Environmental Information System

Mapping of Total Suspended Matter (TSM) Using Aster Data with Bio-Optical Model Approach. The Indonesian coastal zones have always been under heavy pressures, including those from fisheries, oil industries and sea transportation. The presence of these activities carry a large portion of risk in damaging the environment as well as in destroying the marine resources, leading to the need for an integrated management approach based on an environmental information system that is comprehensive and multi-disciplinary in nature. The Mahakam Delta has the same general problems as other coastal regions in Indonesia. The method is based on bio optical modeling. The forward water analysis comprised the laboratory measurements of water quality (TSM and Chl) and Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs) to derive Spesific Inherent Optical properties (SIOPs). SIOPs (of water, TSM, Chl and CDOM), coefficient f and B were used to developed R(0-) model. The inverse atmosphere analysis comprised the image preprocessing (i.e. geometric correction, atmospheric correction, air-water interface correction). The last step is inverse water analysis, which comprised the development of algorithm and image processing to develop TSM concentration maps. The results indicates that red band of Aster satellite sensor is sensitive to detect higher TSM concentration. Green band is sensitive to detect the lower TSM concentration. For Mahakam Delta, red band algorithm was used to derive TSM map, since higher TSM concentration occurred in the delta.

Die Informatik hat die Anwendung ihrer Methoden und Techniken in Umweltschutz, Umweltforschung und Umweltplanung zu einer Spezialdisziplin zusammengefaßt, die seit einigen Jahren als Umweltinformatik bezeichnet wird. Die Umweltinformatik ist bisher noch stark von einem nachsorgenden Umweltschutz geprägt, der vor allem technische Unterstützung bei der Überwachung, Analyse und Dokumentation von Umweltzuständen benötigt. Es gibt jedoch auch eine wachsende Zahl von Forschungs- und Entwicklungsarbeiten, die sich auf vorbeugende Umweltschutzmaßnahmen konzentrieren. Die verarbeiteten Daten und Informationen beziehen sich in diesem Fall seltener auf die natürliche Umwelt und häufiger auf anthropogene Systeme wie z.B. Produktionsprozesse oder Verkehrssysteme, die den Zustand der natürlichen Umwelt beeinflussen. Ziel ist dann die Abschätzung, Analyse und Reduktion der von diesen Systemen verursachten Umweltbelastungen. Wichtige Themen in diesem Bereich sind betriebliche Umweltinformationssysteme und die umweltorientierte Verkehrsmodellierung.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, zu untersuchen, welche Beiträge die Informatik zur Verwirklichung einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung leisten kann, und welche Prinzipien und Methoden hierfür eingesetzt werden sollten. Die Orientierung am Leitbild der nachhaltigen Entwicklung macht es erforderlich, Aspekte einzubeziehen, die über die Informatik hinausgehen.

Australia's export oriented large natural resources sectors of agriculture and mining, the ways in which large scale services such as nutrition, water, housing, transport and mobility, and energy are organized, as well as the consumption patterns of Australia's wealthy urban households, create a unique pattern of overall resource use in Australia. In an attempt to contribute to a new environmental information system compatible with economic accounts, we represent Australia's resource use by employing standard biophysical indicators for resource use developed within the OECD context. We are looking at the last three decades of resource use and the economic, social and environmental implications. We also discuss scenarios of future resource use patterns based on a stocks and flows model of the Australian economy. We argue that current extractive economic patterns have contributed to the recent economic boom in Australia but will eventually lead to negative social and environmental outcomes. While there is currently little evidence of political support for changing the economic focus on export-oriented agriculture and mining industries, there is significant potential for improvements in socio-technological systems, and room for more sustainable household consumption.

Australia's export oriented large natural resources sectors of agriculture and mining, the ways in which large scale services such as nutrition, water, housing, transport and mobility, and energy are organized, as well as the consumption patterns of Australia's wealthy urban households, create a unique pattern of overall resource use in Australia. In an attempt to contribute to a new environmental information system compatible with economic accounts, we represent Australia's resource use by employing standard biophysical indicators for resource use developed within the OECD context. We are looking at the last three decades of resource use and the economic, social and environmental implications. We also discuss scenarios of future resource use patterns based on a stocks and flows model of the Australian economy. We argue that current extractive economic patterns have contributed to the recent economic boom in Australia but will eventually lead to negative social and environmental outcomes. While there is currently little evidence of political support for changing the economic focus on export-oriented agriculture and mining industries, there is significant potential for improvements in socio-technological systems, and room for more sustainable household consumption.

The Danjiangkou reservoir lies in the upper Hanjiang basin and is the source of water for the Middle Route Project (MRP) under the South-to-North Water Transfer Scheme (SNWT) in China. The eco-environment of water resource areas plays an important role in water conservation and purification and would have significant implications for the economic prosperity in Hanjiang basin as well as for the SNWT. Focusing on the Danjiangkou Reservoir Area (DRA), this study established an environmental information system database. Based on the database, an eco-environmental vulnerability assessment method using integrated fuzzy AHP (FAHP) and GIS was developed for the DRA. According to eco-environmental conditions and anthropic effects, vulnerability was classified into five levels: potential, light, medium, heavy and very heavy. The eco-environmental vulnerability distribution and major problems of the eco-environment were analysed and discussed. The results indicated that eco-environmental vulnerability in the DRA was moderate overall. Regions with lower eco-environmental vulnerability were located in Qinling Mountain area in the northwest, Daba Mountain area in the south and the area immediately surrounding Danjiangkou Reservoir in the east. Two regions with very high eco-environmental vulnerability were located in the north of Danjiangkou Reservoir in Henan province and in the western part of Shanxi province. On the basis of analysis of distribution of the different factors of eco-environmental vulnerability, different environmental protection measures were proposed for different areas. This study demonstrated that the proposed method was an effective approach for the assessment of environmental vulnerability. The results gained closely reflected the reality of the eco-environmental vulnerability of the DRA.

The Institute of Environmental Engineering at the University of Pannonia has undertaken the challenge to develop an online environmental information system. This system is able to receive and process the collected environmental data via Internet. The authors have attached importance to the presentation of the data and have included other comprehensible information for laymen as well in order to work out visualisation techniques that are expressive and attract attention for environmental questions through the developed information system. The ways of visualizing physical and chemical parameters of surface water and the effects of motorway construction were examined.

Paper outlines current trends in environmental information management in the Czech Republic specifically in the field of environmental reporting systems. The paper also presents selected results of two research projects "Analysis and Design of Environmental Data Models and External Czech Environmental Information System Interfaces Compatible with the EU" and "Proposal of Communication Framework with International Environmental Information Systems". The paper furthermore discusses the developed web based information system Central Data Model which facilitates the management and monitoring of the reporting activities that the Czech Republic demands. During the development of environmental reporting (on national and international levels) system the Unified Modelling Language was used for process modelling and for the design. Results are applicable not only in the area of public administration but also in the field of business environmental communication and environmental and sustainability corporate reporting. The global central data model for environmental information exchange and reporting purposes has been designed to perform systematic attributing, thereby providing a basis for a central output data warehouse to meet reporting obligations.

Smartphones are both green technologies and an integral parts of green information systems that are beginning to make serious contributions toward a sustainable environment. We trace the rise of the smartphone, with particular attention given to the iPhone and its many applications. The fundamental differences between smartphone-based and more common Internet applications, and how these might enhance sustainable strategies for organizations with a green agenda are highlighted. U-Commerce is suggested as a theoretical framework that best explains this, and the four dimension of U-Commerce are employed to illustrate how innovative organizations are using the unique characteristics of smartphones to pursue environmentally sound strategies. A process that might be followed for indentifying applications for sustainable issues, making sure that the applications take advantages of a smartphone's unique features, and that contribute to sustainability by using fewer resources, protecting resources, and improving our use of current resources. The paper concludes by identifying a research agenda for information systems scholars to pursue studying the use of smartphones in search of a sustainable information technology agenda.

Every year between one and two million African children under five die of malaria. If one adds to this the contribution of malaria to all-cause infant mortality then clearly the burden of the disease is catastrophic — a disaster quietly happening each and every year. New tools are needed urgently to support those currently available for control of the disease. An effective vaccine remains elusive. This article outlines the potential contribution to malaria control services of satellite information, which is being used by resource managers in other sectors. In particular, it highlights the lessons which can be learned from early warning systems in other areas, especially those designed to respond to famine. An appendix provides a brief introduction to satellite data and their interpretation.

The Department of Information Science is one of six departments that make up the Division of Commerce at the University of Otago. The department offers courses of study leading to a major in Information Science within the BCom, BA and BSc degrees. In addition to undergraduate teaching, the department is also strongly involved in postgraduate research programmes leading to MCom, MA, MSc and PhD degrees. Research projects in spatial information processing, connectionist-based information systems, software engineering and software development, information engineering and database, software metrics, distributed information systems, multimedia information systems and information systems security are particularly well supported.

Recognising soil a key role as regulator of energy and matter flows within agro-ecosystems has led to a growing concern to assess its quality and vulnerability for different applications and to an increasing use of simulation models as tools for environmental planning and management. These models often require as inputs physico-hydrological soil parameters which can be difficult to retrieve in the ordinary soil surveys. The research in soil data applications has lead

The Institute of Environmental Engineering at the University of Pannonia has undertaken the challenge to develop an online environmental information system. This system is able to receive and process the collected environmental data via Internet. The authors have attached importance to the presentation of the data and have included other comprehensible information for laymen as well in order to work out visualisation techniques that are expressive and attract attention for environmental questions through the developed information system. The ways of visualizing physical and chemical parameters of surface water and the effects of motorway construction were examined.

Purpose -Over the past 50 years India has been experiencing rapid population growth, causing the migration of a large part of the population to the cities looking for livelihood. This resulted in massive increments of population in the cities that has led to the increase of pollution. Gujarat, being a highly industrialized state, is a case in point. The systems for treatment and water disposal of this state are highly challenged. The north-western state of Gujarat has no effective systems for treatment or disposal of waste water. The purpose of this article is to address this problem, introducing a geographic information system (GIS) approach to record the characterization, analyze the needs and generate a conceptual GIS database in the state. Design/methodology/approach -This paper outlines the background, suggested methodology for the development of a GIS database pollution dependent control of water pollution in the state of Gujarat in India. The present research is to install a document management system that has been developed in providing organizing chart, sorting, querying and retrieving of key data. A computerized laboratory information system on monitoring of quality of ambient air has been developed. Findings -An integrated GIS database has been generated involving creation of pollutant contours, querying and visualizing the query output in spatial and non-spatial form. Originality/value -The authors have created a complete geo-spatial database for the environmental monitoring for the whole state of Gujarat. They have dealt with nearly 36,000 different files from different sources and put them together to create the database. A computerized laboratory information system on monitoring of quality of ambient air has been developed. Front-end application programs have been developed in Visual Basic and the back-end database to integrate the laboratory data and the existing data in oracle database.

The Networked Environmental Information System for Global Emissions Inventories (NEISGEI, pronounced "nice-guy,") is an EPA supported initiative to develop a web-based global air emissions inventory network. Part of this effort is the development of a Web portal that provides description and access to distributed emission inventory data, tools for processing and analyzing the data, means for registering new data, and an environment for collaboration among international researchers, policymakers, and the interested public. This paper presents the portal infrastructure and select data and tools available through it.

Building environmental information systems is a challenging task. It involves a detailed analysis of the addressee's needs, development of air pollutant concentration assessment and interpretation techniques, which must be tailored to the addressee, as well as the development of information planning and production strategies. Environmental engineers are increasingly often in charge of setting up environmental services. They must be thus knowledgeable in a number of issues they did not face before. We present an air quality information system MARQUIS, which is usable, on the one hand, as a base service that can be extended and adapted to a new environmental information scenario, and, on the other hand, as a source of teaching and training material for environmental engineers.

The maximization of the effective use of the planet's diminishing physical resources through the use of information resources seems to be one of the most significant mandates for the new century. The plethora and variety of environmental data (text, diagrams, images, videos, and other types of measurements), together with the fact that they are stored in worldwide distributed databases, creates new challenges when attempting to retrieve relevant information. Furthermore, this information is usually attached to time and space. The aim of this work is to present Information System Architecture for content-based multimedia and information retrieval in Environmental Information Systems using intelligent techniques and to discuss some of the open research issues in this area.

Background, aim and scope This paper presents a preliminary study of the water profile with reference to microbiological parameters, required by Directive 2006/07/EC (European Community 2006) concerning the management of bathing water quality, in the coastal belt of the Province of Venice (Italy, Northern Adriatic Sea). A historical database has been implemented with monitoring data for the period 2000–2006 (data on rivers, bathing and marine coastal waters and on the characterization of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) discharges) from the institutional activity of Veneto Regional Environmental Prevention and Protection Agency (ARPAV). An integrated areal analysis for the microbiological investigation of homogeneous stretches along the coast of the Province of Venice was performed for a preliminary characterization of the bathing water profile considering water quality status and existing pressure sources. Materials and methods ARPAV is the institutional body responsible for environmental monitoring and control activities. Data were produced from monitoring and controls made available by the Regional Environmental Informative System and extracted and elaborated for the period of interest (2000−2006). Sampling and analysis of microbiological parameters were executed following the official Italian methods in accordance with international procedures (APHA et al. 1998). For the purpose of this study, the coast was divided into eight stretches, which were considered to be homogeneous according to their physical and geographical characteristics. An ANOVA statistical assessment has been performed on stretches I, V and VIII. Results and discussion From the integrated areal analysis of microbiological parameters in the homogeneous stretches along the coast of all the investigated matrices, high mean levels of faecal contamination were found in some cases. The most critical situation amongst the stretches evaluated is to be found in stretch VIII—Ca’ Roman, Sottomarina and Isola Verde shores (Southern part of the Province). These results can be widely attributed to pressure sources from the Brenta and Adige rivers, rather than to local contributions. Stretches VI and VII, which correspond to the area from Punta Sabbioni (Cavallino shore N–E) to the Pellestrina shore (S–W), present the best conditions for faecal contamination parameters (low pollution levels). These situations can probably be explained given that WWTPs 7 and 8 have two submarine outfalls at a distance of about 4 km from the coastline and therefore a discharge point which is distant from the bathing and marine coastal monitoring stations; there are also no river mouths in these two stretches. Due to lack of data, it was not possible to implement seasonal assessments. Conclusions This study aimed to develop an integrated areal analysis for biological parameters along the coast over the period 2000–2006 for the identified homogeneous stretches in order to develop a preliminary approach for the characterization of the water profile, as requested by directive 2006/7/EC. From the integrated analysis of the stretches, it is evident that in some cases there are high levels of faecal contamination along the coast which can be caused by river flows which heavily condition the quality of coastal waters as verified with the statistical assessment. Recommendations and perspectives From the preliminary analysis, the submarine outfalls seem to be the best solution to guarantee good bathing water quality on the coast. Nevertheless, it must be observed that this solution cannot overlook the possible impact of the discharges on seawaters intended for a specific use, such as mussel farms with reference to coastal hydrodynamics. Therefore, a sound wastewater dispersion analysis on the discharges of the WWTPs for the identification of the interested area and the level of contamination must be performed; a modelling study on pollution dispersion is complementary to this study (Scroccaro et al. 2009). This analysis highlights the critical stretches as being numbers II and, above all, VIII with particular correlation with the main river mouths. Thus, it is evident that the issue of microbiological impact must be studied following a river basin approach according to the influence of river loads on coastal areas.

The increasing availability and variety of large environmental data sets is opening new opportunities for data mining and useful cross-referencing of disparate environmental data sets distributed over a network. In order to take advantage of these opportunities, environmental information systems will need to operate effectively in a distributed, open environment. In this paper, we describe the New Zealand Distributed Information System (NZDIS) software architecture for environmental information systems. In order to optimise extensibility, openness, and flexible query processing, the architecture is organised into collaborating software agents that communicate by means of a standard declarative agent communication language. The metadata of environmental data sources are stored as part of agent ontologies, which represent information models of the domain of the data repository. The agents and the associated ontological framework are designed as much as possible to take advantage of standard object-oriented technology, such as CORBA, UML, and OQL, in order to enhance the openness and accessibility of the system.

In this paper we present the web-based River Basin Information System (RBIS) for data management, analysis and exchange as an integral standalone part of the Integrated Landscape Management System (ILMS). Its architectural layout will be outlined together with the underlying software platform. Selected RBIS modules will be characterized in more detail to emphasize the benefits of integrated data management as a basis of the holistic environmental planning workflow covered by ILMS.

Purpose -Over the past 50 years India has been experiencing rapid population growth, causing the migration of a large part of the population to the cities looking for livelihood. This resulted in massive increments of population in the cities that has led to the increase of pollution. Gujarat, being a highly industrialized state, is a case in point. The systems for treatment and water disposal of this state are highly challenged. The north-western state of Gujarat has no effective systems for treatment or disposal of waste water. The purpose of this article is to address this problem, introducing a geographic information system (GIS) approach to record the characterization, analyze the needs and generate a conceptual GIS database in the state. Design/methodology/approach -This paper outlines the background, suggested methodology for the development of a GIS database pollution dependent control of water pollution in the state of Gujarat in India. The present research is to install a document management system that has been developed in providing organizing chart, sorting, querying and retrieving of key data. A computerized laboratory information system on monitoring of quality of ambient air has been developed. Findings -An integrated GIS database has been generated involving creation of pollutant contours, querying and visualizing the query output in spatial and non-spatial form. Originality/value -The authors have created a complete geo-spatial database for the environmental monitoring for the whole state of Gujarat. They have dealt with nearly 36,000 different files from different sources and put them together to create the database. A computerized laboratory information system on monitoring of quality of ambient air has been developed. Front-end application programs have been developed in Visual Basic and the back-end database to integrate the laboratory data and the existing data in oracle database.

A very large number of data sources on environment, energy, and natural resources are available worldwide. Unfortunately, users usually face several problems when they want to search and use relevant information. In the Ecobase project, we address these problems in the context of several environmental applications in Brazil and Europe. We propose a distributed architecture for environmental information systems (EIS) based on the Le Select middleware developed at INRIA. In this paper, we present this architecture and its capabilities, and discuss the lessons learned and open issues.

A very large number of data sources on environment, energy, and natural resources are available worldwide. Unfortunately, users usually face several problems when they want to search and use relevant information. In the Ecobase project, we address these problems in the context of several environmental applications in Brazil and Europe. We propose a distributed architecture for environmental information systems (EIS) based on the Le Select middleware developed at INRIA. In this paper, we present this architecture and its capabilities, and discuss the lessons learned and open issues.

Building environmental information systems is a challenging task. It involves a detailed analysis of the addressee's needs, development of air pollutant concentration assessment and interpretation techniques, which must be tailored to the addressee, as well as the development of information planning and production strategies. Environmental engineers are increasingly often in charge of setting up environmental services. They must be thus knowledgeable in a number of issues they did not face before. We present an air quality information system MARQUIS, which is usable, on the one hand, as a base service that can be extended and adapted to a new environmental information scenario, and, on the other hand, as a source of teaching and training material for environmental engineers.

Citizens are increasingly aware of the influence of environmental and meteorological conditions on the quality of their life. This results in an increasing demand for personalized environmental information, i.e., information that is tailored to citizens' specific context and background. In this work we describe the development of an environmental information system that addresses this demand in its full complexity. Specifically, we aim at developing a system that supports submission of user generated queries related to environmental conditions. From the technical point of view, the system is tuned to discover reliable data in the web and to process these data in order to convert them into knowledge, which is stored in a dedicated repository. At run time, this information is transferred into an ontology-structured knowledge base, from which then information relevant to the specific user is deduced and communicated in the language of their preference.

Most of the Arabian Gulf states are currently embarking on the formulation and implementation of national, regional and international projects, to preserve and protect the environment as a prerequisite for sustainable development. Recent experiences with environmental issues have highlighted the need to improve the information base upon which decisions are made. Also, providing decision makers and planners with the needed environmental information in a comprehensive, balanced, accurate and timely manner, is essential for the formulation of environmental policies, strategies and programs. Kuwait Environmental Information System (KEIS) is a national program developed by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) in cooperation with Regional Information Technology and Software Engineering Center (RITSEC) in Egypt. This system is a main part of a Kuwait Integrated Environmental Information Network (KIEIN). It consists of five phases. Phase one and two of this project have been succ...

Environmental information systems (EIS) have been in professional use for quite a long time. Applications of this domain often include features of quite common location based services (LBS). This means utilization of space-, time-and content-oriented data for positioning and routing services with various maps. Firstly, new integrated technology and lower prices of related technology have made it possible for users to benefit from new mobile services with reasonable cost. Secondly, new kinds of ambient aware applications are active research and development topics. We define mobile environmental information systems (MEIS) as integrated mobile information systems used to study, monitor and exploit the nature as well as to guide users like tourists and biologists in the nature. In this paper we present our research in progress, where we have built the first MEIS prototype to be used as a basis for MEIS services that exploit LBS and ambient awareness. The main purpose of this experiment has been to explore the technologies and methods for efficient building of easily extendable mobile platforms that would support main MEIS functionalities. According to our literature survey no similar technical solution as a mobile phone service did not exist.

Recognising soil a key role as regulator of energy and matter flows within agro-ecosystems has led to a growing concern to assess its quality and vulnerability for different applications and to an increasing use of simulation models as tools for environmental planning and management. These models often require as inputs physico-hydrological soil parameters which can be difficult to retrieve in the ordinary soil surveys. The research in soil data applications has lead

This paper describes a multi-agent platform to be used for the integration of environmental information that may be distributed over a network. The system is designed to work as a collection of collaborating agents. Information sources are encapsulated as data source agents that accept messages in an agent communication language. Here we describe how queries can be entered into the system and information collected from multiple sources. A key component of the query module is the planner agent, which takes a query and transforms it first to a calculus, then to an algebraic expression in order to break it into subqueries which an executor agent can send to the data source agents. As part of this process, the query is translated from user level ontologies to lower level ontologies relevant to the data source agents. Query results need not be returned within an ACL message, but may instead be represented by a CORBA object reference which may be used to obtain the result set. The architecture and operation of these agent components is described and an example is presented of how environmental information can be queried.

In many Environmental Information Systems the actual observations arise from a discrete monitoring network which might be rather heterogeneous in both location and types of measurements made. In this paper we describe the architecture and infrastructure for a system, developed as part of the EU FP6 funded INTAMAP project, to provide a service oriented solution that allows the construction of an interoperable, automatic, interpolation system. This system will be based on the Open Geospatial Consortium's Web Feature Service (WFS) standard. The essence of our approach is to extend the GML3.1 observation feature to include information about the sensor using SensorML, and to further extend this to incorporate observation error characteristics. Our extended WFS will accept observations, and will store them in a database. The observations will be passed to our R-based interpolation server, which will use a range of methods, including a novel sparse, sequential kriging method (only briefly described here) to produce an internal representation of the interpolated field resulting from the observations currently uploaded to the system. The extended WFS will then accept queries, such as 'What is the probability distribution of the desired variable at a given point', 'What is the mean value over a given region', or 'What is the probability of exceeding a certain threshold at a given location'. To support information-rich transfer of complex and uncertain

According to PSR (OECD) and DPSIR (EEA) models, Environmental Agencies are in charge of measuring the State and Pressure and evaluate the Impact in order to define the most suitable Responses; this implies data analysis and reporting activities, as one of their core responsibilities. Environmental Information Systems (EIS) support these activities by combining the advantages of first-rate consolidated technology (such as Mauro Cislaghi, Robin Baker, Rafal Dunal, Elisa Negroni 2

This paper aims at describing how the E 2 SP (Environmental Enterprise Service Provider) system supports the local and regional environmental agencies in fulfilling their daily reporting and data analysis activities, trough providing a cost effective Internet based data processing platform. The E 2 SP online reporting platform presented in this paper is partly funded by the European Commission in the eTEN program.

The growing flood of information on the internet is mostly encoded in language. The increasing need to augment existing technology for searching, extracting, and summarizing information encoded in multiple languages can be met by employing advanced language technology. This paper concentrates on results achieved within the TEMSIS and ongoing MULINEX projects in meeting these needs, and presents key concepts for the exploitation of the web.

One of the most prominent themes concerning environment is the inner and marine water protection. The information required for developing such a theme is very large, having to cover numerous and various fields of knowledge: geography, chemistry, hydrology, geology, biology, physics, economics and social sciences. The national Institutions devoted to cope with this theme, such as the Italian Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Services (APAT), have to solve two fundamental problems: how to collect such a large mass of information, and how to access the information and retrieve coherent data to process in order to perform easy, fast and reliable decision making. The first problem has been solved by APAT in successive steps, as the technology progressively changed, producing large collections of data stored in several technologically distinct repositories. However, accessing data sources individually and then combining the results manually every time an information is nee...