Gender and Society

This article, based on original research from 57 villages in four provinces from North and East India, sheds light on a hitherto unexplored gendered impact of colorism in facilitating noncustomary cross-region marriage migrations in India. Within socioeconomically marginalized groups from India’s development peripheries, the hegemonic construct of fairness as “capital” conjoins with both regressive patriarchal gender norms governing marriage and female sexuality and the monetization of social relations, through dowry, to foreclose local marriage options for darker-hued women. This dispossession of matrimonial choice forces women to “voluntarily” accept marriage proposals from North Indian bachelors, who are themselves faced with a bride shortage in their own regions due to skewed sex ratios. These marriages condemn cross-region brides to new forms of gender subordination and skin-tone discrimination within the intimacy of their marriages, and in everyday relations with conjugal fami...

More than 3.5 million people participate in cheerleading in the United States, with 97 percent being female. A staple of American schools, American life, and popular culture, the cheerleader, however, has received scant attention in scholarly research. In this article, the authors argue that a feminist poststructuralist reading of cheerleading situates cheerleading as a discursive practice that has changed significantly in the past 150 years to accommodate the shifting and often contradictory meanings of normative femininity. They maintain that the ideal girl of the new millennium embodies both masculinity and femininity and that cheerleading offers a culturally sanctioned space for some girls to embody ideal girlhood. They argue that cheerleading is a gendered activity representing in some ways a liberatory shift in reconstituting normative femininity while simultaneously perpetuating a norm of femininity that does not threaten dominant social values and expectations about the role...

Facing marginalization in the political context of the "new South Africa" and lost social and economic privileges under a Black government, South African Indians articulate the need to keep up culture. In so doing, they simultaneously extend the isolation fostered through apartheid and utilize newly available political language to assert a partially disadvantaged minority voice in a distinctly gendered and racialized way. Echoing the spirit of nationalism in colonial India that figured the bourgeois Indian woman as the essence of the national culture, South African Indians reinvent a feminine icon of Indian culture for distinctly political ends. At the individual level, gendered participants in this project of cultural nationalism enact, resist, and reshape its meanings, exposing both the limitations and the possibilities for South African national identities.

This article explores the experiences of Latina lesbian migrants living in the United States. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 15 Latina lesbian migrants, I argue that Latinas' sexual, racial, and class identities are continuously shifting as the process of migration repositions them in a new system of racial inequality. Their sexual identities are altered as migrants often silence their lesbian existence when negotiating relationships with families of origin. Lesbianas establish borderland spaces for themselves where they gain sexual autonomy but where their identities are in flux. These spaces are “imagined communities” because while lesbianas envision them to provide solidarity, in practice the borderlands are riddled with inequalities and tensions. Despite this, the borderlands allow lesbianas to develop a mestiza consciousness.

This article draws upon data collected as part of a 25-year longitudinal analysis of televised coverage of women's sports to provide a window into how sexism operates during a postfeminist sociohistorical moment. As the gender order has shifted to incorporate girls' and women's movement into the masculine realm of sports, coverage of women's sports has shifted away from overtly denigrating coverage in 1989 to ostensibly respectful but lackluster coverage in 2014. To theorize this shift, we introduce the concept of "genderbland sexism," a contemporary gender framework that superficially extends the principles of merit to women in sports. Televised news and highlight shows frame women in uninspired ways, making women's athletic accomplishments appear lackluster compared to those of men's. Because this "bland" language normalizes a hierarchy between men's and women's sports while simultaneously avoiding charges of overt sexism, this article

In this article, we examine how the language spoken in a country can affect individual attitudes about gender equality and subsequently the level of legal rights afforded to women. This is because the feature of a language—specifically whether it requires speakers to make gender distinctions—can perpetuate popular attitudes and beliefs about gender inequality. To test this argument, we first identify a correlation between the gender distinction of a language and individual gender-based attitudes among World Values Survey respondents. We then isolate the causal mechanism using an experiment involving bilingual Romanian–Hungarian speakers in Transylvania, Romania. Finally, we examine one observable implication of our argument: the effects of gender distinction of official state languages on women’s rights at the national level. Our results confirm the importance of the gender distinction of language on support for gender equality and women’s rights.

Two major social science perspectives on wife abuse have emerged in the last decade. One is a family violence perspective; the other is a feminist perspective. The purpose of this article is to compare the basic premises, methodology, and conclusions of these two perspectives with respect to their views of women and gender. The perspectives differ in the priority that

This research paper is an attempt to find out the gender inequality in the artistic creation of Myanmar literary works. In this paper, it is proved that gender inequality is a crucial problem that has to resolve straight away for upgrading the individual capacity of human resources in Myanmar society. The research finding is that gender inequality has been rooted in Myanmar tradition in several areas of the society such as family lives, workplace, social relationships, and religious communities while it may not be clarified as the influence of traditional beliefs. Consequently, the individual capacities of women are wasted despite the fact that they possess particular skills in their workplaces or community. This is the demerit of the effective application of human resources as the right person in right place in Myanmar society. Here, it is a noteworthy fact that eliminating gender discrimination and recognizing or reconsidering the crucial role of women not only as women, but individual human resources like that of men is the key to opening up the Myanmar society towards more progressive steps into the world. The literature survey and comparison was made to collect data of some significant Myanmar literary works especially focusing on Myanmar Novels. The Analytical method, descriptive method, and evaluative method were used for data analysis and recommending the functional way for resolving the gender issue, a barrier to development of Myanmar society.

This article brings together two case studies that examine how nontransgender people, "gender normals," interact with transgender people to highlight the connections between doing gender and heteronormativity. By contrasting public and private interactions that range from nonsexual to sexualized to sexual, the authors show how gender and sexuality are inextricably tied together. The authors demonstrate that the criteria for membership in a gender category are significantly different in social versus (hetero)sexual circumstances. While gender is presumed to reflect biological sex in all social interactions, the importance of doing gender in a way that represents the shape of one's genitals is heightened in sexual and sexualized situations. Responses to perceived failures to fulfill gender criteria in sexual and sexualized relationships are themselves gendered; men and women select different targets for and utilize gendered tactics to accomplish the policing of supposedly natural gender boundaries and to repair breaches to heteronormativity.

This article examines two disputes within sex and gender movements, using them to think through inclusion/exclusion processes, the place of such explosions in the construction of collective identity, and the gendered nature of social movements. Literatures on collective identity emphasize the ways boundary negotiation reinforces the solidarity necessaryfor collective action and note benefits ofsolid boundaries, yet downplay the role of internal conflict in the making of collective identities. The cases examined here both involved the explicit expulsion of some "members ": the North American Man/Boy Love Association from the International Lesbian and Gay Association, and transsexuals from the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival. An incongruence between practical participation and symbolic exclusion suggests that internal movement debates are best understood as public communications, depending heavily on the communicative environment. Finally, these stories raise questions about the gendered nature of collective identity construction in social movements more generally.

This study employs a broader critical discourse analytic framework (CDA) to understand the similarities and differences between two public speeches by Smriti Irani and Hillary Clinton on the general issue of the empowerment of women. These two speeches are situated at different points in recent history. While the address by Smriti Irani took place in 2014, Hillary Clinton’s speech took place in 2010. Despite their difference in timeline, both addresses serve as a potential dataset for analyzing the issue of women’s empowerment as more than a topic of gender equality. Due to the fact that these two speeches are available on YouTube, their availability bolsters their currency on the crucial issue of women’s empowerment that transcends the boundaries of two different countries.

A growing literature examines the organizational factors that promote women’s access to positions of organizational power. Fewer studies, however, explore the implications of women in leadership positions for the opportunities and experiences of subordinates. Do women leaders serve to undo the gendered organization? In other words, is women’s greater representation in leadership positions associated with less gender segregation at lower organizational levels? We explore this question by drawing on Cohen and Huffman’s (2007) conceptual framework of women leaders as either “change agents” or “cogs in the machine” and analyze a unique multilevel data set of workplaces nested within Fortune 1000 firms. Our findings generally support the “agents of change” perspective. Women’s representation among corporate boards of directors, corporate executives, and workplace managers is associated with less workplace gender segregation. Hence, it appears that women’s access to organizational power h...

In our age, mass media, especially television, are of indispensable quality for all societies. Television, which has an important place among households and families, transformed out of being a tool that is watched into a medium observing families and incidents according to Baudrillard. That is, it is the television which is watching the society. Events experienced in each society depend on cultures, and construct different meanings. Family presents itself as an important concept even in
societies with different characteristics. Television represents the concept of family due to its power and programs included in its content. In this study, it will be examined how family concept and gender identities are represented through television.

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This paper  argues how the socio religious custom of Marking the body among the Santals was actually signified to shape up the tribal solidarity and identity against the British colonial forces and how the custom endorsed the womanhood of a Santal girl during nineteenth and twentieth century India and would critically propose how the custom became irrelevant in few places with the changing scenario of decolonization of India where the degree of marginalization was reduced. The custom of tattooing of the Indian caste societies has also been discussed to understand the long history of Indian tattoo culture. Gender aspect of tribal tattoo culture is the most important part of this study.

This ethnographic study of service interactions in Korean immigrant women-owned nail salons in New York City introduces the concept "body labor" to designate a type of gerzdered work that involves the management of emotions in body-related service provision. The author explores variation in the performance of body labor caused by the intersection of the gendered processes of beauty service work with the racialized and class-specific service expectations of diverse customers. The study examines three distinctpatterns
of service provision that are shaped by racial and class inequalities between women: (1)
high-service body labor; (2)expressive body labor; and (3)routinized body labor: These patterns demonstrate
that a caring, attentive style of emotional display is dominant in workplaces governed by white, middle-class "feeling rules" but that different racial and class locations call forth other forms of gendered emotional management that focus on displaying respect, reciprocity, fairness, competence, and efficiency.

In India the hierarchically arranged gender system featured with a male predominance and female subjugation allows for a ‘male gaze’ through which women are viewed as weak, vulnerable and become a ‘consumed commodity’. This narrow gaze vis a vis women jeopardizes freedom of movement for women in public spaces as they confront with various sexual violence like rape, molestation etc. However, the legal framework has not been able to curb this imminent sexual
violence because of a restricted value laden gaze that considers sexual violence as an individual/collective crime only. This escapes the root cause of sexual violence and intensifies the problem of gender inequality and gender violence in society.
This paper attempts to analyze this narrow social gaze which viewed women as weak, vulnerable and thus increased their vulnerability in public spaces and how the legal framework reinforces this narrow social gaze and eventually delays in
bringing the justice for women.

the literature on Dalit women largely deals with issues of violence and oppression based on intersections of class, caste, and gender. Women's bodies, sexuality, and reproductive choices are linked to the ideological hegemony of the caste-gender nexus in india, with marriage and sexual relations playing crucial roles in maintaining caste boundaries. often, the ways in which women manipulate their multiple, interlinked identities as women, Dalits, workers, and homemakers to resist control over their bodies (labor and sexuality), negotiate conjugal loyalty and love, and construct a sense of selfhood is missed in the analyses. Based on research in rural tamil Nadu, i analyze Dalit women's narratives that reflect multiple concerns and dilemmas about marital choice and violence, generating in the process a deeper understanding of agency, voice, and gender relations, as fluid, dynamic, and intersecting in response to changing experiences, positionalities, and subjectivities.

The Cattle Oiler site (39ST224) is a valuable resource for the potential information it could shed upon Plains Indian life in both the Initial Middle Missouri and the Extended Middle Missouri periods along the Missouri River. As a multi-component site, Cattle Oiler can provide insights into the changes and transitions within inter-tribal trade and local cultural practices between the two periods. Despite the stylistic variances in pottery decoration that potentially distinguish the two phases, the bone tools excavated from the site, namely from numerous cache pits, firepits, and fills, do not exhibit extensive differences from each other; these tools do not appear to change stylistically in a diachronic context. One corpus of objects, so called "quill flatteners," appear to span the phases yet are considered inconsistent with ethnographic data for the Hidatsa and Mandan, the two likely tribal inhabitants of Cattle Oiler (Butler 1975: 58).

Born into a society vehemently opposed to female education, Rassundari Devi (1810-1899) was a woman of her own kind at the time. The proposed essay intends to discuss Devi's autobiographical account, Amar Jiban (My Life, 1876), in the context of the broader South Asian framework and how it stood not only as a testament of the women's position at the time but also reflected on the struggles that women were to undertake in the time that followed. Being the first ever full-length autobiography in the Bangla literary space, Amar Jiban received praise and warm welcome, especially so as it was authored by a woman with extremely restricted economic means in a time when female literacy was not even a spared thought. Apart from this fact, what makes the autobiography a valuable treasure is its commentary on the changing times of the then Bengal and the author's own viewpoints on the same. The paper will primarily focus on this narrative that runs through the text, which, at that point of time, echoed the voice of dissent in a heteronormative environment characterized by imperialism and reigned by the upholders of patriarchy. The paper further extends its cynosure to the realm of a fierce struggle of creating an identity of her own, as undertaken by Devi herself in her lifetime, and her enduring experiences as a reflection of the striving of women writers in the time to come. The paper shall culminate the discussion by tracing the economic and social vulnerabilities, and socio-religious-political constructs behind these vulnerabilities, which restrict women's voices while situating Devi's struggle as a universal one rather than individual in the wider South Asian narrative of both women writers and their writings.

Sociological studies of women's experiences with conservative religions are typically framed by a paradox that ponders women's complicity. The prevailing view associates agency with strategic subjects who use religion to further extra-religious ends and pays little attention to the cultural and institutional contexts that shape "compliance." This paper suggests an alternative framing. Rather than asking why women comply, I examine agency as religious conduct and religiosity as a constructed status. Drawing on a study that examined how orthodox Jewish Israeli women observe, negotiate, and make sense of regulations of marital sexuality, this paper explains religious women's agency as religious conduct, or the "doing" of religion. I demonstrate that doing religion is associated with a search for authentic religious subjecthood and that religiosity is shaped in accordance with the logics of one's religion, and in the context of controlling messages about threatened symbolic boundaries and cultural Others.

Purpose -This study intends to investigate whether corporate social responsibility (CSR) would positively influence the benefit and the value perceived by the consumer in the company's offer, the judgment of fairness in the price differential charged for it, and his/her buying intention, in a context where the socially responsible firm practises a price higher than the competition. It also investigates whether a social action, supported by the firm, with direct impact on the consumer's life, would provoke a higher effect in his/her reactions than a social action with indirect impact.

Il testo delinea un percorso volto a chiarire in che modo i culti primitivi nascono e si evolvono, esponendo in chiave critica il rapporto tra la Chiesa Cattolica e il corpo delle donne. Lo scopo sarà dimostrare in che modo la necessità di un culto nasca per soddisfare alcuni bisogni dell’essere umano e perché, inizialmente, la figura divinatoria fosse una donna. Successivamente, l’analisi mostra le motivazioni che portano, anche nel campo divinatorio, al predominio maschile e all’emarginazione della donna. La chiave di lettura resta fissa al corpo, mantenendo una declinazione di genere che ha lo scopo di mostrare quanto i Testi Sacri perpetuino una visione del corpo femminile dicotomica, stigmatizzata e colpevolizzante che si ritrova rappresentata dalle figure di Eva e Maria.

Rene Almeling's new book provides an in-depth examination of the inner workings of the market for gamete donors and the experiences of those who donate. Dealing skillfully with a variety of complex issues, from the gendered cultural logic that differently values sperm and eggs (and not always in predictable ways) to uncovering what levels of exploitation may exist in this new form of body commodification, Almeling significantly contributes to a topic on which sociologists have produced little empirical research thus far.

Gender representations reproduce and legitimate gender systems. To examine this aspect of the gendered social order, we analyze the representation of males and females in the titles and central characters of 5,618 children's books published throughout the twentieth century in the United States. Compared to females, males are represented nearly twice as often in titles and 1.6 times as often as central characters. By no measure in any book series (i.e., Caldecott award winners, Little Golden Books, and books listed in the Children's Catalog) are females represented more frequently than males. We argue that these disparities are evidence of symbolic annihilation and have implications for children's understandings of gender. Nevertheless, important differences in the extent of the disparity are evident by type of character (i.e., child or adult, human or animal), book series, and time period. Specifically, representations of child central characters are the most equitable and animals the most inequitable; Little Golden Books contain the most unequal representations; and the 1930s-1960s-the period between waves of feminist activism-exhibits greater disparities than earlier and later periods. Examining multiple types of books across a long time period shows that change toward gender equality is uneven, nonlinear, and tied to patterns of feminist activism and backlash throughout the century.

Within the arena of sport, as throughout society, traditional definitions of femininity and masculinity have established and maintained gender differentiation. The authors'research examines this pattern in intercollegiate athletics by analyzing National Collegiate Athletic Association media guide cover photographs. They find gender differentiation in the depiction of women and men athletes. For example, women athletes are less likely to be portrayed as active participants in sport and more likely to be portrayed in passive and traditionally feminine poses. These differences changed little between 1990 and 1997. The findings suggest that while one might expect less gender stereotyping from the teams themselves, the gendered images produced by intercollegiate athletic programs vary little from those produced by the popular press.

Through an analysis of two highly routinized interactive service jobs, fast food service and insurance sales, this article explores the interrelationship of work, gender, and identity. While notions of proper gender behavior are quite flexible, gender-segregated service jobs reinforce the conception of gender differences as natural. The illusion that gender-typed interaction is an expression of workers' inherent natures is sustained, even in situations in which workers' appearances, attitudes, and demeanors are closely controlled by their employers. Gender-typed work has different meanings for women and men, however, because of differences in the cultural valuation of behavior considered appropriate to each gender. All workers look for ways to reconcile the work they do with an identity they can accept, either by interpreting the work positively or by discounting the importance of the work as a basis of identity. Hughes, emphasizing the active process of interpretation, recommended examining the "social and social-psychological arrangements and devices by which men [sic] make their work tolerable, or even make it glorious to themselves and others" ([1951] 1984, 342). If the work cannot be construed as glorious, or even honorable, workers will look for ways to distance themselves from their jobs, EDITOR'S NOTE: This article is the 1989 winner of the American Sociological Association Sex and Gender Section Dissertation Paper Award.

waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we investigate how the earnings bonus for fatherhood varies by characteristics associated with hegemonic masculinity in the American workplace: heterosexual marital status, professional/managerial status, educational attainment, skill demands of jobs, and race/ethnicity. We find the earnings bonus for fatherhood persists after controlling for an array of differences, including human capital, labor supply, family structure, and wives' employment status. Moreover, consistent with predictions from the theory of hegemonic masculinity within bureaucratic organizations, the fatherhood bonus is significantly larger for men with other markers of workplace hegemonic masculinity. Men who are white, married, in households with a traditional gender division of labor, college graduates, professional/managerial workers and whose jobs emphasize cognitive skills and deemphasize physical strength receive the largest fatherhood earnings bonuses.

Drawing on 63 interviews with a diverse sample of tradeswomen, this article examines how the cultural meanings of sexual orientation—as well as gender presentation, race, and body size—shapes the constraints that women face in the construction industry and the specific resistance strategies they develop. We argue that women’s presence in these male-dominated jobs threatens (1) notions of the work as inherently masculine and (2) a gender order that presumes the sexual subordination of women. Tradesmen neutralize the first threat by labeling tradeswomen as lesbians—and therefore not “real” women—and respond to the second by sexualizing straight and lesbian tradeswomen alike. In turn, tradeswomen develop individual resistance strategies, which are shaped by the intersections of their sexual identity, gender presentation, race, and body size. Finally, we show how tradesmen deploy homophobia to stymie collective action and solidarity by tradeswomen, gay or straight.

Despite the global trend towards the empowerment of women, policies and practices regarding gender equity, South African women and girls still face multiple challenges in their quest for ideological and structural reform in various sport sectors. Different stakeholders associated with the sport for development (SfD) field, drive a social transformation agenda in which civic society organisations and actors play meaningful roles. This study aims to identify and discuss multiple barriers faced by women and girls within the SfD sector against complex socioeconomic and political realities. African feminism underpins a human rights policy framework that finds expression in a social constructivist approach. Document analysis data of global and national policies and strategic plans, in addition to those of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) responsible for the delivery of sport for development programmes, triangulate with narrative data collected through interviews with 18 NGO representatives and eight gender activists or leaders in the field. The main findings report on patriarchal and cultural issues, the lack of policy implementation, and hegemonic structures and practices where engendered spaces (private versus public) reflect unequal power relations and differential access to resources inclusive of leadership opportunities. Such insights should feature as an agenda for social change, activism as well as contribute to reciprocal agency between donor and implementing partner in SfD initiatives.

Il testo ha lo scopo di inquadrare il corpo in due ambiti: evoluzionistico e socioculturale. L’ambito evoluzionistico è finalizzato alla dimostrazione dell’imprescindibilità del corpo nella suddivisione e creazione dello spazio, creando un sistema spaziale di riferimento autocentrato e ben bilanciato tra uomini e donne. Proseguendo, si evidenzierà in che modo l’avvento dell’agricoltura ribalti lo schema egualitario preesistente, creando a poco a poco un assetto sociale caratterizzato dal predominio maschile. Successivamente, l’analisi dei meccanismi che stanno alla base delle società androcentriche ha lo scopo di dimostrare in che modo le dinamiche di sottomissione e stigmatizzazione della donna facciano diretto riferimento al corpo, che dunque diventa un mezzo finalizzato all’esclusione. Il risultato, dunque, prevede di portare alla luce l’inconscio androcentrico insito in ogni corpo, stabilendone la costanza strutturale a prescindere dalla condizione storica e sociale.

This article examines the importation of new gender ideals into a highly masculine organization through top-down and bottom-up processes. We analyze how a dominant group of men undo and redo gender to reproduce their supremacy and create a new, “improved” form of masculinity. Based on qualitative research on the practice of debriefing in the Israel Air Force, we explore how new practices of masculinity are incorporated into a hegemonic masculinity by introducing so-called “soft” organizational practices and thus constructing a new form of “upgraded” masculinity. We show that pilots are involved in two continual and dialectical processes of performing masculinity. The first includes top-down practices neutralizing opportunities to execute exaggerated masculine performances, including new technologies allowing recording and documenting of all flights, a safety discourse emphasizing the protection of human life, and organizational learning based on self- and group critiques aimed at im...

In this article, the authors assess the still limited literature on domestic violence among immigrant women in major receiving countries so as to begin delineating a framework to explain how immigrantspecific factors exacerbate the already vulnerable position-as dictated by class, gender, and race-of immigrant women in domestic-violence situations. First, a review of this scholarship shows that the incidence of domestic violence is not higher than it is in the native population but rather that the experiences of immigrant women in domestic violence situations are often exacerbated by their specific position as immigrants, such as limited host-language skills, isolation from and contact with family and community, lack of access to dignified jobs, uncertain legal statuses, and experiences with authorities in their origin countries. The authors then examine the various responses, at the national and at the local, community level, to this issue in receiving countries.

"What are you waiting for?" Stop wasting your time" "You will die alone," "You will miss the train and stay on your own!" These are some of the questions and warnings that single women hear on an everyday basis. Single women are constantly being asked whether they are ''still single,'' or being bid to get married next or soon. Still, soon, ever-after, waste of time, waiting, how long, when, all these form part of the rich language of time.

This book argues that time plays a crucial rule in the discursive formation of female singlehood and that our common understanding of singlehood is dominated by underlying temporal models, premises and concepts. By adopting an interdisciplinary approach and integrating different theoretical realms and perspectives, this book paves way for a new theorization of singlehood and time. Lahad's unique approach gives us the opportunity to explore and theorize singlehood through temporal concepts such as waiting, wasting time, timeout and accelerated aging. Other temporal categories which are examined throughout this book as age, the life course, linearity and commodification of time enable the fresh consideration of our dominant perceptions about collective clocks, schedules, time tables and the temporal organization of social life in general. By proposing this new analytical direction, this book seeks to rework some of our common conceptions of singlehood, and presents a new theoretical arsenal with which the temporal paradigms which devalue and marginalize single women and women's subjectivies in general can be understated. Lahad further argues that singlehood is sociologically important, because it touches upon some of the pressing issues in social life and raises fundamental questions about how people make sense of their lives and organize their lives with others. Drawing on a wide range of cultural resources - including web columns, blogs, advice columns, popular clichés, advertisements and references from television and cinema, the author challenges the meaning-making processes of singlehood and time. In this connection, the book lays the ground for a rich, multilayered politicized analysis of solo living and temporality and intends to be a mile stone in both singlehood and time studies.

Kinneret Lahad is a Senior Lecturer in the NCJW Women and Gender Studies Program of Tel-Aviv University, Israel

Manchester University Press, August 2017 170pp  978-1-5261-1539-3

The book will be available in an Open Access version during September 2017:

Or buy a copy from the MUP website: http://www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9781526115393/

During the Philippine-American War (1899)(1900)(1901)(1902), the Anti-Imperialist League was the organizational vanguard of an anti-imperialist movement. Research on this period of U.S. imperialism has focused on empire building, ignoring the gendered activity of antiimperialists in the metropole. The author outlines the constitutive relationship between gendered structures and experience that informed anti-imperialists' "contentious politics," using archival sources of the Anti-Imperialist League and anti-imperialist debates in newspapers. The author shows how anti-imperialist leaders informally included women's monetary donations, labor, networks, and reputations while formally excluding their full membership. Finally, the author shows how masculinist ambivalence, or the pattern of the gendered inclusions/exclusions of anti-imperialists, explains the incremental transformations and reproductions of gendered structures in anti-imperialists' contentious politics. The author suggests masculinist ambivalence has theoretical utility for explaining gendered inclusions and exclusions in movements that are not explicitly about gender conflict or change.

Williamsburg, Virginia, the authors build on Anzaldúa's conceptualization of "borderlands" to analyze how borders of social membership are constructed and enforced in "el Nuevo South." Our gender analysis reveals that intersecting structural conditions-the labor market, the organization of public space, and the institutional organization of health care and other public services-combine with gendered processes in the home and family to regulate women's participation in community life. Enforcers of borders include institutional actors, mostly women, in social services and clinics who occupy institutional locations that enable them to define who is entitled to public goods and to categorize migrants as undeserving "others." We reveal how a particularly configured matrix of domination transcends the spheres of home, work, and community to constrain women migrants' physical and economic mobility and personal autonomy and to inhibit their participation in their societies of reception.

Feminist scholars argue that women generally gain political rights followed by civil and social rights. However, this argument is based on data from North America and Western Europe, and few scholars, if any, have examined the progression of these rights within countries currently undergoing transitions to democracy in different parts of the world. Through in-depth interviews with members of women's organizations in Ghana, the author extends this literature. The findings both contradict and support the prior feminist argument. They indicate that prior to democratization, women focused primarily on social rights to improve their economic well-being. However, new opportunities emerged with the transition, which allowed women to use their political rights to secure more civil and social rights.