Future cities

Through an epistemological lens, this article asserts that the dawn of the internet of data (IoD) era marks a profound shift in our understanding of human existence, one that challenges the notion of modern man as a singular and distinct entity. Delving deeper, the analysis presents an ontological exploration of the transition from a human-centric approach of the 19th and 20th centuries to the added-value man of the 21st century, examining the ideological underpinnings of concepts such as the Information Society and Society 5.0 respectively as representatives of the above two insights. In particular, the article meticulously dissects the stance of each approach towards humanity, highlighting the paradigm shift in our perception of the human experience. This piece offers an insightful commentary on the evolution of our understanding of human nature, encouraging us to rethink our place in the rapidly changing digital landscape.

Reflecting on recent developments within Urban Design and Planning, we are proud of the journal's latest achievements. The new Scimago rankings highlight our research's growing influence and scholarly contributions, reinforcing our commitment to advancing interdisciplinary discourse in urban design, planning, and architecture. Urban Design and Planning's CiteScore increased to 3 in 2023, up from 1.9 in 2022-an impressive leap highlighting the journal's global reach and academic impact. This achievement is a testament to the hard work of our authors, reviewers, and editorial team, and we extend our heartfelt congratulations to everyone involved. 91 Cite this article Abusaada H and Elshater A (2024) Editorial: Beyond superficial readings: integrating authentic context in urban studies literature review for early-career researchers.

Energy sustainability is a complex problem that needs to be tackled holistically by equally addressing other aspects such as socio-economic to meet the strict CO2 emission targets. This paper builds upon our previous work on the effect of household transition on residential energy consumption where we developed a 3D urban energy prediction system (EvoEnergy) using the old UK panel data survey, namely, the British household panel data survey (BHPS). In particular, the aim of the present study is to examine the validity and reliability of EvoEnergy under the new UK household longitudinal study (UKHLS) launched in 2009. To achieve this aim, the household transition and energy prediction modules of EvoEnergy have been tested under both data sets using various statistical techniques such as Chow test. The analysis of the results advised that EvoEnergy remains a reliable prediction system and had a good prediction accuracy (MAPE 5%) when compared to actual energy performance certificate d...

The strict CO2 emission targets set to tackle the global climate change associated with greenhouse gas emission exerts so much pressure on our cities which contribute up to 75 % of the global carbon dioxide emission level, with buildings being the largest contributor (UNEP, 2015). Premised on this fact, urban planners are required to implement proactive energy planning strategies not only to meet these targets but also ensure that future cities development is performed in a way that promotes energy-efficiency. This article gives an overview of the stateof-art of energy planning and forecasting approaches for aiding physical improvement strategies in the building sector. Unlike previous reviews, which have only addressed the strengths as well as weaknesses of some of the approaches while referring to some relevant examples from the literature, this article focuses on critically analysing more approaches namely; 2D GIS and 3DGIS (CityGML) based energy prediction approaches, based on their frequent intervention scale, applicability in the building life cycle, and conventional prediction process. This will be followed by unravelling the gaps and issues pertaining to the reviewed approaches. Finally, based on the identified problems, future research prospects are recommended.

Technicolor Research and Innovation (a) Procedural city, ∼ 10000 facades, 7fps (b) Macroscopic details (c) Microscopic details (d) On custom mesh Figure 1: Per-pixel generation of procedural facade details: we propose a compact and generic solution for generating and rendering procedural building models featuring both macroscopic (b) and microscopic (c) details. Our method can be used to generate and render massive cities (a), as well as custom-shaped buildings (d).

The development of a digital social credit system in China has sparked debates around urban governance and citizenship performance. Although China's social credit system is portrayed as a single technical system, the article offers a new perspective on digital social credit focused on geographical variegation. We analyze how variegation is manifested through use of multiple data streams and a diverse range of aims operationalized in various social credit systems at the municipal level. Social credit can be seen as part of algorithmic urban governance and an instrument of urban citizenship performance through scoring, ranking, incentives, and punishments. Analysis of social credit systems' development in Chinese cities contributes to debates around the role of the urban Global East and evolution of digital and algorithmic governance in and beyond China.

In the 3D-modelling universe, the Level of Detail has a crucial role, as it is the case to assess the PV potential in urban environments using this kind of models. According to the CityGML standards, there are five levels of detail, going from the footprint (LOD0) to a precise model with inside and outside details (LOD4) as stairs and chimneys. For the subject we are studying, meaning the assessment of the PV potential, the inside details are totally superfluous. That is why we are going to consider the LOD3 model as a perfect model. But an LOD3 model costs a lot more to do than an LOD1 or LOD2. This brings us to the main question we will try to answer in this paper: Is it useful to do an LOD3 model, or are LOD1 and LOD2 models precise enough to assess the PV potential of a building, or even of a city? The second part of the paper will handle the theme of the shading effects. Indeed, the production of electricity of PV cells is affected when a part of the cell is shaded. Therefore, ...

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) present a jarring new normal for negotiation on public streets. Current communication and interaction stand to be disrupted with the presence of AVs. Active transport users, specifically bicycle users, rely on human communication and subtle cues to feel confident when negotiating with other road users. Shifts in communicability with AVs presents a unique challenge for bicycle users. It remains unclear how AVs will impact urban bicycle users. This paper employs a mixed-methods approach to understanding impacts that AVs have on urban bicycle users in four test sites with varying levels of traffic stress. Interviews and focus groups were used across different traffic stress scenarios in three countries to understand how bicycle users will be impacted by AVs in real-world scenarios. The results represent a pioneering cross-section of four bicycle cultures' exposure to AVs. Results universally show that, compared to conventionally operated vehicles, an enduring sense of unease remains unresolved with AVs and that shifting focus to bicycle user experiences and prioritizing the needs of a diverse population of non-occupants will be critical. If AVs are not deployed responsibly and responsively, they could turn bicycle users away from cycling in a streetscape where active transport users are already marginalized.

Private automobiles have experienced rapid uptake around the world and have transformed the concept of personal mobility for the affluent. However, automobile-oriented development patterns have demonstrably degraded the quality of the city environment even as suburbs offered affordable and popular housing. The economic burden of transport infrastructure, plus air pollution and congestion are difficult issues for all cities. Continued growth in personal vehicle mobility is not commensurate with transition to low-carbon, sustainable city life. This paper explores the nexus of urban form, transport accessibility and quality of life in megacities, considering the transition from petrol vehicle to walking, cycle, e-bike and public transport. Transition Engineering is an emerging discipline delivering the innovations, designs and shift projects that directly reduce carbon emissions and costs while maintaining the transport access to essential activities and providing a step up in the quality of life. Beijing was famous as the city of bicycles in the 1960's, but now has chronic vehicle congestion and air pollution. The Transition Engineering approach is described and applied to a case study in a Beijing. One shift project we propose is a new "Work Unit Retrofit" property development policy. The approach highlights a strategic analysis to explore scenarios for shift to active transport activity system patterns in the urban form. The project results also provide new ways to communicate with policymakers and stakeholders. The results of this research answer the questions of "how" the transition to the future low-carbon city could be realized.

Due to the transition from fossil energy carriers to more renewable energy resources, the availability of energy in future will be fluctuating. Under these conditions, an accurate energy demand simulation for buildings is strongly needed as planning instrument on district or city level. This paper introduces a new data model for the energy relevant properties of buildings. It extends the existing standard CityGML for 3D city models by energy relevant properties like, e.g., physical materials, thermal zones and thermal boundaries, and building occupant's behaviour. The energy extension of CityGML is designed as system-independent interface to energy simulation systems and shall support detailed simulation on the level of single buildings as well as energy demand assessments on district and city level.

The Government of Qatar is investing considerable resources in the development of integrated transport infrastructure as a solution to traffic congestion and environmental degradation. Autonomous vehicles are expected to be one of the methodologies for enhancing the quality of the built environment and fostering a more sustainable and environmentally conscious urban milieu. While autonomous cars have the potential to address urban difficulties and be utilized for personal, group, and public transit purposes, their implementation in the specific context of Doha has not been thoroughly analyzed. This research explores the potential impacts that autonomous vehicles are expected to have on travel demands, parking needs, and urban planning. It discusses the benefits and challenges associated with autonomous vehicles and predicts their likely implementation and development based on the different precedents. In addition, it explores how it will affect planning decisions such as drop-off and pickup areas, parking and public transit. The research utilizes a qualitative approach through literature content analysis, field observations, and mobility analysis. Several case studies are analyzed to explore how autonomous vehicles can operate within a limited zone. The study uncovers the issue of ownership and mode of operation as essential factors that can affect the impact of autonomous vehicles (AVs). In addition, implementing AVs may create complex environmental concerns when greener and more sustainable transportation models are not integrated. It is recommended that Doha adopt integrated planning and implementation of AV technologies to ensure that AVs align harmoniously with the environmental stewardship requirement. The research study also presents urban design frameworks for how existing urban spaces can accommodate autonomous vehicles.

The alteration of natural land cover to impervious surfaces during development increases stormwater runoff. Stormwater Control Measures (SCMs) are used to manage water quantity and enhance water quality by restoring the hydrologic cycle altered by development. Often, SCMs have an outflow pipe to handle overflows or to manage the release of water detained when infiltration is not possible. Traditionally, these are static controls (e.g. a small orifice is used to restrict the volume of outflow), however, these systems can be improved by instituting real-time controls (RTC). RTC improve the functionality of SCMs by dynamically controlling outflows to adjust to environmental conditions. A major impediment to the widespread implementation of RTC is the high cost of installation and operation. This study utilized machine learning methods to develop a forecasting approach for the implementation of low-cost RTC that were implemented on a programmable gate of the outlet structure of a multi-...

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Automation and smart connectivity in road vehicles is happening apace. In this report we look at how might these elements be combined and integrated into the mobility system to have the most positive impact on energy efficiency and carbon reduction.

Due to the ageing of the world’s population, age-friendly cities are emerging to promote active ageing by optimising opportunities for health, participation and safety, in order to improve the quality of life of older people. Despite initiatives in different countries, there is a lack of empirical research exploring their impact on older people. The objective of this study is to evaluate an age-friendly city by analysing its relationship with life satisfaction, taking into account the age cohort variables of the elderly and whether they live alone or with someone else. A two-stage study, in which 66 subjects participated in the qualitative analysis (focus groups) in Stage I and 203 of the quantitative analysis (survey methodology) or Stage II. Despite the differences found in the different groups of elderly persons, for all of them the domains of outdoor spaces and buildings, and community support and health services, are significantly related to life satisfaction, with the latter s...

Purpose: This paper considers how the Industry 4.0 paradigm, specifically smart manufacturing in the context of post-normal times will shape the interrelationship between humans, augmented humans, machines, and the operational environment, through the lens of the emerging field of human-machine resources (HMR). Design: It describes the complexity, contradictions, challenges and benefits that smart manufacturing creates, not least in terms of the extensive technology architecture development and integration and operational structures and management. It also considers the performance metrics and values that arise from the growing shift from a solely humancentric society to an integrated augmented human-machine-centric society. Findings: While we face a major challenge in simplifying the integration of an enormous diversity of emerging technologies, processes, and data into a fully autonomous smart manufacturing ecosystem, a plausible benefit to this critical transformation will be to create new philosophies and strategies for human-machine resource optimization including independent and integrated performance, mutual intelligibility, new currencies of knowledge and ethics. Originality\Value: The paper considers the development of smart manufacturing through the lens of HMR from a fully integrated human-machine-centric society rather than one where the human remains central to all future development.

The intensive economic and social development of smart cities faces the constraints of stable utility provision. This paper presents a multiagent client-centric smart grid management system for integrated gas, heat and electricity networks. The system is based on the new approach of agent's negotiation implementing the strategies of straight and reverse recursion planning. It can be used as part of the Smart grid and Micro grid concepts to reduce the price for consumers and decrease the negative impact of peak loads for the suppliers. This approach corresponds to the fundamental principles of modern complexity theory, which uses the fundamental principles of self-organization and evolution inherent in the natural world.

The number of appliances at home is increasing continuously, mainly because they make our lives easier. Currently, technology is integrated in all objects of our daily life. TCP/IP let us monitor our home in real time and check ubiquitously if something is happening at home. Bearing in mind this idea, we have developed a low-cost system, which can be used in any type of electrical household appliance that takes information from the appliance and posts the information to the Twitter Social network. Several sensors placed in the household appliances gather the sensed data and send them wired or wirelessly, depending on the case, using small and cheap devices to a gateway located in the home. This gateway takes decisions, based on the received data, and sends notifications to Twitter. We have developed a software application that takes the values and decides when to issue an alarm to the registered users (Twitter friends of our smart home). The performance of our system has been measured taking into account the home network (using IEEE 802.3u and IEEE 802.11g) and the data publishing in Twitter. As a result, we have generated an original product and service for any electrical household appliance, regardless of the model and manufacturer, that helps home users improve their quality of life. The paper also shows that there is no system with the same innovative features like the ones presented in this paper.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has evolved into a sophisticated discipline, technology ecosystem, toolset, and practice with far-reaching ubiquitous applications. It is no longer necessary to see it as a disruptive technology because it is more or less a 21st-century human civilization. ICT has become the most dependable tool for sustainability throughout global economies, including the sciences, engineering, business, arts, industry, manufacturing, agriculture, and production, among others. The twenty-first century has seen many triumphs and advancements in automotive technology in the vehicle manufacturing business. ICT is the driving force behind these improvements. Modern vehicles are increasingly being outfitted with smart features such as geomapping, navigation, traffic signalling, vehicular tracking, and security. These characteristics are reliant on ICT. The purpose of this research is to provide systematic and historical expository content on the interfaces that exist between Big Data, the Internet of Things (IoT), and autonomous navigation. It discusses the evolution and generations of autonomous systems, the architecture and functions of autonomous systems, the integral information and communication components in modern autonomous systems, and the prospects of Big Data and IoT in sustaining the trend of sophisticated autonomous system development. This study sheds light on the interaction of vital Artificial Intelligence, sensing, and transmission technologies that enable the receiving, sending, processing and utilization of vital data from the autonomous system's immediate environment, routing information, managing obstacles, and automatic responses. It goes on to identify meaningful and material use cases, as well as make a case for ICT best practices in the construction of better autonomous navigation systems.

The workshop title ‘Data Interactions In The More-than-Human Smart City’ on the first reading suggests questions about sensor types, algorithms, interfaces, devices, apps, mobility solutions and what they afford to hedgehogs. I would argue that the workshop goes far beyond that in investigating not only knowledge embodied in design but also the frontiers of the knowable for designers’ bodies.

Prerequisites No prerequisites other than enthusiasm for shapes and keen interest in looking and seeing. SYLLABUS INTRODUCTION TO SHAPE GRAMMARS Lecturers: Mine Ozkar and Sotirios Kotsopoulos Class time: 1 hr 45 mins. Topics: Part I-The theory 1. What are shape grammars? 2. Describing shape grammars in terms of seeing and counting 3. Describing shape grammars as a rule-based system 4. Decompositions 5. The mathematical setup of shape grammars 6. Basic elements: shapes, labels, weights 7. Shape algebras 8. Shape boundaries 9. Part relations: embedding, overlapping, discrete elements 10. Euclidean transformations 11. Maximal shapes 12. Boolean operations on shapes Part II-Applications in design and design education 13. Recapitulation of the main computational devices 13. Recapitulation of the main computational devices of shape grammars 14. Shape grammar applications in design analysis 15. Shape grammar applications in design synthesis Outline Part I-The theory 1. What are shape grammars? 2. Describing shape grammars in terms of seeing and counting 3. Describing shape grammars as a rule-based system 4. Decompositions 5. The mathematical setup of shape grammars 6. Basic elements: shapes, labels, weights 7. Shape algebras 8. Shape boundaries 9. Part relations: embedding, overlapping, discrete elements 10. Euclidean transformations 11. Maximal shapes 12. Boolean operations on shapes Part II-Applications in design and design education 13. Recapitulation of the main computational devices of shape grammars 14. Shape grammar applications in design analysis 15. Shape grammar applications in design synthesis

As indicated by the Transportation Research and Industry Prevention Programme (TRIPP)'s Road Safety in India Report-2020, 33% of the accidents victims (deaths) are pedestrians. Heavy vehicles as well as cars are not able track pedestrian's movements on time. Most of the Children met with the accidents due to vehicle reversing. This problem motivates to track pedestrian through rear-view in heavy vehicles as well as for cars. Certain machine learning and deep learning approaches will best adapt to coping with the particular problems of rear-view pedestrian detection. In this work a literature survey of pedestrian detection and tracking research methodology and their constraints are discussed briefly. Most of the camera applications mainly concentrate on picture visibility and tracking. If the pedestrian detection application makes as inbuilt technique, then automatically so many accidents especially of children can be avoided. This pedestrian application mainly used to track the pedestrian movements while he or she is moving on heavy traffic roads and highways or while taking vehicle reverse by using cameras which were fixed on vehicles and make alerts. Such that camera can get more extracted features and helps the future applications. In this research paper a brief literature review is placed according to various researchers along with their techniques. And also compare the performance measures such as accuracy, sensitivity, false alarm rate and detection rate. These experimental results are out performance the methodology and differentiated with present technology.

Amidst rapid urban development, sustainable transportation solutions are required to meet the increasing demands for mobility whilst mitigating the potentially negative social, economic, and environmental impacts. This study analyses autonomous vehicles (AVs) as a potential transportation solution for smart and sustainable development. We identified privacy and cybersecurity risks of AVs as crucial to the development of smart and sustainable cities and examined the steps taken by governments around the world to address these risks. We highlight the literature that supports why AVs are essential for smart and sustainable development. We then identify the aspects of privacy and cybersecurity in AVs that are important for smart and sustainable development. Lastly, we review the efforts taken by federal governments in the US,

Background/Objectives: This paper will discuss an approach to achieve the autonomous market objective through the effective use advanced analytics and cognitive solutions powered by internet of things and mobility. Methods/Statistical analysis: Worldwide landscape of electricity industry such as business, grid and asset management alongside customer experience and market models are transforming quite rapidly towards achievement of autonomous electricity markets. Governments, their regulatory bodies and utility organizations are focusing on establishing new business models and thus help stage-manage their people, organization and its governance structure towards achievement of their objectives. The fact that there are enormous differences in the outcome achieved by utilities worldwide is explained through this study of internal and external factors influencing the progress of movement to autonomous state. Findings: This study of global utilities brings out three key internal influences depictions such as people, organization behaviors as well as key technology readiness. In this paper various influences such as shrinking grid businesses due to various challenges such as increasing micro grids or distributed generation resources, regulatory pressures on cost reduction with the ageing infrastructure and diminishing skills are discussed. Specific focus has been given on grid organizations with the emphasis to prevent them from death spiral due to 658

This paper presents a comprehensive survey of applied soft computing methods and their diverse applications across various fields. Soft computing, a branch of computer science, offers flexible problem-solving approaches that are adaptable to real-world complexities. The survey explores the integration of fuzzy logic, neural networks, evolutionary algorithms, and probabilistic reasoning, highlighting their collective contributions to addressing intricate problems where precise solutions are challenging to attain. Through a systematic review of literature and case studies, this survey outlines the practical applications of soft computing techniques in domains such as pattern recognition, image processing, optimization, and decision-making processes. It examines how these methods effectively handle uncertainty, imprecision, and incomplete information, showcasing their utility in solving complex problems encountered in engineering, medicine, finance, and other diverse fields. Additionally, the survey discusses the strengths and limitations of each method while emphasizing their collective impact in advancing solutions for real-world challenges.

This study demonstrates the possibility of growing green walls in normal commercial building environments with lighting designed primarily for aesthetic reasons, rather than the promotion of plant growth. Lighting is a key resource required for the growth and maintenance of robust green walls within interior environments. The study evaluated the appearance and growth of green walls with electric lighting used primarily for aesthetic reasons. Three identical green walls with six different plants were illuminated using three different white LED light sources for a period of five months. Plant health was monitored and documented in terms of growth patterns. One hundred and six subjects appraised the appearance of the walls using questionnaires. Findings of this study indicate that it is indeed possible to grow and maintain green walls in normal commercial building environments with lighting designed for aesthetic reasons. Further, it was observed that the selection of the correct plant species for the green walls is important to ensure plant health.

is a transdisciplinary scholar who brings the design disciplines into conversation with the humanities, social sciences, and science. Rather than work within the clearly defined boundaries of a specialized discipline, her writings and movies create ethical montages consisting of theoretical criticism, poetics, imagery, and sound. The daughter and niece of two of Australia's most well-known contemporary artists, she has a sensitivity toward the affective potential of thought and ethical reflection. Her writings encompass a journey through the notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, Deleuze, feminism, contemporary art, sustainability culture, urbanism, climate change, policy, collective memory, trauma theory, and Marxist thinking. Her films set out to humanize the water and sanitation statistics driving national and international policy. It is this work, in her capacity as a UNESCO Water Chair, to which we will turn to as the basis for the conversation that follows. Adrian, could you share with us when and how your interest in water began? Growing up in Sydney, Australia, as an only child, I was sensitive to the importance of water for human and other than human flourishing. The rugged coastline was an im portant site of reflection for me as a kid growing up. The vastness of the ocean, the way it extended on past the horizon line, the deep darkness of the sea poised to engulf you should you let your attention slip, waters teeming with the rich vitality of oceanic life, and the affective immensi ty of losing oneself in the boundless smooth space of the Pacific Ocean. In all honesty, I think my love of water began here, floating on my back, drifting wherever the force of the tides took me, on the Southside of Bondi Beach. Then, on the weekends, another kind of phenomenon would ap pear: the burning bush. We would visit the Blue Mountains, where my parents have a small holiday house on the edge of the national park most weekends. During the summer time, the land would rapidly dry out. You could hear and smell the sound of the bushfires raging up the back of the block, engulfing the wildlife and the highly flammable gum trees bursting into flames as the eucalyptus oil in the trees fueled the flames. Or, driving through remote rural regions witnessing the parched and dusty landscape dotted with

Las Dark Kitchen son un nuevo modelo de negocio que surgió de la demanda de plataformas para entregar alimentos y que se incrementó durante la crisis de salud. Han estimulado algunos cambios en la manera de comprar de los consumidores, las comidas se preparan en estos sitios, lo cual ha forzado a los negocios tradicionales a sistematizar y digitalizar sus procedimientos a fin de ofrecer un buen servicio a los usuarios en línea. Estos emprendedores utilizan áreas de cocina completas, pero sin una estructura para consumir en el local. Se vinculan de manera directa con plataformas de delivery para optimizar sus pedidos y para satisfacer la demanda de comidas. La adopción de cocinas fantasma podría marcar el comienzo de una nueva era para la industria global de restaurantes. Metodología se realizó una investigación documental descriptiva. Se concluye que su principal ventaja se refleja en costos más bajos (sin meseros, mobiliario, anfitriones o cantineros) además, al apoyarse utilizando...

A pitless and modular belt-type accelerating moving walk­way transit  system  including  at least  three  substantially identical walkway modules that are leveled and positioned atop a surface such as the ground, floor, road or deck. Each module has an endless belt moving at a different or the same speed  wherein  the  at  least  three  walkway  modules  are positioned linearly adjacent. Each module having one or more electric motors operably connected to an electrical source and handrails on opposing sides that move in syn­chrony with the endless belt of the same module.

Currently HEDNO undergoes an upgrade of its Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. As part of this, the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure of the organization will undergo a respective change towards data harmonization and smooth interoperation between the heterogeneous ICT systems it consists of. This work presents the current state of the most important of HEDNO ICT systems, in an attempt to point out the diversity and complexity of the ICT infrastructure of such a large organization, and, then, it proposes the implementation of the Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) approach as a means to achieve the desired integration, interoperability and data harmonization between the various ICT systems of HEDNO.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as an impactful feature of the life, planning and governance of 21st-century cities. Once confined to the realm of science fiction and small-scale technological experiments, AI is now all around us, in the shape of urban artificial intelligences including autonomous cars, robots, city brains and urban software agents. The aim of this article is to critically examine the nature of urbanism in the emergent age of AI. More specifically, we shed light on how urban AI is impacting the development of cities, and argue that an urbanism influenced by AI, which we term AI urbanism, differs in theory and practice from smart urbanism. In the future, the rise of a post-smart urbanism driven by AI has the potential to form autonomous cities that transcend, theoretically and empirically, traditional smart cities. The article compares common practices and understandings of smart urbanism with emerging forms of urban living, urban governance and urban planning influenced by AI. It critically discusses the limitations and potential pitfalls of AI urbanism and offers conceptual tools and a vocabulary to understand the urbanity of AI and its impact on present and future cities.

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In the past decade a certain number of studies have suggested that shape grammars and their capability for producing alternative solutions represent an adequate tool for overcoming complexities regarding urban design. In this paper we present a critical analysis of various approaches to shape grammar application in urban design. The aim of this research is to provide an insight into the current state-of-the-art developments and give a critical evaluation on the basis of the criteria of interactivity and flexibility in the approach. We identify two main concepts of grammar application in urban design and outline their characteristics. We conclude that a generic or context-independent approach to shape grammars can provide high levels of flexibility and interaction with the user. This, coupled with their ability to encode different layers of information, facilitates their use for design exploration and problem solving in an urban context.

This paper examines procedural modeling as a tool for 3D modeling creation. Procedural modeling historically has been used for 3D visualization of natural features, but with the release of the software CityEngine in 2008, the technology can easily be adopted also in problem domains dealing with urban environments.Then, we will examine and compare two types of modeling, traditional and procedural modeling and consider the advantages of procedural modeling. furthermore, reviewed the features of CityEngine software and introduced CityEngine as a software application that uses the procedural modeling system.Procedural modeling deals with (semi-)automatic content generation by means of a program or procedure. We survey procedural methods that are useful to design roads, buildings, and entire cities. In this survey, we focus particularly on the degree of the use of procedural modeling in the design of cities, streets, buildings, etc, in by CityEngine software. This paper examines how arch...

In an ever more interconnected global landscape, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a pivotal catalyst for driving economic expansion and progress. This research paper conducts a comprehensive empirical examination of the complex interplay between FDI inflows and the economic advancement of host nations. The study seeks to reveal the fundamental mechanisms of the relationship between FDI and growth, considering both neoclassical and endogenous growth theories. It further applies advanced econometric techniques to assess how FDI impacts key economic indicators, such as GDP growth, employment, technological advancement, and income distribution. Additionally, this research delves into the policy implications of FDI and addresses potential challenges associated with its influx. It explores the roles of government policies, regulatory frameworks, and potential trade-offs, emphasizing the importance of a balanced approach that harnesses the benefits of FDI while also tackling issues like income inequality, environmental sustainability, and financial stability. Ultimately, this study offers valuable insights for policymakers and researchers, fostering a nuanced understanding of how FDI can serve as a driver for sustainable economic growth within our complex and interlinked global landscape.

INTRODUCTION In an era of rapid transformation and global uncertainties it is evident we need to forge new pathways for the design, delivery and sustainability of future cities. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that aims to tackle such issues through our speculative design for a ‘responsive megastructure’, based on principles highlighted from our ongoing future visioning and prototyping research. We discuss the important role developing visions for future cities plays in seeking to address global challenges alongside how the development of a novel vision reveals and reframes key challenges in our prototyping research. By doing so, we define what a responsive megastructure might be and how it could be designed and fabricated to maximise its performative capacities and capabilities. The paper is structured into five sections. First, we provide a brief survey of past visions of megastructures to identify relevant key characteristics. Second, we then provide a definition of th...

Constructed from scratch on land reclaimed from the sea, Songdo was planned to embody new ‘smart city’ life. In reality, it has come to exemplify enclave urbanism that commodifies securitised living for upwardly mobile middle classes. While the political economy of this urban project is by now well studied, the sociological ethnography of the resultant space and its experiential correlates remains less developed and imperfectly contextualised. One needs to connect the dots of power and space. The present paper aims to do that and thematises the ‘design of everyday life’ which rests on (1) the intensification of privatised digital surveillance of mass housing compounds which in turn occasions (2) the remaking of spatial markers and symbolic boundaries between private/public, inclusive/exclusive, inside/outside. As such it is a combination of two different registers of visibility that gets jointly orchestrated by the public–private partnership of Korean state and corporate actors. In ...

Smart grid systems, for being profitably implemented, will have to deliver advantageous results to costumers, investors and operators. This can be realised by providing efficient, secure and reliable systems, connecting distributed renewable energy sources and enabling advanced services. The analysis of those potential benefits should consider all the components of the smart grids from the energy sources to the consumers, including the communication and power flows within the system. This study aims to analyse how to reach an efficient energy use with different means (e.g. better management of the energy consumption rate, consumption forecast, and central energy orientation providing the capabilities of smart homes, communication links and electricity grid management centres. To this end, architecture of a small smart grid system including a novel smart home, communication and energy lines, and a small home energy management centre is studied in this paper. Such architecture is envisaged to have a substantial impact on the operation and management of future electricity network addressing issues such as efficient integration of renewable power sources and emerging consumer behaviour

Around the world, local innovations in the management and development of urban space are often significantly shaped by national government competitions. This article argues that the competition is a characteristic but underdiscussed feature of contemporary national policymaking on urban innovation, and considers how such competitions might be more constructively implemented in future. It does so by closely tracing the outcomes of one paradigmatic example: the UK's Future City Demonstrator competition, launched in 2012, which awarded funding to four cities (Glasgow, Bristol, Peterborough and London) to implement their proposals. The analysis offers lessons for similar competitions by highlighting six factors which co-determined the implementation and outcome of this initiative: asserting the need for speed; conflating export opportunities with local benefits; focusing on the need for institutional reform; reliance on cross-sectoral collaboration; positioning the 'city as a platform for digital solutions; and a lack of integration at national level. Relatedly, we urge commentators to adopt a critical distance from justificatory assertions of urgent urban crisis and local governments being straightforwardly in need of reform.

Real-time ride-sharing has become popular in recent years. However, the underlying optimization problem for this service is highly complex. One of the most critical challenges when solving the problem is solution quality and computation time, especially in large-scale problems where the number of received requests is huge. In this paper, we rely on an exact solving method to ensure the quality of the solution, while using AI-based techniques to limit the number of requests that we feed to the solver. More precisely, we propose a clustering method based on a new shareability function to put the most shareable trips inside separate clusters. Previous studies only consider Spatio-temporal dependencies to do clustering on the mobility service requests, which is not efficient in finding the shareable trips. Here, we define the shareability function to consider all the different sharing states for each pair of trips. Each cluster is then managed with a proposed heuristic framework in orde...

T +44 (0)117 331 8313 " I was taken one day to an office, and I thought to myself 'that's the Headmaster's office, I wonder what trouble I'm in now?' and he said 'No problem, no problem at all, this is the lost property office as well. You're the only one in the school without school uniform-what is the reason for it?'. And I said 'Well, my parents can't afford school uniform' and that was it. And I walked out of that office, I was completely dressed-cap, blazer, tie, shirt, trousers and shoes-walked out the office like everybody else and I was made up for the day. " Basil Clarke talks about his memories of Lockleaze School in the 1950s and 60s

World Cities Report 2022: Envisaging the Future of Cities seeks to provide greater clarity and insights into the future of cities based on existing trends, challenges and opportunities, as well as disruptive conditions, including the valuable lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic, and suggest ways that cities can be better prepared to address a wide range of shocks and transition to sustainable urban futures. The Report proposes a state of informed preparedness that provides us with the opportunity to anticipate change, correct the course of action and become more knowledgeable of the different scenarios or possibilities that the future of cities offers.