Fish Oil

Objective: Nutritional compounds that potentially limit inflammation and tissue factor expression may decrease the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and associated cardiovascular disease. This project aimed to determine the effect of curcumin, bovine colostrum, and fish oil on inflammatory cytokine and tissue factor procoagulant activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with CKD before dialysis. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with CKD before dialysis (n ¼ 13) and age-and sex-matched healthy controls (n ¼ 12) were cultured alone and with low and high doses of the nutritional compounds for 24 h. Cells were cultured with and without lipopolysaccharide. Supernatants were analyzed for tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-1b, C-reactive protein, and tissue factor procoagulant activity. Results: The production of C-reactive protein, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-6, and IL-1b by PBMCs was inhibited by low-and high-dose fish oil in the CKD group (P < 0.05). Curcumin decreased secretion of IL-6 (P ¼ 0.015) and IL-1 b (P ¼ 0.016). Curcumin was more effective than colostrum at decreasing the procoagulant activity of PBMCs in the CKD and control groups (P < 0.019). Conclusion: Fish oil decreased inflammatory cytokine secretion from CKD PBMCs. In addition, the beneficial effects of curcumin were demonstrated in decreasing inflammation in vitro, often to a similar magnitude as fish oil.

The free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus is a suitable food source for first feeding fish. In the present report, a new method for the mass production of P. redivivus is presented. The technique involves multiplication of the nematode in monoxenic (single microorganism: Saccharomyces cerevisiae) solid culture (fluid media supported by 1-to 4-cm 3 sponge cubes) in autoclavable plastic bags (size range: 5030 cm to 7567 cm). Two growing media were tested: oatmeal medium (OM), which is an oat-based medium (16.7% oatmeal flour in 0.8% saline solution), and purified ingredient medium (PIM), a semi-synthetic medium (1.64% meat peptone, 0.94% yeast extract, 12.6% corn starch, 0.24% glucose, 1.48% sunflower oil, in 0.8% saline solution). The bags were inoculated with 350 nematodes/g medium. After an average period of 12 days (11-13 days) at 25 C, the average yield (number of nematodes/g medium) was 24110 3 for OM and 33310 3 for PIM in 12-l bags (5030 cm). The production scale has currently reached a bag volume of 50 l (7567 cm); using PIM and the conditions described above, it was possible to harvest more than 1.310 9 nematodes/bag (29110 3 nematodes/g medium). In PIM, when sun flower oil was replaced with the same amount of fish oil or cod liver oil, yields of 25910 3 and 29010 3 nematodes/g medium, respectively, were attained. The technology for mass production and formulation of P. redivivus should enable fish-hatchery operators to rely on a cheap, standardised, and permanently available live food product for first feeding fish larvae.

Our objective was to evaluate the influence of fish oil fortification on the sensory quality of selected dairy products. Yoghurts, fresh, soft and processed cheeses, butter and cream were fortified at different levels. Sensory quality was evaluated using a scaling method and the ...

Total lipid extracts of P. canaliculus (a bivalve marine mollusc native to New Zealand, commonly called the green-lipped mussel) and Mytilus edulis (commonly called the common blue mussel) moderately inhibited ovine COX-1 and COX-2 pure enzymes in vitro. The inhibition was increased after the mussel extracts were saponified by KOH hydrolysis. Protease-and protease-lipase-hydrolysed lipid extracts of P. canaliculus exhibited similarly strong COX inhibition as the KOH-hydrolysed extract. Lyprinol® (a commercial extract from P. canaliculus) also exhibited strong inhibition of both COX isoforms, an effect that was increased 10-fold upon subsequent hydrolysis. In contrast, fish oil was not as anti-COX active as Lyprinol. The Lyprinol free fatty acid fraction, and to a lesser extent the Lyprinol triglyceride fraction, were the only lipid classes of Lyprinol to exhibit strong inhibition of the COX isoforms. The purified PUFA extracts were all bioactive, potently inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2. Incubation of Lyprinol in the absence of exogenous arachidonic acid (AA) showed the appearance of alternate prostaglandin metabolites, confirming Lyprinol PUFA as a competitive substrate inhibitor of AA metabolism.

For sustainable aquaculture, the removal of marine resource ingredients in fish diets is an important objective. While most studies focus on the replacement of fish oil by vegetable oil, little is known on the nutritional effects of presence (which corresponds to the control diet) or absence of dietary fish oil. We studied fatty acid composition of brush-border membranes and digestive enzyme activities of the intestine and measured the expression and activities of several enzymes involved in the hepatic intermediary metabolism of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed for 7 weeks with or without fish oil. The diets were pair-fed to ensure that fish fed either diet had comparable carbohydrate and protein intakes. Absence of fish oil significantly reduced growth rate, protein efficiency and plasma lipid components. Activities of intestinal digestive enzymes were significantly decreased in the anterior intestine in fish fed without fish oil. In liver, dietary fish oil removal did not ...

The environmental consequences of replacing fish meal and fish oil with plant-based sources in salmonid feeds were investigated using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Two scenarios of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming were compared. The first scenario used a Standard Diet (STD) with high levels of fish meal and fish oil, and the second a Low Marine-Fishery-Capture Diet (LFD) in which fish meal and fish oil were replaced by plant protein and oil sources. Environmental impacts assessed were: acidification, eutrophication, climate change, terrestrial ecotoxicity, net primary production use (biotic resource use), water use, land occupation and total cumulative energy demand. The assessment confirmed the substantial contribution of feed to the environmental burdens of fish production and the LFD scenario led to a significant decrease in biotic resource use compared to the STD scenario with the same total energy demand. Environmental impacts of feeds depended highly on the geographic origins of feed ingredients from fishery (e.g., fish oil from Norway or Peru) and from terrestrial agricultural crop species (e.g., palm oil or rapeseed oil). This study demonstrated the importance of a multicriteria method to give stakeholders the most accurate information on the potential consequences of replacing fishery products with plant-based sources in aquafeeds.

The dynamics of fatty acid composition modi¢cations were examined in tissues of Murray cod fed diets containing ¢sh oil (FO), canola oil (CO) and linseed oil (LO) for a 25-week period and subsequently transferred to a FO (¢nishing/wash-out) diet for a further 16 weeks. At the commencement of the wash-out period, following 25 weeks of vegetable oil substitution diets, the fatty acid compositions of Murray cod ¢llets were re£ective of the respective diets. After transfer to the FO diet, di¡erences decreased in quantity and in numerousness, resulting in a revert to the FO fatty acid composition. Changes in percentages of the fatty acids and total accumulation in the ¢llet could be described by exponential equations and demonstrated that major modi¢cations occurred in the ¢rst days of the ¢nishing period. A dilution model was tested to predict fatty acid composition. In spite of a general reliability of the model (Y 5 0.9234X1 0.4260, R 2 50.957, Po0.001, where X is the predicted percentage of fatty acid;Y the observed percentage of fatty acid), in some instances the regression comparing observed and predicted values was markedly di¡erent from the line of equity, indicating that the rate of change was higher than predicted (i.e. Y 5 0.4205X11.191, R 2 50.974, Po0.001, where X is the predicted percentage of a-linolenic acid; Y the observed percentage of a-linolenic acid). Ultimately, using the coe⁄cient of distance (D), it was shown that the fatty acid composition of ¢sh previously fed the vegetable oil diets returned to the average variability of the ¢llet fatty acid composition of Murray cod after 70 or 97 days (LO and CO respectively).

A 70-day growth trial was conducted with postlarvae 12 (PL12) Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to study the suitability of soybean meal and oil originating from a single-celled microorganism (thraustochytrid) as fishmeal and fish oil substitutes in practical diets for L. vannamei. The growth, survival rate and immune characteristics were evaluated. Seven experimental diets were designed with soybean meal used as the primary protein source; each formulation contained 33% crude protein and 8% lipid. Fish oil was completely substituted with 3% soybean oil and meals originating from single-celled heterotrophs rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) were added at different concentrations. A commercial shrimp feed was used as the control diet. The final weights and survival rates of the shrimp were not significantly different among all treatments. However, shrimp raised on diets supplemented with marine algal meals rich in DHA and ARA showed significant improvement in immune parameters, such as total hemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, and bactericidal activity. Additionally, the survival rate after challenge with Vibrio harveyi was increased. These findings demonstrated that substitution of thraustochytrid-derived meals as an alternative to fish-based ingredients in shrimp diets provided similar growth rates while increasing the immune parameters and providing vibriosis resistance.

اثرات جایگزینی روغن ماهی با روغن های گیاهی بر شاخص های رشد و بقاءماهی کپور معمولی(Cyprinuscarpio)به مدت 60 روز مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. 240 قطعه بچه ماهی کپور با میانگین وزنی 5/0±20 گرم تحت 4 تیمار با جيرهغذايی ايزونيتروژنيكو ايزوليپيديك حاوي 10 درصد روغن، تغذیه شدند. تیمار شاهد با جیره¬ای که 100 درصد چربی آن به وسیله روغن ماهی تأمین شده بود تغذیه شدند.تیمار دوم با جیره ای که 100 درصد چربی آن به وسیله روغن سویا، تیمار سوم با جیره ای که 100 درصد چربی آن به وسیله روغن خرما و تیمار چهارم با جیره ای که50 درصد آن به وسیله روغن سویا و 50 درصد دیگر آن به وسیله روغن خرما تأمین شده بود، تغذیه شدند. مطابق با نتایج حاصل از بیومتری در پایان دوره، شاخص‌های رشد همچون درصد افزایش وزن بدن (BWG)، افزایش وزن روزانه (DWG)و درصد نرخ رشد (SGR)، در تیمار تغذیه شده با روغن ماهی به طور معنی داری کمتر بود و تیمارچهارم در هر سه شاخص بیشترین رشد را نشان داد(05/0>P). هیچ اختلاف معنی داری در درصد بازماندگی (SR) گروه ها مشاهده نشد (05/0<P). دراین تحقیق با توجه به شاخص های رشدو بقاء، بهترین تیمار، تیمار چهارم که حاوی 50 درصد روغن سویا و 50 درصد روغن خرما بود، شناخته شد.

Background: n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) convey several health benefits, including a reduction of serum concentration of triglycerides (TG). Aim: To examine the effect on blood lipids, particularly TG, of a diet with n-3 PUFA enriched eggs in healthy volunteers in the Seychelles (Indian Ocean). Methods: Double-blind crossover trial with one group of volunteers fed with 5 normal eggs per week during 3 weeks followed by 5 enriched eggs per week during the next 3 weeks while the other group received eggs in the inverse sequence. Hen feed was supplemented at 5% with tuna oil. Enriched eggs contained nine times more n-3 PUFA than usual eggs (mainly docosahexaenoic acid). Results: Twenty-five healthy volunteers participated in the study. Based on pooled results observed during the two 3-week periods, consumption of enriched eggs was associated with a significant 16e18% decrease in serum triglycerides (P < 0.01) but with no significant difference in serum LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol. Serum LDL-cholesterol increased during the first 3-week period and decreased during the second 3-week period with both normal and enriched eggs. Participants did not report a systematic preference for either type of eggs.

In order to verify the possibility of using supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO 2) to concentrate polyunsaturated xÀ3 fatty acids in the form of natural fish oil, experimental phase equilibrium data were measured for a CO 2fish oil system. Phase equilibrium was measured at temperatures from 301 to 323 K and pressures from 7.8 to 29.4 MPa, using the dynamic method. The oil solubility and fatty acid composition of the extracts were measured and these data used to verify CO 2 selectivity. The best operational conditions to fractionate the oil were 7.8 MPa and 301.15 K, although in all the conditions analyzed, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) could not be fractionalized. The equilibrium for a mixture of 50% fish oil and 50% babassu (Attalea funifera) fat was measured in order to understand how the fatty acid composition influenced the fractionation. It was observed that the solubility of the mixture was an average of the individual solubility values, and the composition of the extracts could be calculated from the individual solubility of each component.

Background: High intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may protect against age-related cognitive decline. However, results from epidemiologic studies are inconclusive, and results from randomized trials in elderly subjects without dementia are lacking.

Omega-3, hücrelerimizi çevreleyen hücre zarının yapısında bulunan fakat vücutta üretilemeyen yağ asitlerinden oluşur. Bu yağlar, vücudumuzda belli oranda bulunmazsa hücre zarı geçirgenliği bozulur ve ihtiyacımız olan vitaminler, mineraller, proteinler ve hatta oksijen, yeterli düzeyde hücre içine giremez. Dolayısıyla kalp, beyin, kas ve iskelet sistemi, göz, cilt ve ruh sağlığımız için Omega-3 alımına  çok dikkat etmek gerekir. Somon, sardalya, ton ve uskumru gibi soğuk deniz balıklarında Omega-3 oranı yüksektir fakat denizlerdeki ağır metal kirliliğinden dolayı, güvenli Omega-3 aldığımıza emin olamayız. Alaska Somonu derin sulara inmeyen, bu sebeple oradaki ağır metalleri bünyesine almayan bir doğal balıktır. Bu nedenle balık yağı üretiminde tercih edilir.

A gas chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry multi-residue method for the analysis of 19 organochlorine pesticides in fats and oils has been developed. Gel permeation chromatography was employed to remove lipid material prior to GC-MS/MS analysis. Average recoveries of the pesticides spiked at 10 and 50 g kg −1 into fish oil, pork fat, olive oil and hydrogenated vegetable oil were typically in the range 70-110% with relative standard deviations generally less than 10%. Calculated limits of detection are between 0.1 and 2.0 g kg −1 and results obtained for the analysis of proficiency test materials are in good agreement with assigned values. The higher selectivity of the GC-MS/MS compared to electron capture detection and GC-MS in selective ion monitoring mode allowed unambiguous identification and confirmation of all the target pesticides at low g kg −1 levels in fats and oils in a single analysis. Crown

The effect of different levels of unrefined fish oil in the diet on ostrich Musculus iliofibularis was evaluated in a completely randomised experimental design, where a supplementary energy rich feed, containing 6.7% fish oil, was fed at four different levels over a 7-month period. An increase in the amount of fish oil consumed was found to have had no significant effect on the sensory characteristics of ostrich meat, although there was a tendency towards an increase in fishiness, for both aroma and flavour. Increased concentrations of fish oil, however, did have a significant effect on the aroma and flavour of the abdominal fat pads. The muscle pH f and muscle lightness (L*) revealed a significant reduction, with increased energy intake. However, the increased energy intake had no effect on the chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat, and ash content) of the meat. The fatty acid profile of both adipose tissue and muscle was altered as a result of the consumption of fish oil. The SFA concentration increased, while the PUFA concentration decreased with increasing dietary levels. The MUFA concentration remained constant for all four groups.

This research aimed to determine optimum extraction condition of black glutinous rice crude extract and to determine its application as an antioxidant in fish oil enriched mayonnaise. Black glutinous rice flour was extracted twice with 70:30 acetone-water mixture (v/v) at pH 2 and 6.8 for 2, 4 and 8 h of total extraction times. Total phenolic content (TPC), total monomeric anthocyanin content (TMA) and antioxidant activities as determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assays of the crude extracts were measured. The extraction with pH 6.8 solvent for 4 h yielded the crude extract with significantly highest antioxidant activities analyzed by both FRAP and DPPH tests (p 0.05) although its TPC and TMA were not greatest. The freeze-dried extract from this condition was then added into fish oil enriched mayonnaise at 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg (oil weight basis). Conjugated diene hydroperoxides (CDH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARs) and color in CIELAB system of the mayonnaise samples stored at 30 C were determined up to 30 days. The samples contained 1000 mg/kg crude extract had lowest rate of CDH and TBARs increase but had greatest extent of color deterioration, possibly due to anthocyanin degradation and Maillard reaction.

The quantity and quality of fats consumed in the diet influence the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although the effect of diet on plasma lipids and lipoproteins is well documented, less information exists on the role of fats on blood pressure (BP). Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effects of different types of dietary fat on BP in healthy subjects. Design: Healthy subjects (n ҃ 162) were randomly assigned for 3 mo to follow 1 of 2 isoenergetic diets: 1 rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA diet) and the other rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA diet). Each group was further randomly assigned to receive supplementation with fish oil (3.6 g nҀ3 fatty acids/d) or placebo. Results: Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) decreased with the MUFA diet [Ҁ2.2% (P ҃ 0.009) and Ҁ3.8% (P ҃ 0.0001), respectively] but did not change with the SFA diet [Ҁ1.0% (P ҃ 0.2084) and Ҁ1.1% (P ҃ 0.2116)]. The MUFA diet caused a significantly lower DBP than did the SFA diet (P ҃ 0.0475). Interestingly, the favorable effects of MUFA on DBP disappeared at a total fat intake above the median (37% of energy). The addition of nҀ3 fatty acids influenced neither SBP nor DBP. Conclusions: Changing the proportions of dietary fat by decreasing SFAs and increasing MUFAs decreased diastolic BP. Interestingly, the beneficial effect on BP induced by fat quality was negated by the consumption of a high total fat intake. The addition of nҀ3 fatty acids to the diet had no significant effect on BP.

Electron spin resonance spectroscopy (spin trapping technique) has been used to identify the most important single factor for initiation of lipid oxidation in mayonnaise enriched with fish oil. Low pH increases the formation of radicals during incubation under mildly accelerated conditions at 37 7C as quantified using 12-doxylstearic acid. Sugar, NaCl and potassium sorbate have no effect on radical formation while EDTA (down to 50 mg/g) has an antioxidative effect. Iron bound to phosvitin in egg yolk, inactive at pHF6, is considered to be exposed to the solvent (the aqueous phase) at low pH and capable of initiating peroxide cleavage reactions when not protected by EDTA in a mixed complex.

Sardinella aurita, Sarpa salpa, and Sepia officinalis were studied. Significant seasonal variations were observed in the amounts of moisture, lipid, protein, and ash between species. Viscera protein content undergoes large fluctuations. This tendency is different from results observed for the edible parts or for the whole body of many marine species. Ash content also showed significant differences. Lipid contents varied with seasons, in a proportionally inverse manner to water contents. Fatty acid composition showed significant differences from October to December. Interestingly, the highest total omega-3 contents were comparable to many commercial marine fish oils.

The effects of various antioxidants and RH on the oxidative stability of microencapsulated fish oil powder were investigated using PV and thiobarbituric acid tests. The microencapsulation process provided high encapsulation efficiency (≥88% of extractable fish oil). Without antioxidants, the encapsulated fat was 10 times more stable against oxidation than the surface fat, as determined by PV. α-Tocopherol, which is a lipophilic antioxidant, showed a greater antioxidative effect in both surface and encapsulated fats than ascorbyl palmitate, which is an amphiphilic antioxidant. According to TBARS values, the longest lag period was observed at 0% RH. Addition of >200 ppm α-tocopherol in a 10-30% RH range prolonged the oxidative stability of the microencapsulated fish oil powder.

For the past 25 years the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed certified reference materials (CRMs), known as standard reference materials (SRMs), for determination of organic contaminants in environmental matrices. Assignment of certified concentrations has usually been based on combining results from two or more independent analytical methods. The first-generation environmental-matrix SRMs were issued with certified concentrations for a limited number (5 to 10) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Improvements in the analytical certification approach significantly expanded the number and classes of contaminants determined. Environmental-matrix SRMs currently available include air and diesel particulate matter, coal tar, marine and river sediment, mussel tissue, fish oil and tissue, and human serum, with concentrations typically assigned for 50 to 90 organic contaminants, for example PAHs, nitro-substituted PAHs, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).

Changes in melting points, enthalpy, and specific heat capacity of catfish visceral oil at each step of the purification process were studied. Melting points of -46.2 to 21.2°C for crude oil, -45.9 to 11.5°C for degummed oil, -44.3 to 11.4°C for neutralized oil, -47.1 to 9.9°C for bleached oil and -52.3 to 8.0°C for deodorized oil were observed. Enthalpy (kJ/kg) was 74.1 for crude oil, 74.7 for degummed oil, 75.1 for neutralized oil, 79.3 for bleached oil, and 84.3 for deodorized oil. The specific heat capacities at 20°C for crude, degummed, neutralized, bleached, and deodorized oils were 1.69, 1.96, 1.97, 1.91, and 1.83 kJ/kg°C, respectively.

The objective of this study is to assess the literature concerning the effect of diet on endometriosis and dysmenorrhea and to elucidate evidential support, to give dietary recommendations to women suffering from these conditions. A systematic search in electronic databases on a relationship between diet and endometriosis/dysmenorrhea was performed. Data on diet and endometriosis were limited to four trials of which two were animal studies. The articles concerning human consumption found some relation between disease and low intake of vegetable and fruit and high intake of vegetarian polyunsaturated fat, ham, beef and other red meat. Results concerning fish intake were not consistent. Eight trials of different design, with a total of 1097 women, investigated the relationship between diet and dysmenorrhea. Intake of fish oil seemed to have a positive effect on pain symptoms.

ABSTRAK Minyak ikan adalah produk perikanan yang mempunyai asam lemak tak jenuh tinggi yang rentan akan oksidasi. Penghambatan oksidasi dilakukan dengan penambahan antioksidan pada minyak. Penggunaan bahan alami sebagai antioksidan dari U. lactuca mampu menghambat oksidasi tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektifitas antioksidan selada laut (U. lactuca) dalam menghambat oksidasi. Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah ekstrak U. lactuca, dan minyak ikan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah experimental laboratories dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial yaitu faktor konsentrasi ekstrak U. lactuca (0%; 0,1%; 0,2% dan 0,3%) dan faktor lama penyimpanan (hari ke-0, hari ke-5 dan hari ke-10). Data peroxide value (PV) dan thiobarbituric acid (TBA) dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA, dilakukan uji lanjut Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ), jika ada interaksi perlakuan. Hasil penelitian pendahuluan didapatkan rendemen ekstrak U. lactuca dengan pelarut etanol 96% sebesar 13,549%, nilai fenol 4,59%, flavonoid 0,59% dan aktivitas antioksidan IC50 sebesar 60,975 ppm (kuat). Hasil uji asam lemak pada minyak ikan dengan GC-MS menunjukkan kandungan asam lemak yang paling banyak adalah asam lemak tak jenuh (asam linoleat (omega-6) dan (omega-3)). Hasil penelitian utama didapatkan nilai PV berkisar antara 20,141 sampai 38,196 mEq/kg, dan nilai TBA berkisar antara 10,794 sampai 32,592 mg malonaldehid/kg pada hari ke-0. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adanya interaksi antara konsentrasi ekstrak U. lactuca dan lama penyimpanan berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05). Ekstrak U. lactuca 0,2% menghasilkan angka peroksida terendah yaitu 25,606±0,116 mEq/kg, dan 0,1% menghasilkan angka TBA terendah yaitu 26,802 ±0,309 malonaldehide/kg pada hari ke-10. ABSTRACT Fish oil is a fishery product that contains high amount of unsaturated fatty acids, which was easily oxidated. This oxidation process can be inhibited by adding antioxidants. The use of natural antioxidants from U. lactuca known can inhibits the oxidation. The aim of this research was examinated the effectiveness of antioxidants from sea lettuce (U. lactuca) in inhibiting oxidation. Materials used in this research were U. lactuca extract, and fish oil. The methods used are experimental laboratories, and analyzed using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial pattern is divided by a factor of U. lactuca extract concentrations (0%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%) and factor storage time (days 0, day 5 and day 10). The peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) were analyzed using ANOVA test, then further carried test Honestly Significant Difference (HSD), a treatment interaction. Preliminary results obtained were the yield of U. lactuca extract with 96% ethanol was 13.549%, the phenol content was 4.59%, flavonoids was 0.59%, and the antioxidant activity of IC50 was 60.975 ppm (strong). The results analyzing of fatty acids in fish oil by GC-MS showed that the fatty acid content is at most unsaturated fatty acids. The main research results were PV values obtained were range from 20.141 to 38.196 mEq/kg, and TBA values were ranged from 10.794 to 32.592 mg/kg. Based on the research results show that the interaction between U. lactuca extract concentration and storage time significantly (P<0,05). The result of 0,2% U. lactuca exctract contain peroxide value 25,606±0,116 mEq/kg, and 0,1 % exctract containt TBA value 26,802±0,309 malonaldehide/kg in the tenth day. PENDAHULUAN Ulva lactuca merupakan salah satu jenis alga hijau yang termasuk dalam father seaweed yaitu rumput laut yang dapat dimakan, mempunyai kandungan antioksidan, antibakteri, antijamur dan antitumor. Saat ini U. lactuca hanya dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat dibeberapa wilayah sebagai bahan pangan dalam keadaan segar (salad) dan olahan (nori). Belum banyak publikasi kajian antioksidan dari spesies U. lactuca dan pengaplikasian ke produk pangan maupun non pangan, sehingga diperlukan kajian mengenai efektifitas Selada

This study was conducted to determine the optimum phospholipids: highly unsaturated fatty acids (PL/HUFA) ratio in maturation diets for female Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis broodstock. Five isolipidtic and isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain different amounts of pork lard, fish oil and soy lecithin with resulting PL/HUFA levels (%dry weight) of 1.4/0.3 (Diet 1), 1.6/2.5 (Diet 2), 2.3/2.0 (Diet 3), 3.8/1.5 (Diet 4) and 5.1/0.8 (Diet 5). Diet 1 lacked supplemental fish oil and soy lecithin and served as the control. Each of the five formulated diets was fed to a total of 150 female crabs for a period of 7 months. All diet treatments were triplicated with 50 crabs stocked in a pond as a replicate. After 6 months, male crabs were introduced into the ponds where females were kept, mating, spawning and egg hatching (in seawater) occurred in the following month. The nutritional value of various formulated diets was assessed based on survival, gonadosomatic index (GSI), egg production per female, fecundity (eggs/g female weight) of the females fed those diets and egg and larval (newly hatched zoea I larvae) quality.

Several synthetic antioxidants are authorized for use as feed additives in the European Union. Ethoxyquin (EQ) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are generally added to fish meal and fish oil, respectively, to limit lipid oxidation. The study was conducted to examine the concentrations of EQ, BHT and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in several commercially important species of farmed fish, namely Atlantic salmon, halibut and cod and rainbow trout, as well as concentrations in fish feed. The highest levels of BHT, EQ and BHA were found in farmed Atlantic salmon fillets, and were 7.60, 0.17 and 0.07 mg kg À1 , respectively. The lowest concentrations of the synthetic antioxidants found were in cod. The concentration of the oxidation product ethoxyquin dimer (EQDM) was more than ten-fold higher than the concentration of parent EQ in Atlantic salmon halibut and rainbow trout, whereas this dimer was not detected in cod fillets. The theoretical consumer exposure to the synthetic antioxidants EQ, BHA and BHT from the consumption of farmed fish was calculated. The contribution of EQ from a single portion (300 g) of skinned fillets of the different species of farmed fish would contribute at most 15% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for a 60 kg adult. The consumption of farmed fish would not contribute measurably to the intake of BHA; however, a 300 g portion of farmed Atlantic salmon would contribute up to 75% of the ADI for BHT.

A modified beef hamburger patty enriched in polyunsaturated n−3 fatty acids and α-tocopherol was developed using technological procedures. Raw meat was obtained from low-cost parts of beef carcasses (brisket and flank) to which visible fat and connective tissue was manually eliminated and substituted by a mixture of preemulsified olive, corn, and deodorized fish oil. The developed product was analyzed and compared to conventional beef hamburger patties for their proximate composition, fatty acid profile, and consumer acceptability. The effects of cooking on the fat content and fatty acid profile of the developed product were investigated. Additionally, the lipid oxidation and surface color stability of modified and conventional hamburgers were investigated during 8 days of refrigerated storage while packaged in a modified atmosphere (20%/80% CO 2 /O 2 ) and subsequently cooking. The developed product showed significantly lower total fat, cholesterol, sodium, and calorie content than beef hamburger patties manufactured using conventional procedures. In addition, the polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids and n−6/n−3 ratios matched nutritional recommendations more closely. No evidence of lipid oxidation was found for the modified hamburger patties during 8-day storage period, and surface color, especially redness, was more stable than in conventional ones. Additionally, consumer acceptability of the developed patty after it was cooked was acceptable and similar to that of conventional products. The modified hamburger patty developed by technological methods is viable and can be considered a useful food to preclude nutritional disorders or to assist in nutritional regimens.

A factorial experimental design based on temperature, feed rate and addition of ''working fluid" (WF; fatty acid ethyl esters) was used to model a short-path distillation process applied for removal of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in fish oil. Decontamination effect was assessed by measuring the level of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). The average reduction in chemical concentration of the individual PCDD, PCDF, DL-PCB and PBDE congeners was linearly dependent on the number of chlorine or bromine substitutions within each homologue group. DL-PCB and PBDE congeners could also be separated based on ortho-substitution. The quantitative structure properties relationships (QSPR) were combined with process parameters to establish response surface models for each homologue congener group based on partial least squares regression (PLSR). Cross validated predictive ability of the models was in the 4-9% range. Generally high temperature, low feed rate and WF addition improved the decontamination efficiency. The WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ level could be reduced by up to 98% based on the best experimental settings with residual concentration considerably below present maximum permitted levels in European food and feed legislations.

As the aquaculture industry intensively develops, its environmental impact increases. Discharges from aquaculture deteriorate the receiving environment and the need for fishmeal and fish oil for fish feed production increases. Rotating biological contactors, trickling filters, bead filters and fluidized sand biofilters are conventionally used in intensive aquaculture systems to remove nitrogen from culture water. Besides these conventional water treatment systems, there are other possible modi operandi to recycle aquaculture water and simultaneously produce fish feed. These double-purpose techniques are the periphyton treatment technique, which is applicable to extensive systems, and the proteinaceous bio-flocs technology, which can be used in extensive as well as in intensive systems. In addition to maintenance of good water quality, both techniques provide an inexpensive feed source and a higher efficiency of nutrient conversion of feed. The bio-flocs technology has the advantage over the other techniques that it is relatively inexpensive; this makes it an economically viable approach for sustainable aquaculture.

The finfish and crustacean aquaculture sector is still highly dependent upon marine capture fisheries for sourcing key dietary nutrient inputs, including fish meal and fish oil. This dependency is particularly strong within compound aquafeeds for farmed carnivorous finfish species and marine shrimp. Results are presented concerning the responses received from a global survey conducted between December 2006 and October 2007 concerning the use of fish meal and fish oil within compound aquafeeds using a questionnaire sent to over 800 feed manufacturers, farmers, researchers, fishery specialists, and other stakeholders in over 50 countries. On the basis of the responses received, it is estimated that in 2006 the aquaculture sector consumed 3724 thousand tonnes of fish meal (68.2% total global fish meal production in 2006) and 835 thousand tonnes of fish oil (88.5% total reported fish oil production in 2006), or the equivalent of 16.6 million tonnes of small pelagic forage fish (using a wet fish to fish meal processing yield of 22.5% and wet fish to fish oil processing yield of 5%) with an overall fish-in fish-out ratio of 0.70. At a species-group level, calculation of small pelagic forage fish input per unit of farmed fish or crustacean output showed steadily decreasing fish-in fish-out ratios for all cultivated species from 1995 to 2006, with decreases being most dramatic for carnivorous fish species such as salmon (decreasing from 7.5 to 4.9 from 1995 to 2006), trout (decreasing from 6.0 to 3.4), eel (decreasing from 5.2 to 3.5), marine fish (decreasing from 3.0 to 2.2) and to a lesser extent shrimp (decreasing by 1.9 to 1.4 from 1995 to 2006. Net fish producing species in 2006 (with fish-in fish-out ratios below 1), included herbivorous and omnivorous finfish and crustacean species, including non-filter feeding Chinese carp (0.2), milkfish (0.2), tilapia (0.4), catfish (0.5), and freshwater crustaceans (0.6). On the basis of increasing global fish meal and fish oil costs, it is predicted that dietary fish meal and fish oil inclusion levels within compound aquafeeds will decrease in the long term, with fish meal and fish oil usage increasingly being targeted for use as a high value specialty feed ingredient for use within higher value starter, finisher and broodstock feeds, and by so doing extending supply of these much sought after and limited feed ingredient commodities.

The main objective of this work was to summarise current knowledge on fishmeal  and fish oil as well as identify the research needs and create a roadmap for future  industry-driven research. The main conclusion was that the quality of raw material, fishmeal and - oil are not yet well defined. The real focus by the industry has
mainly been limited to nutrients, such as proteins and fats and other components
that makeup fishmeal. There has been less focus on the health benefits of dietary contents of fishmeal and –oil and the relationship between processing methods and the nutritional and technical properties of fishmeal. In addition, to proactively strengthen the market position and competitiveness, it is crucial for the industry to achieve a common understanding of the needs of their customers in line with a clear profile of the benefits of their products. A communication strategy as well as a research strategy is needed.
Finally, the identity of the industry needs to be clear and transparent to promote a story about the industry to provide a clear and positive image of the industry to be communicated to the society. This means, that acommunication strategy as well as a research strategy must be established, as there is a lack of communication
along the value chain from the industry to the consumers. There is still a lack of understanding by the consumers of why fishmeal is produced, the reasons must be
communicated in such a way that it reaches the average consumer.
The industry members are interested in moving forward to sustain the future growth of the industry. Fishmeal and fish oil production has been prosperous for a very long time, but to remain so, cooperation among all stakeholders is crucial for
continued progress.

Emerging technological knowledge is leading research into new ventures. One such is the conversion of natural oils to polymers to augment the use of petroleum products as the source of polymeric raw materials. Natural oils, such as vegetable oils, now mainly used in the food industry, offer alternatives, and recent research has studied new routes of synthesis of polymers from natural oils. This review paper discusses the synthesis and characterization of new polymers from different natural oils such as soybean, corn, tung, linseed, castor, and fish oil. The effects of different levels of unsaturation in the natural oils and various types of catalysts and comonomers on the properties of copolymers are considered. r

Nine commercial feeding attractants and stimulants for Litopenaeus vannamei were evaluated by observation of behavioral responses in animals allotted in one Y-maze aquarium apparatus. In the validation phase, fishmeal-Brazilian origin (FMBO); fishmeal-Peruvian origin (FMPO); blood meal (BM), meat and bone meal (MBM), squid meal (SM), fish oil (FO) and fish solubles (FS) were evaluated. There was also a control without stimulatory raw material. The tested materials were included at 3% in neutral gelatin pellets (wet basis). In each behavioral observation, two different ingredients were offered at the same time in equal quantities, being allotted in the end of each chamber's arm. In Phase II after system validation, the following commercial attractants were tested: 80% crude protein (CP) vegetable dried biomass (VDB 80 ), 68% CP vegetable dried biomass + glutamate + betaine (VDB 68 ), complex of amino acids (alanine, valine, glycine, proline, serine, histidine, glutamic acid, tyrosine and betaine) with enzymatically digested bivalve mollusk (CAA), condensed fish soluble protein (CFSP), squid liver meal (SLM), betaine (Bet), dried fish solubles-low biogenic amines (DFS LB ), dried fish solubles-high biogenic amines (DFS HB ) and whole squid protein hydrolysate (WSPH). Attractants were used at a 3% level wet basis with neutral gelatin, without any additional ingredient source available. The best four commercial attractants from this phase (CAA, CFSP, SLM and WSPH) were compared under 0.5% and 1.0% levels. In Phase I of the study, a higher percentage of choices were observed for FMPO and FMBO. BM and FO were the least chosen ingredients. In Phase II, the worst results were observed for Bet, DFS HB and, mainly, for VDB 80 and VDB 68 . When two-by-two comparisons were performed, results suggested that CFSP and CAAwere the best commercial attractants tested. In the last phase, both CFSP and CAA at 1.0% level were significantly more chosen by shrimp than CFSP (0.5%), SLM (0.5 or 1.0%) or WSPH (0.5 or 1.0%). At both 0.5% and 1.0% levels, shrimp spent a similar amount of time feeding on CFSP and CAA. However, only CAA was statistically better than SLM and WSPH together. Further work is required to better elucidate the chemical drivers of chemostimulation for L. vannamei for each one of the attractants tested.

Dispersion of PZT powder of average particle size ∼75 nm in commonly used solvent systems for tape casting namely, toluene-ethanol and MEK-ethanol (azeotropic), xylene-ethanol (zeotropic) along with triton x-100, menhaden fish oil and phosphate ester as dispersants has been studied using simple sedimentation experiments. The relative merits of these three solvent systems and dispersants in dispersing PZT powder was analyzed. In all the three solvent systems, phosphate ester was found to be the best dispersant. Xylene-ethanol with phosphate ester gave the excellent dispersion characteristics for nano-PZT powder. The results of initial dispersion studies were confirmed by the formation of defect free, denser and smooth green tapes using xylene-ethanol and phosphate ester, while the other two solvent systems gave defective green tapes. The influence of phosphate ester on dispersion is explained by the dissociation and ionization, and the dominance of electrostatic repulsion even though organic solvent systems were used.

Epidemiological and experimental studies have indicated that consumption of more n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may reduce the risk for a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular, neurological and immunological disorders, diabetes and cancer. This ...

Recent developments on the production of omega-3 fatty acid concentrates have been reviewed with an emphasis on the scientific articles published from 2000. At first, a description of the role of essential fatty acids in the organism and the influence of omega-3 fatty acids in human health is presented. An account of the review articles that have been published in previous years related to the production or isolation of omega-3 fatty acids is then provided. The publications that have appeared over the last 8 years have been reviewed under two groupings, one involving the production of omega-3 from fish, and the other involving the isolation from alternative sources. Fish is the major source of omega-3 fatty acids and the fish oil extraction processes have been considered firstly, then the fish oil refining processes are presented and finally the omega-3 concentration from fish oil. Some considerations on the stability of polyunsaturated fatty acids against hydrolysis and oxidation and the procedures to avoid it are also presented at the end of this review. Industrial relevance: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are being used quite extensively in the food industry to obtain omega-3 enriched food products. Most of the commercial concentrates that can be found nowadays are the omega-3 ethyl ester derivatives. However, research is ongoing to obtain the more natural and better digestible triglyceride concentrates. We present here a review of the most recent advances, regarding the production of omega-3 concentrates from the very first raw material that contains them from which they should be extracted to the omega-3 concentrates stabilization. In between, a good number of different technologies that are being industrially applied, or still under investigation, are reviewed. One of the technologies with high expectation is supercritical fluid technology, and it finds a relevant place in the review here presented. Industries involved on innovation, require rapid overviews of the different possibilities open for production, and in that sense, this review is expected to be of interest.

Previous research found that docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) was a component of fish oil that promotes trans-C18:1 accumulation in ruminal cultures when incubated with linoleic acid. The objective of this study was to determine if eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n-3) and docosatrienoic acid (C22:3n-3), n-3 fatty acids in fish oil, promote accumulation of trans-C18:1, vaccenic acid (VA) in particular, using cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Treatments consisted of control, control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 (ETA), control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 (DTA), control plus 15 mg of linoleic acid (LA), control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (ETALA), and control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (DTALA). Treatments were incubated in triplicate in 125-mL flasks, and 5 mL of culture contents was taken at 0 and 24 h for fatty acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. After 24 h of incubation, the concentrations of trans-C18:1 (0.87, 0.88, and 0.99 mg/culture), and VA (0.52, 0.56, and 0.62 mg/culture) were similar for the control, ETA, and DTA cultures, respectively. The concentrations of trans-C18:1 (5.51, 5.41, and 5.36 mg/culture), and VA (4.78, 4.62, and 4.59 mg/culture) were also similar between LA, ETALA, and DTALA cultures, respectively. These data suggest that C20:3n-3 and C22:3n-3 are not the active components in fish oil that promote VA accumulation when incubated with linoleic acid.

Marine tropical carnivorous (MTC) fish are less tolerant to high dietary lipid compared with cold and temperate climate fish. However, insufficient n-3 long-chain (≥C 20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) compromises MTC fish health and growth which requires attention when choosing lipid sources in aqua-feed formulations. Fish oil (FO) has been the major lipid source for feeding key MTC fish. We estimated that more than 200 thousand tonnes of FO were used to feed farmed MTC fish in 2016, representing nearly 25% of global FO production. Nevertheless, recent increases in FO prices and demand, and the foreseen inability of wild fisheries to produce sufficient FO in the future, have created a need for cheaper and more sustainable alternatives. Meta-analysis showed that feeding vegetable oils (VO) to MTC fish can slightly reduce their growth, with a marked decrease in n-3 LC-PUFA content in the fish tissues corresponding with the increased replacement of FO and fishmeal in the diet. Rendered terrestrial animal fat or modulating the bioconversion of n-3 LC-PUFA precursors in VO can be utilised further in MTC fish nutrition with more research recommended on these approaches. Oils and oil-rich meals from non-food marine organisms are rich in n-3 LC-PUFA and represent an underutilised alternative to FO for tropical aquaculture. With oils rich in n-3 LC-PUFA produced from transgenic plants presently gaining regulatory approvals and becoming available as a renewable alternative to FO, aquaculture in the tropics and around the globe is ready to leap into a new phase of sustainable expansion.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential components of higher eukaryotes. Single cell oils (SCO) are now widely accepted in the market place and there is a growing awareness of the health benefits of PUFAs, such as g-linolenic acid (GLA), arachidonic acid (ARA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). ARA and DHA have also been used for fortification of infant formulae in many parts of the world. Fish oils are rich sources of DHA and EPA and a limited number of plant oilseeds are good sources of other PUFAs. Marine protists and dinoflagellates, such as species of Thraustochytrium, Schizochytrium and Crypthecodinium are the rich sources of DHA, whereas microalgae like Phaeodactylum and Monodus are good sources of EPA. Species of lower fungi Mortierella accumulate a high percentage of ARA in the lipid fraction. In this paper, various microbiological and enzymatic methods for synthesis of PUFAs are discussed. #