Frequency

Bluetooth is a radio technology for Wireless Personal Area Networks operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. Since both Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 devices use the same frequency band and may likely come together in a laptop or may be close together at a desktop, interference may lead to significant performance degradation. The main goal of this paper is to propose solutions to the interference problem consisting of power control adjustments and scheduling policies to be implemented by the Bluetooth device. Simulation results are given for selected scenarios and configurations of interest.

TN 38238). Herbaceous plant community responses to fluctuations in hydrology: Using Mississippi River islands as models for plant community assembly. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 138: 177-191. 2011.-To understand how plant communities respond to fluctuations in hydrology, we conducted a natural study on five riverine islands located within the lower Mississippi River. Specifically, we addressed whether species richness and diversity peak at intermediate elevations of flooding and whether plant assembly on these islands follow a niche-derived continuum pattern or develop due to chance processes. Elevations of islands were standardized into 1 m zones providing replicate island gradients of flood frequency and intensity. We examined effects of changing frequency and duration along the gradient and between years, and changes in intensity due to flow based on island side (main channel sides had greater intensity floods). We analyzed diversity data using nonparametric general linear models and compositional dissimilarity using Sorenson's index. Less frequent, more intense disturbances decreased both landscape level and local diversity with the frequency and intensity (alone) of floods affecting community composition. Both temporally and spatially, 'average' disturbances beget higher diversity, supporting the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Compositional data support multiple controls of community assembly. Clear gradients due to niche drivers were found in relation to typical flooding regimes and so specific species have adapted to various frequencies and intensities of disturbance. However, chance played some role throughout the gradient, resulting in either very high similarity or very low similarity where diversity was low and generally low similarity (not different from random), albeit also more permutations of communities, where diversity was high along the gradient.

Aş dori să dedic această carte lui Jamyang Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö, Dudjom Rinpoche, Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, Khyentse Sangyum Khandro Tsering Chödrön şi tuturor iubiţilor mei maeştri, care au fost inspiraţia vieţii mele. Fie ca ea să reprezinte o călăuză spre eliberare, citită de cei vii, celor pe moarte şi pentru cei morţi. Fie ca ea să-i ajute pe toţi cei care o citesc şi să-i stimuleze în drumul lor spre iluminare! Cuvânt înainte de Sfinţia Sa Dalai Lama În această carte de actualitate, Sogyal Rinpoche se concentrează asupra felului cum trebuie înţeleasă adevărata semnificaţie a vieţii, cum să acceptăm moartea şi cum să-i ajutăm pe muribunzi şi pe cei morţi. PRIVIND MOARTEA ÎN FAŢĂ Cunoscând şi realizând aceasta, nu se cuvine oare să-i dăm ascultare lui Gyalsé Rinpoche când ne spune: Să faci planuri de viitor este ca şi cum ai merge să pescuieşti într-o albie seacă; Nimic nu iese vreodată aşa cum ţi-ai dorit, aşa că renunţă la toate proiectele şi ambiţiile. Dacă este să te gândeşti la ceva, Aceasta să fie nesiguranţa ceasului când vei muri. Pentru tibetani, principala sărbătoare a anului este Anul Nou, care este Crăciunul, Paştele, Ziua Recunoştinţei şi ziua dvs. de naştere, toate laolaltă. Patrul Rinpoche a fost un mare maestru, a cărui viaţă a fost presărată de episoade excentrice menite să insufle viaţă învăţăturilor. În loc să celebreze ziua Anului Nou şi să ureze oamenilor un "An nou fericit", la fel ca toată lumea, Patrul Rinpoche obişnuia atunci să plângă. Întrebat de ce, el spunea că a mai trecut un an şi atâţia oameni s-au apropiat cu încă un an de moarte, tot nepregătiţi. Gândiţi-vă la un lucru care probabil că ni s-a întâmplat la aproape toţi, într-o zi sau alta. Ne plimbăm pe stradă, adânciţi în gânduri inspirate, speculând asupra unor probleme importante, sau doar ascultând Walkman-ul. O maşină trece deodată în goană pe lângă noi, cât pe ce să ne calce. Daţi drumul la televizor, sau răsfoiţi un ziar: veţi vedea moartea pretutindeni. Victimele acelor prăbuşiri de avioane sau accidente de maşină, se aşteptau oare să moară? Ele considerau viaţa la fel de sigură ca şi noi. Cât de des nu auzim despre oameni pe care-i cunoaştem, sau chiar prieteni, care au murit pe neaşteptate? Nu e nevoie să fim bolnavi pentru a muri: trupurile noastre pot ceda subit, defectându-se, la fel ca maşinile. Putem fi perfect sănătoşi într-o zi, pentru ca în următoarea să ne îmbolnăvim şi să murim. Milarepa cânta: Când eşti sănătos şi în putere, Nu te gândeşti niciodată la venirea bolii; Dar ea se abate asupră-ţi năprasnic, Ca o lovitură de trăsnet. Când eşti prins de treburile lumeşti, Nu te gândeşti niciodată la apropierea morţii; Dar ea vine degrabă, ca tunetul Ce-ţi bubuie-n urechi. Trebuie să ne scuturăm din când în când şi să ne punem cu adevărat întrebarea: "Ce-ar fi dacă aş muri la noapte? Ce-ar fi atunci?" Nu ştim dacă ne vom trezi mâine, sau unde ne vom trezi. Dacă expiri şi nu mai poţi inspira, eşti mort. Nimic mai simplu. Cum spune o zicală tibetană: "Ziua de mâine sau viaţa viitoareniciodată nu ştim care vine prima". Unii dintre renumiţii maeştri contemplativi din Tibet, când mergeau seara la culcare îşi goleau cănile şi le lăsau răsturnate, lângă pat. Ei nu erau niciodată siguri dacă se vor trezi dimineaţa şi vor mai avea nevoie de ele. Mergeau până acolo încât seara stingeau focul, fără să se îngrijească să păstreze tăciuni pentru a doua zi. Clipă de clipă, ei trăiau cu posibilitatea morţii iminente. Lângă sihăstria lui Jikmé Lingpa era un eleşteu, pe care el îl traversa cu mare greutate. Câţiva discipoli s-au oferit să-i construiască o punte, dar el le-a răspuns: "La ce bun? Cine ştie dacă voi mai trăi măcar să dorm aici mâine noapte?" Unii maeştri încearcă să ne sensibilizeze la fragilitatea vieţii cu imagini şi mai brutale: aceştia ne spun să reflectăm la noi înşine ca la un condamnat la moarte care-şi face ultima plimbare în afara celulei, ca la un peşte zbătându-se în năvod, ca la un animal aşteptându-şi sfârşitul la abator. Alţii îşi încurajează elevii să-şi imagineze nişte scenarii însufleţite ale propriei lor morţi, ca parte a unei contemplaţii calme şi organizate: senzaţiile, durerea, panica, neputinţa, supărarea celor dragi, conştientizarea a ce au făcut sau nu au făcut cu vieţile lor. Corpul zăcând întins pe patul de moarte, Voci murmurând cuvinte de bun rămas, Mintea rememorând pentru ultima oară trecutul: Când va veni drama aceasta şi pentru tine? Este important să reflectăm, iar şi iar, că moartea este reală şi vine fără înştiinţare. Nu fiţi ca porumbelul din proverbul tibetan. Acesta îşi petrece întreaga noapte agitându-se şi pregătindu-şi culcuşul, iar zorile sosesc înainte ca el să fi avut măcar timp să se culce. Aşa cum a spus un important maestru din secolul al XII-lea, Drakpa Gyaltsen: "Oamenii-şi petrec întreaga viaţă pregătinduse, pregătindu-se, pregătindu-se... doar pentru ca viaţa următoare să-i găsească nepregătiţi". SĂ LUĂM VIAŢA ÎN SERIOS Poate că numai cei care înţeleg cât de fragilă este viaţa ştiu cât este ea de preţioasă. Odată, pe când luam parte la o conferinţă în Anglia, participanţii erau intervievaţi de B.B.C. În acelaşi timp ei vorbeau cu o femeie aflată pe moarte. Ea era îngrozită, căci nu se gândise cu adevărat la realitatea morţii. Acum ştia. A avut un singur mesaj pentru cei care-i vor supravieţui: să ia viaţa, şi moartea, în serios. A lua viaţa în serios nu înseamnă să ne petrecem tot timpul meditând de parcă am trăi în munţii Himalaya, sau în Tibetul de odinioară. În lumea modernă trebuie să muncim şi să ne câştigăm existenţa, dar asta nu înseamnă să ne lăsăm prinşi în mrejele unei vieţi de la nouă la cinci, în care să trăim fără nici o viziune mai profundă asupra sensului vieţii. Sarcina noastră este să păstrăm un echilibru, să găsim o cale de mijloc, să învăţăm să nu ne lăsăm acaparaţi peste măsură de activităţi şi preocupări neesenţiale, ci să ne simplificăm viaţa din ce în ce mai mult. Cheia pentru a găsi un echilibru fericit în viaţa modernă este simplitatea. În budism, acesta este adevăratul sens al disciplinei. În tibetană, termenul pentru disciplină este tsul trim. Tsul înseamnă "potrivit" sau Just", iar trim înseamnă "regulă" NORI DE TOAMNĂ La mănăstirea sa din Nepal, cel mai bătrân discipol în viaţă al maestrului meu, marele Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, tocmai îşi încheiase o lecţie. A fost unul din cei mai de seamă învăţători ai timpului nostru, învăţătorul lui Dalai Lama însuşi şi al multor alţi maeştri care l-au privit ca pe un tezaur inepuizabil de înţelepciune şi compasiune. Cu toţii îl respectam pe acest munte de om blând şi entuziast, savant, poet şi mistic care-şi petrecuse douăzeci şi doi de ani din viaţă în sihăstrie. S-a oprit, cu privirea aţintită în depărtare: "Am acum şaptezeci şi opt de ani şi am văzut atâtea lucruri în viaţă. Atâţia oameni tineri au murit, atâţia oameni de vârsta mea au murit, atâţia oameni mai bătrâni au murit. Atâţia oameni cu poziţii înalte au ajuns umili. Atâţia oameni care au fost umili s-au ridicat. Atât de multe ţări s-au schimbat. Au fost atâtea frământări şi tragedii, atâtea războaie şi plăgi, atâtea distrugeri teribile peste tot în lume. indiscutabil, că permanenţa oferă securitate, iar nepermanenţa nu. Dar, de fapt, nepermanenţa este la fel ca unii oameni pe care-i întâlnim în viaţă-dificili şi inoportuni la început, dar mult mai prietenoşi şi mai puţin supărători decât ne-am fi închipuit, după ce ajungem să-i cunoaştem mai bine. Reflectaţi la următorul lucru: realizarea nepermanenţei este, în mod paradoxal, singurul lucru de care ne putem agăţa, poate singura noastră posesiune durabilă. Ea este asemeni cerului, sau pământului. Indiferent cât se schimbă sau se prăbuşesc toate lucrurile din jurul nostru, acestea durează. Să presupunem că traversăm o criză emoţională zguduitoare... Întreaga noastră viaţă pare să se dezintegreze... soţul sau soţia neau părăsit pe neaşteptate. Dar pământul este tot acolo; cerul este la locul său. Bineînţeles, chiar şi pământul se cutremură din când în când, dar numai pentru a ne aminti că nu putem considera nimic drept sigur... Chiar şi Buddha a murit. Moartea sa a fost o învăţătură, menită să-l şocheze pe cel naiv, indolent şi mulţumit de sine, să ne trezească la adevărul că totul este nepermanent şi moartea este un fapt inevitabil al vieţii. Apropiindu-se de moarte, Buddha a spus: Dintre toate urmele, A elefantului este mai presus; Dintre toate meditaţiile profunde, Cea asupra morţii este mai presus. Ori de câte ori ne pierdem perspectiva, sau cădem pradă lenei, reflecţia asupra morţii şi nepermanenţei ne produce un şoc care ne readuce pe calea adevărului: Ce s-a născut, va muri; Ce s-a strâns, se va risipi; Ce s-a acumulat, se va irosi; Ce s-a construit, se va nărui Şi ce-a fost înălţat, se va coborî. Întregul univers, ne spun acum savanţii, nu este decât schimbare, activitate şi proces-o totalitate a fluxului care este temelia tuturor lucrurilor: Orice interacţie subatomică constă din anihilarea particulelor originare şi crearea unor noi particule subatomice. Lumea subatomică este un dans continuu al creaţiei şi anihilării, al transformării masei în energie şi al energiei în masă. Formele tranzitorii apar şi dispar, generând o realitate fără sfârşit, mereu recreată. Ce este viaţa noastră, dacă nu acest dans al formelor tranzitorii? Oare nu se schimbă toate, întotdeauna: frunzele arborilor din parcuri, lumina din camera dvs. În timp ce citiţi aceste rânduri, anotimpurile, vremea, orele zilei, oamenii care trec pe stradă? Iar noi? Oare tot ce am făcut în trecut nu ne pare acum un vis? Prietenii cu care am crescut, locurile de joacă ale copilăriei, acele viziuni şi opinii pe care le-am susţinut cândva cu patimă sinceră: pe toate le-am lăsat în urmă. Acum, în momentul de faţă, citirea acestei cărţi vi se pare o realitate vie. Dar curând chiar şi această pagină nu va fi decât o amintire. Celulele din corpul nostru mor, neuronii din creier se descompun, până şi expresia feţei este în...

Dielectric measurements of the Rbi-"(NH4)"HzAs04 (x 0.35) mixed crystals in the a and c tetragonal directions in the temperature range from 3 to 300 K are reported. Below Tg a dielectric dispersion of e''(T) and e"(T) in the applied frequency range from 1 Hz to 30 kHz was observed. A small anisotropy of the proton-glass transition temperature Tg was detected, but we did not find the large anisotropy reported by J. Kim, N. Kim, and K. Lee [J. Phys. C 21, L663 (1988)l. The proton-glass state in the mixed crystals Rbl (NH4), H2PO4 (RADP-100x) was discovered by Courtens in 1982. ' Since that time many experimental and theoretical results were found, but only a few for

Volume 11 of the Collected Orations of Pope Pius II contains three orations discovered after the completion of the main body of the edition, one the closing oration at the Diet in Regensburg, 1454, the “Verba tua”, and two orations from August-September 1459, at the Congress of Mantua, the “Grave illis” and the previously unknown “Miraberis fortassis”. The volume also contains a list of manuscripts, orthographical profiles of the main manuscripts collated for the present edition, and the indices (persons, places, subjects, sources).

Absfract-Excitation of elastic waves in a general onisotropic crystal is discussed. The crystal is supposed to be serui-intlnite, bounded by a plane surface. The definition of an elastic impedance matrix for the medium aad its use in the subsequent discussion emphasize the similarities with transmission line thecwy. The resulting expressions for the amplitudes of bulk waves and surface waves is expressed in a matrix formalism believed to have computational advantages.

Voltage source inverter has been applied for uninterruptible power supply (UPS), renewable energy sources, and motor drive. The popular modulations for inverters are sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM), zero sequence signal modulation (ZSS), space vector modulation (SVM), and discontinuous PWM (DPWM). All these modulations have been applied to three-phase and multiphase inverters. The characteristics of the modulation application in these inverters have been well investigated. However, only SPWM has been applied satisfactorily in single-phase inverter. From the literature, the applications of ZSS and DPWM couldn't show any benefit. In this paper, a DPWM is proposed for single-phase inverter. The output current ripple is analyzed and experiments are conducted to verify the analytical result. Comparison to SPWM is conducted to find the modulation index range that provides a benefit when using the DPWM.

One of the questions that still surrounds the history of auxiliary do is what function it had during the Middle English period (c.1100-1500). Scholars have put forward different hypotheses, suggesting that it could serve, among others, as a perfective marker (Denison 1985), agentive marker (Ecay 2015) and habitual marker (Garrett 1998). The present article reports on a quantitative study that aims to shed further light on this issue. By means of a collexeme analysis, this article investigates the semantic features of the infinitives that occur with auxiliary do in several Middle English corpora. The results show that auxiliary do was not connected to verbs with specific semantic profiles, but it was employed in different contexts and had various functions. Specifically, the data suggest that auxiliary do was used (i) as an accommodation tool to facilitate the use of low-frequency verbs, particularly of French origin, and (ii) as an aspectual particle to mark both perfectivity and habituality. It is argued that the multifunctionality of auxiliary do in Middle English played a crucial role in the preservation of the construction before it spread to the NICE (i.e. negation, inversion, code and emphasis) environments.

We studied 786 undiagnosed patients with LGMD or nonspecific myopathic features to investigate the role of ANO5 mutations in limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) and in nonspecific myopathies using the next generation sequencing (NGS) approach. In 160 LGMD patients, we first sequenced hotspot exons 5 and 20 and then sequenced the remaining part of the coding region. Another 626 patients, recruited using broader inclusion criteria, were directly analyzed by targeted NGS. By combining NGS and Sanger sequencing, we identified 33/786 (4%) patients carrying putative pathogenic changes in both alleles and 23 ANO5 heterozygotes (3%). The phenotypic spectrum is broader than expected, from hyperCKemia to myopathies, with lack of genotype/phenotype correlations. In particular, this is currently the largest screening of the ANO5 gene. The large number of heterozygotes for damaging mutations suggests that anoctaminopathies should be frequent and often nonpenetrant. We propose the multiple genetic testing by targeted NGS as a first step to analyze patients with nonspecific myopathic presentations. This represents a straightforward approach to overcome the difficulties of clinical heterogeneity of ANO5 patients, and to test, at the same time, many other genes involved in neuromuscular disorders.

Design of a 42 GHz, 200 kW gyrotron operating at TE 03 involves optimization of a guiding magnetic field across the tapered cavity. The start oscillation current (SOC) or starting current is one of the most important parameter to estimate the guiding magnetic field to excite the desired operating mode irrespective of large numbers of competitive modes. This paper presents an accurate method to estimate SOC, based on the linear theory, yielding the guiding magnetic field at which the maximum desired power level is also achieved through the beam-wave interaction simulation using 3D MAGIC-PIC code. The method involves interpretation of the beam wave interaction length as e −1 times of the normalized axial Gaussian electric field profile. This method is successfully applied to low order symmetric operating mode gyrotron. The minimum SOC from the linear theory for the operating mode TE 03 and the maximum power from the non-linear theory/code are obtained at the same guiding magnetic field 1.607 T with an error of 0.12% only. The paper also reports the effect of noise on SOC and output power, simultaneously.

Dedication "To the love of my life, Meruyert-your support and believing in me are my guiding light. To my Mom, Alina-for your endless care and encouragement. To my brother, Kamil, and his wife, Eliza-and to my sister, Paulina, and her boyfriend, Gabriel-thank you for believing in me and inspiring me to reach for the stars. A special thank you to my dear friends, Robert, his wife, Renata, and their wonderful children-your friendship means the world to me. With all my heart, thank you. Very special thanks-all humans on earth, thank you for your theories For all of you I moved the stars and galaxies.

The paper presents a simple and an innovative idea regarding vibration isolation technique of a multistory building using magnetic field and is proposed to application in the field of civil engineering structures. This idea is fully based on hypothetical concept, but the objective is to explore this idea or concept in to the entire community which may be a potential sector for the effective vibration isolation system. The technique is described based on the magnetic properties of materials and a magnetic field characteristic which depends on the amount of current flow, number of turns in coil, distance between electromagnet and the magnetic materials. Therefore using magnetic field, the attraction induced between magnet and magnetic materials, a force could finally be developed on the floor of building. This force would become effective until and unless the power is cutoff. Therefore this induced force is actually acts as a live load on the structure which indirectly increases the weight and this has been described in this paper.

The Erlang capacity per cell and per unit area in urban code-division multiple-access (CDMA) microcellular environments is evaluated. Special emphasis is given to the effect of breakpoint distance and cell size on the system Erlang capacity. Two different cell plans are considered in which the communication between the base station (BS) and the mobile unit always occurs in a line-of-sight (LOS) condition: the full-and half-square cell plans. Our main result has been to obtain analytical expressions for the Erlang capacity, which are evaluated through a cell radius-normalization procedure, as a function of the breakpoint to the cell radius ratio (). This has allowed us to notice some important facts not previously reported in the literature. In particular, we observe that the Erlang capacity is a monotonically decreasing function of and that close to the highest reuse efficiency is achieved for 0 7. Thus, given a breakpoint distance, higher Erlang capacity per cell can be achieved with greater cell radius. Or, equivalently, given a cell radius, higher system capacity can be achieved with smaller breakpoint distances; that is, with smaller base-station antenna heights and/or smaller frequencies. Also, we show that the capacity increase due to the BSs doubling or cell radius-reduction depends on the antenna heights, frequency of operation, and distance between streets. It ranges from 64 to 100%.

I have studied every discipline with an open mind. I have faced years of near mental collapse, perceived hardships to ow end, and have emerged with the answers I sought.

I bring you all the keys to everything. To the Faith Equation. To prove once and for all, that we exist as vibrations within a frictionless plasma medium.

Plasma is referred to as the 4th state of matter, because we understood it last. Plasma is the only state of matter, and if you take the 4 minutes to read this with an open mind, you too will come to understand this place.

Pump-probe spectroscopy is central for exploring ultrafast dynamics of fundamental excitations, collective modes and energy transfer processes. Typically carried out using conventional diffraction-limited optics, pump-probe experiments inherently average over local chemical, compositional, and electronic inhomogeneities. Here we circumvent this deficiency and introduce pump-probe infrared spectroscopy with ~20 nm spatial resolution, far below the diffraction limit, which is accomplished using a scattering scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM). This technique allows us to investigate exfoliated graphene single-layers on SiO 2 at technologically significant mid-infrared (MIR) frequencies where the local optical conductivity becomes experimentally accessible through the excitation of surface plasmons via the s-SNOM tip. Optical pumping at near-infrared (NIR) frequencies prompts distinct changes in the plasmonic behavior on 200 femtosecond (fs) time scales. The origin of the pump-induced, enhanced plasmonic response is identified as an increase in the effective electron temperature up to several thousand Kelvin, as deduced directly from the Drude weight associated with the plasmonic resonances. Graphene is emerging as a promising system for optoelectronic and plasmonic applications. 1-4 This is in part because the optical, electronic and plasmonic phenomena present in graphene are amenable to modifications by chemical doping and electrostatic gating. Specifically, these stimuli influence both the amplitude and the wavelength of Dirac plasmons, the surface charge oscillations in graphene. 5,6 Tunable surface plasmons are of high interest in the context of confining and controlling long-wavelength electromagnetic radiation at the length scales typical of x-rays. 7 The key novelty of the results presented here is that the plasmonic effects in graphene can be modified on ultrafast time scales with an efficiency rivaling that of electrostatic gating. This is achieved using a novel approach that enables pump-probe spectroscopy in the infrared (IR) region with nanoscale spatial resolution. Common optical pump-probe experiments have been extensively employed to investigate fundamental physical effects in condensed matter. 8,9

Objective The purpose of this study was to identify whether or not there are associations between frequency of eating homegrown produce among rural parents and their preschool children and overall intake. Study design A cross-sectional study, including parents (nϭ1,658) and their preschool children (aged 2 to 5 years) enrolled in a parent education program, in eight rural Southeast Missouri counties was conducted. Main outcome measures Parents completed a telephone interview answering questions for themselves and their preschool child about their fruit and vegetable intake during the past 7 days using a 29-item food frequency questionnaire (82% response rate). Statistical analysis performed Frequency of eating homegrown fruits and vegetables was examined and categorized as almost always/always (nϭ226), sometimes (nϭ871), and rarely/never (nϭ546). Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals, independent sample t tests (twosided) analyses, and analysis of covariance (with post hoc tests) were conducted. Results Significant differences were found in the overall fruit and vegetable diets and nutrient quality between all three groups for both parents and their preschool children. Furthermore, frequency of eating homegrown fruits and vegetables promoted a positive home environment with increased availability of produce (rarely/neverϭ4.3 items, sometimesϭ4.7 items, almost always/alwaysϭ5.2 items), preschooler's preference for them (rarely/neverϭ3.5

Algorithms to automatically estimate the R, Q and T fiducial points have been developed and their sensitivity to baseline noise and wave morphology fluctuations has been tested on simulated ECGs. The analysis of 15 continuous ECG recordings 20 minutes long, collected from healthy subjects, has shown that QT intervals time series may be obtained automatically. Preliminary results on the spectral content of QT variability indicate the presence of three major frequency bands (VLF: 0.001-0.05 Hz, LF: 0.06-0.12 Hz, HF: 0.25-0.4 Hz) already described for the RR variability, the power distribution among these bands seems to be different for the two series.

The objective of the research was to assess the effect of three ages (phenologies); 20, 25 and 30 days of cutting of Panicum maximum cv. Mombasa grass, on the morphology of the plant, the production of biomass (VM, DM, and% DM), Weende's proximal chemical analysis and digestibility of the fiber in neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin. The mineral profile of five elements, Ca, K, P, Mg, and Cu, constituted a useful area of 144 m2 divided into 24 experimental units with three treatments and eight repetitions. A Random Block Design was used Completely. The results were submitted to Statistical analysis on Infostat. Duncan tests were used in multiple comparisons. According to the morphological responses, Mombasa grass with a confidence interval of 95% in the number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, plant height, and root biomass/root biomass ratio, the stem leaf ratio favored significantly at 25 days. For the variable of production, the significant ...

The initiating somatic genetic events in chordoma development have not yet been identified. Most cytogenetically investigated chordomas have displayed near-diploid or moderately hypodiploid karyotypes, with several numerical and structural rearrangements. However, no consistent structural chromosome aberration has been reported. This is the first array-based study characterising DNA copy number changes in chordoma. Array comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH) identified copy number alterations in all samples and imbalances affecting 5 or more out of the 21 investigated tumours were seen on all chromosomes. In general, deletions were more common than gains and no high-level amplification was found, supporting previous findings of primarily losses of large chromosomal regions as an important mechanism in chordoma development. Although small imbalances were commonly found, the vast majority of these were detected in single cases; no small deletion affecting all tumours could be discerned. However, the CDKN2A and CDKN2B loci in 9p21 were homo-or heterozygously lost in 70% of the tumours, a finding corroborated by fluorescence in situ hybridisation, suggesting that inactivation of these genes constitute an important step in chordoma development.

Erzurum ve bağlı ilçelerinde yapılan bu çalışmada, hasat edilmiş ve selektörden geçirilmemiş yazlık buğday ürününe karışan yabancı ot tohumlan ile bunların sayısal ve ağırlık olarak karışma oranları saptanmıştır. Yazlık buğday ürünü içerisine tohumları karışan 95 adel yabancı otun tür ve cins tanından yaptlmışiır. Yazlık buğday ürününe ortalama sayısal olarak % 721, ağırlık olarak % 2.04 oranında yabancı o tohumunun karıştığı tespit edilmiştir. Buğday ürünü temizlenmeden tohumluk olarak kullanılması halinde dek ortalama her yıl 36060 adet yabancı ot tohumu taşınmaktadır.

The aim of the project this paper reports on is to identify and analyze the correlation between Polish consonant clusters and the semantic categories of the words that contain a given cluster. The material studied is a large corpus of Polish newspapaper text. A common characteristic of sets of words is whether or not they contain an identical consonant cluster, which understood here as a contiguous string of consonants not interrupted by a vowel. The aim of the study is to find other common characteristics of the words, that is the identification and analysis of a correlation between the cluster and the semantic categories that the words containing the cluster belong to. The semantic categories considered in the model pertain to the following properties of the words featuring a common cluster: derivation, part of speech, inflection, and morphotactics.

The present study aimed to evaluate a new tibial nerve stimulation (TNS) modality, which uses interferential currents, in terms of the stimulation electric field penetration efficiency into the body and physiological effectiveness. Methods: In silico experiments were performed to analyze the penetration efficiency of proposed interferential current therapy (ICT). Based on this, we performed in vivo experiments to measure excitation threshold of ICT for the tibial nerve, which is related to stimulation field near the nerve. Regarding analysis of the physiological effectiveness, in vivo ICT-TNS was performed, and changes in bladder contraction frequency and voiding volume were measured. The penetration efficiency and physiological effectiveness of ICT were evaluated by comparison with those of conventional TNS using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Results: Simulation results showed that ICT has high penetration efficiency, thereby generating stronger field than TENS. These results are consistent with the in vivo results that nerve excitation threshold of ICT is lower than that of TENS. Moreover, ICT-TNS decreased contraction frequency and increased voiding volume, and its performance was profound compared with that of TENS-TNS. Conclusion: The proposed ICT is more efficient in inducing the stimulation field near the tibial nerve placed deep inside the body compared with conventional TENS and shows a good clinical effectiveness for TNS. Significance: The high efficiency of ICT increases the safety of noninvasive neurostimulation; therefore, it has clinical potential to become a promising modality for TNS to treat OAB and other peripheral neurostimulations.

Speculative prefetching has been proposed to improve the response time of network access. Previous studies in speculative prefetching focus on building and evaluating access models for the purpose of access prediction. This paper investigates a complementary area which has been largely ignored, that of performance modeling. We analyze the performance of a prefetcher that has uncertain knowledge about future accesses. Our performance metric is the improvement in access time, for which we derive a formula in terms of resource parameters (time available and time required for prefetching) and speculative parameters (probabilities for next access). We develop a prefetch algorithm to maximize the improvement in access time. The algorithm is based on finding the best solution to a stretch knapsack problem, using theoretically proven apparatus to reduce the search space. An integration between speculative prefetching and caching is also investigated.

A phased array technique has been mainly utilized for the atmospheric radar and the wind profiler radar, and also applied to the weather radar for research in recent years. As a further development of phased array technology, “Multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO) technique” , developed in the communication systems, has been applied to the radar. One of the effects is that it is possible to create the virtual antenna aperture plane beyond the actual antenna, and we can also say that it is possible to make the actual antenna size smaller compared to the conventional antenna while keeping the angular resolution. This effect is expected to reduce costs which is the most serious problem to expand phased array radars instead of parabolic antenna systems. In order to confirm the effect, an experimental observation was done using the MU radar and the preliminary result will be introduced. MIMO technique requires orthogonal waveforms on each transmitter to identify the transmitted signals wi...

A technique for shaping component mismatch error in the real and imaginary paths of a complex filter is studied and simulated. Complex filters provide improved performance over a pair of real bandpass filters of the same order. This is possible due to elimination of redundant conjugate pairs of poles and zeros in its noise and signal transfer function. Advantages of using complex filters are clearly seen in such applications as bandpass delta-sigma modulators, used in the conversion of narrow-band quadrature IF (intermediate frequency) cellular signals. The work presented here takes advantage of the inherent dual paths of the complex bandpass delta-sigma modulator to reduce component mismatch effects using a switched capacitor error shaping technique.

This paperproposes an energy saving approach io the control ofpneumaiic servo systems. The control meihodology is presenied, followed by experimental results ihai indicate significani energetic savings and esseniially no compromise in tracking performance relative to a purely active approach. Speci$cally, experiments indicaie an energv savings of 10 to 46% (depending on the desired tracking frequency) relaiive to standard 4-way spool valve pneumatic servo actuaior control. The savings are generally higher at lower tracking frequencies, since tracking of higherfrequencies requires more control effori io minimize tracking error, and therefore limits the degree of possible energy swings.

In this paper we introduce results from two studies on frequency and knowledge of German idioms. The aim of the first study was to determine the frequency of idioms in a written language corpus, and in the second study the native speakers knowledge of idioms was exploited. In both studies selected idioms from dictionaries of idioms and dictionaries for German as a foreign language were used, and here we present the result of the comparison of the data from both studies concerning 1112 German idioms. One part of the result is a list with 143 highly frequent and well known idioms, that we propose to be a part of a "phraseological optimum" for German as a foreign language. 1 Einführung Die Frage nach dem phraseologischen "was" und "wie" für Deutsch als Fremdsprache beschäftigt die Phraseologieforschung schon seit einigen Jahren. Häufig wird in diesem Zusammenhang auf die Notwendigkeit der Erstellung phraseologischer und parömiologischer Minima bzw. Optima hingewiesen, in denen die Phraseologismen und Parömien aufgelistet und beschrieben werden, die ein Fremdsprachenlerner beherrschen sollte (cf. Hessky 1992). Die Frage nach phraseologischen Optima ist nicht nur für die Fremdsprachendidaktik sondern in hohem Maße auch für die Lernerlexikographie von Relevanz. Das "Phraseologie-und Idiomatizitätsverständnis" (Wotjak 2001: 264) der meisten Autoren deutscher Lernerwörterbücher ist bisher ein wohl gehütetes Geheimnis, zumindest was die Kriterien für die Auswahl von Phraseologismen für die Wörterbücher betrifft (cf. Wotjak 2001: 264). Da die verwendeten Wörterbücher jedoch für Deutsch als Fremdsprache verfasst wurden, liegt es nahe, die darin enthaltenen Phraseologismen in Bezug auf ihre Relevanz für ein phraseologisches Optimum für Deutsch als Fremdsprache zu untersuchen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse aus zwei unabhängig von einander durchgeführten Untersuchungen verglichen und zueinander in Relation gesetzt. Es handelt sich um eine Untersuchung zur Frequenz deutscher Phraseologismen im Korpus Deutscher Wortschatz und eine Untersuchung zur Geläufigkeit deutscher Phraseologismen bei Muttersprachlern des Deutschen. Weiterhin wird auf den Ergebnissen des Vergleichs aufbauend eine Aufteilung der

In this paper the dynamic response of two and three pounding oscillators subjected to pulse-type excitations is revisited with dimensional analysis. Using Buckingham's-theorem the number of variables that govern the response of the system is reduced by three. When the response is presented in the dimensionless-terms remarkable order emerges. It is shown that regardless of the acceleration level and duration of the pulse all response spectra become self-similar and follow a single master curve. This is true despite the realization of finite duration contacts with increasing durations as the excitation level increases. All physically realizable contacts (impacts, continuous contacts, and detachments) are captured via a linear complementarity approach. The study confirms the existence of three spectral regions. The response of the most flexible among the two oscillators amplifies in the low range of the frequency spectrum (flexible structures); whereas, the response of the most stiff among the two oscillators amplifies at the upper range of the frequency spectrum (stiff structures). Most importantly, the study shows that pounding structures such as colliding buildings or interacting bridge segments may be most vulnerable for excitations with frequencies very different from their natural eigenfrequencies. Finally, by applying the concept of intermediate asymptotics, the study unveils that the dimensionless response of two pounding oscillators follows a scaling law with respect to the mass ratio, or in mathematical terms, that the response exhibits an incomplete self-similarity or self-similarity of the second kind with respect to the mass ratio. Copyright

The indigenous African languages of South Africa are not fully developed to provide for
specialised terminology and were considered unsuitable for use as languages of tuition and research. This was used as a scapegoat for not utilising these languages in the South African education system. Since 1994, however, terminology development has been one of the key priorities of democratic South Africa. The institutions of Higher Learning have been mandated to develop and intellectualise the indigenous languages for teaching, learning and research. In line with this, this article aims to
address the problem of unavailability of scientific or technical terms by illustrating how a multilingual corpus ––from which multilingual glossaries as resources for tuition and research can be compiled. Adopting a qualitative descriptive approach, suitable source texts in English and their translations in various African indigenous languages, namely, IsiZulu, IsiXhosa, IsiNdebele, SiSwati, Tshivenda, and Xitsonga were selected from the University study material for inclusion in the multilingual parallel corpus. ParaConc, a software that is suitable to query parallel texts, was used to align and extract terms from the corpus. The study demonstrates how parallel texts can be
useful in developing scientific and technical terms. The University of South Africa can become the centre of corpus compilation for the intellectualisation of the official indigenous South African languages, since it is the only university in the country that caters for all these languages.

The objective of this paper is to present the results of a numerical investigation of the effect of flow pulsations on local, time-averaged Nusselt number of an impinging air jet. The problem was considered to provide inputs to augmenting heat transfer from electronic components. The solution is sought through the FLUENT (Version 6.0) platform. The standard-model for turbulence equations and two-layer zonal model in wall function are used in the problem. Pressure-velocity coupling is handled using the SIMPLEC algorithm. The model is first validated against some experimental results available in the literature. A parametric study is carried out to quantify the effect of the pulsating jets. The parameters considered are 1) average jet Reynolds number (5130 8560), 2) sine and square wave pulsations, 3) frequencies of pulsations (25 400 Hz), and 4) height of impingement to jet diameter ratios (5 9). In the case of sine wave pulsations, the ratio of root mean square value of the amplitude to the average value () was varied from 18% to 53%. The studies are restricted to a constant wall heat flux condition. Parametric conditions for which enhancement in the time-averaged heat transfer from the surface can be expected are identified.

By providing clinicians, dealing with children with CKD, with more advanced and appropriate tools to improve management of all children with CKD, i.e. better assessment of the degree of renal dysfunction, better determination of the ideal time to start renal replacement therapy, and more accurate monitoring of the quality of that renal replacement therapy, we aim to improve neurocognitive and psychosocial functioning, growth, maturation into puberty, and social integration and survival. Children with chronic kidney disease have significant co-morbidities resulting in  a lifelong need for health care  3 times decreased life expectancy  poor quality of life and integration in society Good tools to evaluate severity and monitor adequacy of treatment of children with CKD are lacking resulting in suboptimal management. Retention of uraemic toxins is accepted to play a major role in the pathogenesis of the comorbid conditions, but studies in children are lacking.

Monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) is frequently related to nocturnal polyuria. Desmopressin (dDAVP), a synthetic vasopressin analogue, is a level A, grade I treatment option in these children. In the past years we observed 6 adolescents (3 cyclers + 3 footballers, 14-18 years) with MNE from sport schools, who had dDAVP-resistant nocturnal polyuria, especially on nights following evenings with intensive physical training. This contrasted with our initial idea that following sport and dehydration, they should have lower diuresis-volumes overnight. To investigate pathophysiological mechanisms that might explain dDAVP therapy-resistance. 24-hours urine collection with timed voidings was obtained, on a day with and without evening sport training. At least 30 to 60 minutes before sleeping, two tablets of 200 µg dDAVP was given. The use of sport drinks was avoided, but there was no absolute fluid restriction in the evening. However, fluid intake was obsolete after dDAVP intake until the next morning. Diuresis-rate overnight was in 6 of 6 patients higher on the sporting than on the non-sporting evening, mainly in the first 6 hours of the night (U5-U6) (Fig.1). This was associated with lower urinary osmolality (Fig.2) and higher osmotic and sodium excretion (Fig.3). 24-hours sodium and solute excretion was not different. However, on the sporting evening there was obvious a water-and sodiumretention during the evening urine collections.

In this paper experimental and simulation results of three phase voltage source inverter (3P-VSI) controlled by a discontinuous pulse width modulation technique (DPWM) are presented. This technique is proposed to overcome the disadvantages of the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) mainly high modulation frequency and increased inverter switching losses. This control strategy is a simple and an easy technique generating the same switching pattern as space vector modulation with less switching losses and reduced total harmonic distortion. The main motivation of the present paper is that the DPWM is not largely and deeply investigated and can present a serious alternative to other PWM techniques. The obtained results have showed that with DPWM technique, switching losses and total harmonic distortion (THD) are reduced. Furthermore, the implementations of this technique in a dSPACE (DS1104) controller are discussed and analyzed.

This paper presents a link-simulation model for cooperative indoor communication systems at 2.4 GHz, based on empirical data. The channel simulator relies on a simple formulation, and takes into account the impact of the node mobility on fading and shadowing statistics. This implementation is then applied to the evaluation of the cooperative system performance in terms of network lifetime.

This paper presents a link-simulation model for cooperative indoor communication systems at 2.4 GHz, based on empirical data. The channel simulator relies on a simple formulation, and takes into account the impact of the node mobility on fading and shadowing statistics. This implementation is then applied to the evaluation of the cooperative system performance in terms of network lifetime.

The analysis of structures engaged in fluid-structure interactions poses a complex challenge and is crucial for ensuring the safety of integrated modeling. Particularly, in the determination of structural behavior and the design of underwater structures, the selection of an appropriate Finite Element (FE) method is of paramount importance in accurately predicting this interaction. This study endeavors to showcase the accurate modeling of a structure interacting with a fluid using the FE method. To validate the reliability of the outcomes, various cross-sectional structures, the frequencies of which were previously determined analytically, were replicated using the FE method. This research aimed to establish the level of correspondence between the proposed FE model and the analytical results, thereby ensuring the accuracy of the findings for the purpose of safety verification.

Recibido 9 de marzo de 2012; aceptado 22 de septiembre de 2012 Resumen: Se aislaron e identificaron los hongos presentes en granos de arroz manchados, de la variedad INCA LP-5, cosechados durante las épocas lluviosas de los años 2003 y 2005, en áreas de la Estación Experimental del Arroz "Los Palacios", Pinar del Río, perteneciente al Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA). Se determinó la incidencia y se realizaron las pruebas de patogenicidad mediante los postulados de Koch. Se identificaron 35 especies, correspondientes a 19 géneros de hongos asociados a granos manchados de la variedad INCA LP-5, y entre ellas se señalaron, como nuevos registros asociados al manchado del grano de arroz para Cuba a: Bipolaris maydis,

Recibido 9 de marzo de 2012; aceptado 22 de septiembre de 2012 Resumen: Se aislaron e identificaron los hongos presentes en granos de arroz manchados, de la variedad INCA LP-5, cosechados durante las épocas lluviosas de los años 2003 y 2005, en áreas de la Estación Experimental del Arroz "Los Palacios", Pinar del Río, perteneciente al Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA). Se determinó la incidencia y se realizaron las pruebas de patogenicidad mediante los postulados de Koch. Se identificaron 35 especies, correspondientes a 19 géneros de hongos asociados a granos manchados de la variedad INCA LP-5, y entre ellas se señalaron, como nuevos registros asociados al manchado del grano de arroz para Cuba a: Bipolaris maydis,

The magnetic properties of (Co0.97Al0.03)0.7Fe0.3 nanowires electrodeposited at different frequency of 50-1000 Hz were studied. This nanowires were prepared by alternative current electrodeposition using porous anodic aluminum oxide as template. The results show that coercivity of samples slightly increased with increasing the frequency. Comparing the M-H hysteresis loops in different frequency shows that saturation magnetization (Ms) per unit area decreases with increasing the frequency. Magnetic properties were also investigated after annealing at 575 C. After annealing, a clear increase in coercivity was observed.

To guarantee service quality, it is desirable to shape the antenna pattern so that it provides uniform gain over the intended service region. This paper investigates the performance of the beam pattern with respect to different relative weight and step-size decay rate. The beam shaping design example used in this paper demonstrates how the Minimax algorithm shapes the antenna mainlobe to circular and elliptical beams with different relative weight. The array antennas used in this simulation study are 148 and 244 elements non-uniformly spaced antennas.

This paper deals with detection of macro-level crack type damage in rectangular E-Glass fiber/Epoxy resin (LY556) laminated composite plates using modal analysis. Composite plate-like structures are widely found in aerospace and automotive structural applications which are susceptible to damages. The formation of cracks in a structure that undergoes vibration may lead to catastrophic events such as structural failure, thus detection of such occurrences is considered necessary. In this research, a novel technique called as node-releasing technique in Finite Element Analysis (FEA), which was not attempted by the earlier researchers, is used to model the perpendicular cracks (the type of damage mostly considered in all the pioneering research works) and also slant cracks (a new type of damage considered in the present work) of various depths and lengths for Unidirectional Laminate (UDL) ([0]S and [45]S) composite layered configurations using commercial FE code Ansys, thus simulating th...

Higher order spectral analysis is used to investigate nonlinearities in time series of voltages measured from a realization of Chua's circuit. For period-doubled limit cycles, quadratic and cubic nonlinear interactions result in phase coupling and energy exchange between increasing numbers of triads and quartets of Fourier components as the nonlinearity of the system is increased. For circuit parameters that result in a chaotic, Rosslertype attractor, bicoherence and tricoherence spectra indicate that both quadratic and cubic nonlinear interactions are important to the dynamics. When the circuit exhibits a double-scroll chaotic attractor the bispectrum is zero, but the tricoherences are high, consistent with the importance of higher-than-second order nonlinear interactions during chaos associated with the double scroll.