encabeçam a lista de restrições.A dieta da pessoa intolerante ou alérgica torna-se então restrita e os alimentos disponíveis para esse público alvo geralmente acabam por ter um preço mais elevado em comparação com produtos normais.Há a necessidade então de elaborar um produto livre desses compostos, que tenha uma boa aceitabilidade sensorial, prático e com custos reduzidos, facilitando assim sua aquisição pelas pessoas que o necessitam.

Debido a los procesos de elaboración de los alimentos, proveedores y a la idiosincrasia del establecimiento, no es posible excluir al 100 % la presencia accidental de algunos de los siguientes alérgenos en cualquiera de los platos: Gluten, Crustáceos, Huevo, Pescado, Cacahuetes, Soja, Leche, Frutos Cáscara ( almendras, avellanas, nueces, anacardos , pacanas, nueces de Brasil, pistachos, nueces macadamia o nueces de Australia), Apio, Mostaza, Granos de Sésamo, Dióxido de Azufre/Sulfitos, Altramuces y/o Moluscos. Si sufre usted alguna alergia e/o intolerancia alimentaria solicite, por favor, información a nuestro personal.

This doctoral research contributes to three main fields: the Sociology of Health and Illness (SHI), specifically in the way it speaks to Coeliac Disease; and the field of Big Social Data and Health in general. Research in SHI, has typically focussed on the effects of diagnosis on self-identity, and illness narratives used in adapting to life with chronic disease. While there have been recent studies looking at how general food cultures, obesity and diabetes are visualised on social media, there have been no studies about the visualisation of self-care and identity in relation to Coeliac Disease specifically. Current social research in Coeliac Disease is mainly focused on the psychological impact of being diagnosed with Coeliac Disease and the challenge the gluten free diet can put on individuals. There is little in the literature about how individuals self-manage Coeliac Disease or share identity across social media platforms, or how they use social media to navigate risk. Current l...

Celiac disease, and, more generally, gluten intolerance, is a growing problem worldwide, but especially in North America and Europe, where an estimated 5% of the population now suffers from it. Symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, skin rashes, macrocytic anemia and depression.

Gluten proteins play a key role in determining the unique baking quality of wheat by conferring water absorption capacity, cohesivity, viscosity and elasticity on dough. Gluten proteins can be divided into two main fractions according to their solubility in aqueous alcohols: the soluble gliadins and the insoluble glutenins. Both fractions consist of numerous, partially closely related protein components characterized by high glutamine and proline contents. Gliadins are mainly monomeric proteins with molecular weights (MWs) around 28,000-55,000 and can be classified according to their different primary structures into the a/b-, gand o-type. Disulphide bonds are either absent or present as intrachain crosslinks. The glutenin fraction comprises aggregated proteins linked by interchain disulphide bonds; they have a varying size ranging from about 500,000 to more than 10 million. After reduction of disulphide bonds, the resulting glutenin subunits show a solubility in aqueous alcohols similar to gliadins. Based on primary structure, glutenin subunits have been divided into the high-molecular-weight (HMW) subunits (MW ¼ 67,000-88,000) and low-molecular-weight (LMW) subunits (MW ¼ 32,000-35,000). Each gluten protein type consists or two or three different structural domains; one of them contains unique repetitive sequences rich in glutamine and proline. Native glutenins are composed of a backbone formed by HMW subunit polymers and of LMW subunit polymers branched off from HMW subunits. Non-covalent bonds such as hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and hydrophobic bonds are important for the aggregation of gliadins and glutenins and implicate structure and physical properties of dough.

Celiac disease (CD) is a life-long autoimmune condition affecting the small intestine of genetically susceptible individuals. Gluten is one of the offending inducers of the disease, with structurally related molecules found in barley, rye, and oats, where the offending peptides are called avenins. Avoiding toxic prolamins is the only established therapy but most patients have compliance difficulty on a gluten-free diet. Oats are considered less immunogenic than other cereals, and have high nutritional value, which is very desirable in an often undernourished celiac population; however, the consumption of oats by patients with CD is still controversial and debatable. Most clinical and in vitro studies favor oat consumption, but many of these studies were poorly designed and oat cultivar and purity was not considered. A recent study reported a wide range of susceptibility to avenin peptides in patients with CD. Oat cultivars can be subdivided based on toxicity and immunogenicity into none, partial, or highly immunogenic types. Furthermore, most commercial oat products are likely to be contaminated byprolamins. Those products should be avoided by the celiac population and well labeled for contaminants containing gluten. More basic and clinical research and active national celiac associations efforts are needed to characterize the place of oats in a gluten-free diet and to implement non immunogenic and uncontaminated oat products for the benefit of patients with CD. Great care should be taken when recommending consumption of commercial oat products to patients with CD.The most important messages of the review are: 1. Immunogenic oat cultivars are present in oat products. Patients with CD should be cautioned about using them when on a gluten-free diet. 2. Many oat products are cross contaminated with toxic levels of gluten. 3. Interstudy comparisons are difficult because of variability in design, conditions during testing, and difference in oat cultivars studied. Several studies also had small cohorts or significant patient withdrawals during studies. 4. This review aims to encourage clinical and in vitro studies to investigate the benefits of recommending oats in a gluten-free diet.

A simple tensile test set-up was built and attached to an Instron 5566 to determine gluten extensibility, comparing the performance of strong and weak flour mixed for various mixing time. In this work, the gluten strip was clamped at two ends and extended upward at the centre by a hook at speed of 300 mm min À1 . Parameters such as gluten length at fracture, measured force, actual force acting on the gluten strips, strain, strain rate and stress were obtained. Gluten obtained from strong flour has greater extensibility compared to weak flour. The extensibility of gluten from both strong and weak flour dough increased as dough mixing time increased before decreasing at a peak of 8 min. The results demonstrated the capability of the tensile test set-up to describe the development of gluten during mixing of dough. Rheological characteristic of gluten indicated that gluten exhibited strain hardening effect during extension.

Coeliac disease is an illness of the small bowel that accounts multiple pathological aspects: malabsorption, chronic inflammation, autoimmunity. The altered response of the immune system to gluten and derived peptides is the central event. In this short review, we intend propose some aspects of the immunological network that may address to possible role of the microbiota in this pathology.

The study focused on the Characterization of Flour from Avocado Seed Kernel. Based on the findings of the study the percentages of crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, total carbohydrates, ash and moisture were 7.75, 4.91, 0.71, 74.65, 2.83 and 14.05 respectively. On the other hand the falling number was 495 seconds while gluten was below the detection limit of the method used. Moreover, the sensory evaluation in terms of color, texture and aroma in 0% proportion of Avocado seed flour was moderate like and slight like for 25% and 50% proportions of Avocado seed flour. On the otherhand, the taste of the biscuits prepared with 0% Avocado seed flour was moderate like, in 25% proportion of Avocado seed flour were slight like and in 50% proportion was neither liked nor disliked. The overall acceptability results for 0% proportion of Avocado seed flour was moderate like and slight like for 25% and 50% proportions of Avocado seed flour. Furthermore, the computed p values for the comparis...

Experiments were carried out with wheat varieties GK Garaboly, GK Kalasz, GK Verecke, GK Petur sown at the Othalom experimental station of the Cereal Research Non-Profit Ltd. in monoculture, in a four-parallel random block design. NPK fertilizer treatments of different level were combined with Artea + Amistar Xtra fungicide treatments of increasing doses and spectrum.The fertilizer and fertilizer + fungicide treatments had a statistically reliable effect at the 0.1% level on the technological water absorption only while it was indifferent on the values such as wet gluten content, gluten spreading, baking value and falling number. On annual level reliable treatment × variety interactions could be detected for each characteristic compared to control.Increasing fertilizer doses tendentiously improved the values of wet gluten, baking value and technological water absorbance. In the case of certain treatment combinations, however, these values exhibited a tendentious decrease as the counter-effect of fungicide...

Late-season N application through foliar spraying is recognized as an efficient agronomic practice for improving grain quality in common wheat, although the major part of N is still supplied by soil fertilization. This study assessed the impact of various N doses entirely applied by repeated foliar sprayings on wheat growth, yield and quality, in comparison with conventional soil fertilization management with a recommended dose of 160 kg N ha−1 as ammonium nitrate (C-M). Doses of 96, 104 and 120 kg N ha−1 as both UAN (urea-ammonium-nitrate) and urea applied by foliar spraying were evaluated in a 2-year field trial in Northern Italy in a silty loam soil with 1.7% organic matter. Here, it was demonstrated that the canopy greenness was similar in all treatments, with slight grain yield increases by the lowest foliar N dose vs. C-M. The higher N foliar doses mainly improved the grain protein content and both high- and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS, LMW-GS), particularly...

India produces nearly the world's entire turmeric crop with its inherent qualities and high content of important bioactive compound like curcumin, which is a proven potent antioxidant. Alongside India produces 65-75 million tonnes of wheat annually which is mostly consumed by the Indians in form of wheat flour (aata). Nutritionally rich wheat flour degrades totally within forty five days and become unfit for human consumption. The present study investigates the antioxidant and also the antimicrobial activity of curcumin when impregnated on wheat flour under normal home storage conditions. After five weeks it was observed that the degradation of starch can be lowered upto 29% and that of gluten upto 20% on impregnating wheat flour with 0.30% curcumin.

Chorea is a rare neurological manifestation of coeliac disease. A 35-year-old male presented with a nine month history of chorea, starting from the right little finger and spreading over the next few months to involve the right upper and lower limbs. History and physical examination were not suggestive of an underlying cause. CT scan and MRI scan did not reveal any structural abnormality. Levels of serum IgA anti- tissue transglutaminase antibodies were very high (396EU/ml). Duodenoscopy and duodenal histology were normal. Marked symptomatic improvement was seen with gluten free diet, along with disappearance of anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies. Chorea can occur as an atypical manifestation of coeliac disease. This possibility must be kept in mind when the cause of chorea is not easily identifiable.

Late-season N application through foliar spraying is recognized as an efficient agronomic practice for improving grain quality in common wheat, although the major part of N is still supplied by soil fertilization. This study assessed the impact of various N doses entirely applied by repeated foliar sprayings on wheat growth, yield and quality, in comparison with conventional soil fertilization management with a recommended dose of 160 kg N ha−1 as ammonium nitrate (C-M). Doses of 96, 104 and 120 kg N ha−1 as both UAN (urea-ammonium-nitrate) and urea applied by foliar spraying were evaluated in a 2-year field trial in Northern Italy in a silty loam soil with 1.7% organic matter. Here, it was demonstrated that the canopy greenness was similar in all treatments, with slight grain yield increases by the lowest foliar N dose vs. C-M. The higher N foliar doses mainly improved the grain protein content and both high- and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS, LMW-GS), particularly...

In order to reduce chemical fertilization and improve the sustainability of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation, maintaining at the same time high production and quality standards, this study investigated the effects of three commercial biofertilizers on rhizosphere bacterial biomass, biodiversity and enzymatic activity, and on plant growth and grain yield in a field trial. The wheat seeds were inoculated with the following aiding microrganisms: (i) a bacterial consortium (Azospirillum spp. + Azoarcus spp. + Azorhizobium spp.); and two mycorrhizal fungal-bacterial consortia, viz. (ii) Rhizophagus irregularis + Azotobacter vinelandii, and (iii) R. irregularis + Bacillus megaterium + Frateuria aurantia, and comparisons were made with noninoculated controls. We demonstrate that all the biofertilizers significantly enhanced plant growth and nitrogen accumulation during stem elongation and heading, but this was translated into only small grain yield gains (+1%-4% vs controls). The total gluten content of the flour was not affected, but in general biofertilization significantly upregulated two high-quality protein subunits, i.e., the 81 kDa high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit and the 43.6 kDa low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit. These effects were associated with increases in the rhizosphere microbial biomass and the activity of enzymes such as b-glucosidase, a-mannosidase, bmannosidase, and xylosidase, which are involved in organic matter decomposition, particularly when Rhizophagus irregularis was included as inoculant. No changes in microbial biodiversity were observed. Our results suggest that seed-applied biofertilizers may be effectively exploited in sustainable wheat cultivation without altering the biodiversity of the resident microbiome, but attention should be paid to the composition of the microbial consortia in order to maximize their benefits in crop cultivation.

In order to reduce chemical fertilization and improve the sustainability of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation, maintaining at the same time high production and quality standards, this study investigated the effects of three commercial biofertilizers on rhizosphere bacterial biomass, biodiversity and enzymatic activity, and on plant growth and grain yield in a field trial. The wheat seeds were inoculated with the following aiding microrganisms: (i) a bacterial consortium (Azospirillum spp. + Azoarcus spp. + Azorhizobium spp.); and two mycorrhizal fungal-bacterial consortia, viz. (ii) Rhizophagus irregularis + Azotobacter vinelandii, and (iii) R. irregularis + Bacillus megaterium + Frateuria aurantia, and comparisons were made with noninoculated controls. We demonstrate that all the biofertilizers significantly enhanced plant growth and nitrogen accumulation during stem elongation and heading, but this was translated into only small grain yield gains (+1%-4% vs controls)...

This study investigated the physical, chemical, and sensory attributes of breads produced from preheated high-quality cassava flour (PCF) and its composite with wheat flour (CWF). Wet gluten was added to the PCF and CWF for production of bread, while bread from wheat served as the control. Flour functionality was determined prior to bread production. The moisture contents of the flour samples were in the range of 12.80 to 14.21%, and PCF exhibited water absorption capacity (1.12 mL/g) comparable to that of wheat flour (WF) (1.10 mL/g). There were significant (P &lt; 0.05) differences in color characteristics, except in L* values and breads produced from WF and CWF were similar in specific volume (3.85 to 4.21 mL/g) and firmness (2.04 to 2.64 N). Breads from WF and CWF exhibited similar crumb microstructure, though gas bubbles in the sample from PCF appeared less developed. Wheat bread had significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher calorie, crude protein and crude fat, but lower crude fiber, ash, and carbohydrate compared to other bread samples. Sensory evaluation showed that bread from PCF was not significantly different from 100% wheat bread in crust color, texture, and overall acceptability but was impaired in flavor. The study revealed the feasibility of bread baking from preheated cassava flour with added gluten extract. The bread produced had some quality attributes comparable to that of wheat bread. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Bread from wheat-cassava composite flour with added gluten was similar to wheat bread in specific volume and firmness while sample from cassava flour with added gluten compared favorably well with wheat bread in crust color, texture, and overall acceptability. Findings from the study present wheat gluten extract as a viable component to be used in nonwheat flours for bread making. This could be a basis to further add value to the gluten churned out as a by-product in the wheat starch industry.

In order to reduce chemical fertilization and improve the sustainability of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation, maintaining at the same time high production and quality standards, this study investigated the effects of three commercial biofertilizers on rhizosphere bacterial biomass, biodiversity and enzymatic activity, and on plant growth and grain yield in a field trial. The wheat seeds were inoculated with the following aiding microrganisms: (i) a bacterial consortium (Azospirillum spp. + Azoarcus spp. + Azorhizobium spp.); and two mycorrhizal fungal-bacterial consortia, viz. (ii) Rhizophagus irregularis + Azotobacter vinelandii, and (iii) R. irregularis + Bacillus megaterium + Frateuria aurantia, and comparisons were made with noninoculated controls. We demonstrate that all the biofertilizers significantly enhanced plant growth and nitrogen accumulation during stem elongation and heading, but this was translated into only small grain yield gains (+1%-4% vs controls). The total gluten content of the flour was not affected, but in general biofertilization significantly upregulated two high-quality protein subunits, i.e., the 81 kDa high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit and the 43.6 kDa low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit. These effects were associated with increases in the rhizosphere microbial biomass and the activity of enzymes such as b-glucosidase, a-mannosidase, bmannosidase, and xylosidase, which are involved in organic matter decomposition, particularly when Rhizophagus irregularis was included as inoculant. No changes in microbial biodiversity were observed. Our results suggest that seed-applied biofertilizers may be effectively exploited in sustainable wheat cultivation without altering the biodiversity of the resident microbiome, but attention should be paid to the composition of the microbial consortia in order to maximize their benefits in crop cultivation.

Experiments were carried out with wheat varieties GK Garaboly, GK Kalász, GK Verecke, GK Petur sown at the Öthalom experimental station of the Cereal Research Non-Profit Ltd. in monoculture, in a four-parallel random block design. NPK fertilizer treatments of different level were combined with Artea + Amistar Xtra fungicide treatments of increasing doses and spectrum. The fertilizer and fertilizer + fungicide treatments had a statistically reliable effect at the 0.1% level on the technological water absorption only while it was indifferent on the values such as wet gluten content, gluten spreading, baking value and falling number. On annual level reliable treatment × variety interactions could be detected for each characteristic compared to control. Increasing fertilizer doses tendentiously improved the values of wet gluten, baking value and technological water absorbance. In the case of certain treatment combinations, however, these values exhibited a tendentious decrease as the counter-effect of fungicides applied at the heading stage of development. Our results revealed that the baking quality of grains was determined by the common effect of various doses of fertilizers and fungicides Artea and Amistar Xtra applied at heading. This counter-effect proved to be unfavourable in the case of certain baking characteristics. Six different alleles or allelic pairs were revealed in the sample of genotypes – 1, 2* (locus Glu-A1), 6 + 8, 7 + 8 and 7 + 9 (locus Glu-B1) and 5 + 10 (Glu-D1). Quality scores for the wheat cultivar varied from 8 to 10. Cultivar GK Kalász had the highest quality score 10.

In order to reduce chemical fertilization and improve the sustainability of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation, maintaining at the same time high production and quality standards, this study investigated the effects of three commercial biofertilizers on rhizosphere bacterial biomass, biodiversity and enzymatic activity, and on plant growth and grain yield in a field trial. The wheat seeds were inoculated with the following aiding microrganisms: (i) a bacterial consortium (Azospirillum spp. + Azoarcus spp. + Azorhizobium spp.); and two mycorrhizal fungal-bacterial consortia, viz. (ii) Rhizophagus irregularis + Azotobacter vinelandii, and (iii) R. irregularis + Bacillus megaterium + Frateuria aurantia, and comparisons were made with noninoculated controls. We demonstrate that all the biofertilizers significantly enhanced plant growth and nitrogen accumulation during stem elongation and heading, but this was translated into only small grain yield gains (+1%-4% vs controls). The total gluten content of the flour was not affected, but in general biofertilization significantly upregulated two high-quality protein subunits, i.e., the 81 kDa high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit and the 43.6 kDa low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit. These effects were associated with increases in the rhizosphere microbial biomass and the activity of enzymes such as b-glucosidase, a-mannosidase, bmannosidase, and xylosidase, which are involved in organic matter decomposition, particularly when Rhizophagus irregularis was included as inoculant. No changes in microbial biodiversity were observed. Our results suggest that seed-applied biofertilizers may be effectively exploited in sustainable wheat cultivation without altering the biodiversity of the resident microbiome, but attention should be paid to the composition of the microbial consortia in order to maximize their benefits in crop cultivation.

a b s t r a c t The opioid-excess hypothesis of autism suggests that autism is the consequence of the incomplete breakdown and excessive absorption of peptides with opioid activity (derived from foods which contain gluten and casein), causing disruption to biochemical and neuroregulatory processes. Biochemical evidence has indicated the presence of increased levels of peptides in the urine of people with autism, and previous behavioural studies have demonstrated a connection between the long term exclusion of gluten and casein from the diet and improvements in the behaviour of some children with autism. The introduction of a gluten-free diet to children with autism and associated spectrum disorders (n ϭ 22) was monitored over a 5 month period using a battery of parental and teacher interview/questionnaire sessions, observation reports, psychometric tests and urinary profiling. Results suggested that participants on a gluten-free diet showed an improvement on a number of behavioural measures. However there was no significant decrease in specific urinary compounds excreted when compared with controls and a gluten challenge group.

Celiac disease, and, more generally, gluten intolerance, is a growing problem worldwide, but especially in North America and Europe, where an estimated 5% of the population now suffers from it. Symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, skin rashes, macrocytic anemia and depression.