Early Modern City

Celem artykułu było przedstawienie znaczenia inskrypcji i przedstawień zdobiących przedmioty używane podczas posiedzeń rady, a także pomieszczenie obrad rady  Izbę Pańską. Najstarszy z przedmiotów, berełko, przez wieki stanowiło insygnium burmistrza Krakowa, a dekorujące je inskrypcje nadały charakter rozważaniom. Wszystkie wymienione przedmioty – berełko, pierścień, pasyjka i lada, a także motywy zdobiące wnętrze powstałe w kolejnych epokach i stylach tworzą spójny program ideowy odnoszący się do sprawiedliwych rządów wiodących do dobrobytu miasta. Ich znaczenie wiąże się ze sprawowaniem władzy miejskiej, zwierzchnością władzy królewskiej i sprawiedliwością w sądzeniu w odniesieniu do Sądu Bożego i do boskiego miłosierdzia. Sentencja Juste iudicate F[Ilii] H[ominum] na berełku zachęcająca do prawego sądzenia, odwoływała się do Sprawiedliwości jako cnoty chrześcijańskiej wykazując przy tym związki z niemieckim sądownictwem. Na krucyfiks kolejne pokolenia rajców przysięgały godne sprawowanie swojego urzędu. Alegorie Sprawiedliwości i dobrych, sprawiedliwych rządów zdobiły drzwi do Izby Pańskiej oraz ladę rady miejskiej. Na większości tych przedmiotów (sygnecie pieczętnym, srebrnej ladzie, drzwiach ratusza, krucyfiksie) widniał także herb miasta Krakowa. Pod sufitem Izby Pańskiej biegł natomiast fryz z portretami królów znacząc obecność państwowej władzy zwierzchniej.

Focusing on the Roman plague of 1656–1657, this chapter analyses the ways in which the Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri coped with the epidemic outbreak and its development, aiming at underlining their fragile and ambiguous balance between charity and self-preservation. In their house and church, the daily life was reshaped to harmonize the prevention of infection and the continuation of religious activities, implementing prophylactic measures, intensifying the devotional life, and redefining the functions of spaces and people according to healthcare needs. In the city, some Oratorians committed themselves in the urban management of the plague, serving the infected people and administering a lazaretto. Each Oratorian was left free to decide whether and how to be involved, but the fear for its own survival made the congregation highly attentive in avoiding excesses in self-sacrifice.

In 2018, a late medieval landfill excavated in the suburbs of Tallinn unearthed a few seeds of horse chestnut. The context within the landfill places the seeds to around 1500, making the seeds likely one of the oldest horse chestnut seeds in northern Europe (if not elsewhere). The paper gives an overview of the spread of the horse chestnut in early modern Europe, the first written evidence from Tallinn and the find situation.

What was the role of energy in shaping modern economies and fuelling the transition to sustained economic growth? In the historiography on the industrial revolution, the transition to fossil energy carriers plays a central role. Despite recent efforts to gather new empirical evidence, longterm comparative studies on energy transitions and their economic impact before and during the first industrial revolution remain rare. As a contribution to this literature, this article presents new quantitative data on energy consumption from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries in the Low Countries. To explore differences in the chronology and impact of energy transitions, we compare the total levels of energy consumption, the energy mix, and the prices of fuels between two cities in the northern and southern Low Countries: Leiden and Ghent. This analysis enables us to explore more clearly which factors played a key role in the interaction between energy, economic growth, and industrialisation. The transition towards a cheap-energy economy in Holland was associated with economic growth, but not with mechanisation. On the other hand, the rapid mechanisation process in Ghent was associated not with a cheap-energy economy (relative to that of Leiden), but more specifically with a cheap-coal economy.

The article attempts to define how the film picture becomes a medium to record urban space. The cinecamera showing urban landmarks resulting from the composition allows to note impressions, sensations in real time. Over time, the captured moment becomes a historical record illustrating the character of the city, place or point in space. In the film picture, dynamic rather than stable, urban space is subject to change. Can we still say nowadays that the film picture and the modern city are made for each other?

The inventory of Tallinn merchant Michael Meyer's (1704-1758) property is one of the largest inventories of an 18th century citizen of Tallinn. Almost the entire world of his possessions is reflected in this unique source. The inventory provides a comprehensive picture of his success, lifestyle, and hobbies, and the diverse list of household items provides a good idea of a prosperous merchant's home in northeast Europe in the 18th century. The unique body of sources (Michael Meyer's will, property inventory, and auction reports) provides comprehensive insight into the development of Tallinn's material culture, i.e., the material culture history of Northern Europe, during the century of Enlightenment. Abstrakt: Inwentarz pośmiertny rewalskiego kupca Michaela Meyera jest jednym z najobszerniejszych rejestrów dóbr osiemnastowiecznych obywateli tegoż miasta. W tym unikatowym źródle znalazł odbicie niemal kompletny świat rzeczy mieszczanina. Rejestr przedstawia szczegółowy obraz jego sukcesu zawodowego, stylu życia i zainteresowań, a lista różnorodnego wyposażenia gospodarstwa domowego daje wyobrażenie o domostwie zamożnego kupca z północnego wschodu osiemnastowiecznej Europy. Unikatowy materiał źródłowy-testament, inwentarz pośmiertny oraz rejestry aukcyjne majątku Michaela Meyera-zapewnia szczegółowy wgląd w rozwój kultury materialnej Rewala, a tym samym w historię kultury materialnej Europy Północnej doby oświecenia.

This paper studies urban dimensions with respect to the old city of Pune, India to analyse effect of psychological concept of Shadows by Carl Jung. This interdisciplinary research focuses on understanding timeline of the city with respect to the characteristic events happened in the city. The study starts with understanding the hamlet named Puneshwar and continues with current scenarios with respect to hidden characters of the core city. This new perspective discusses the intimate scenarios where urban dimensions got changed with respect to the incidences making a significant change in the image of Pune. Study of epicentre deals with the hidden characters and qualities of the area hidden in shadows for years. It challenges us to study hidden characters which can bring a fulfilment to the selected area with respect to current timeline. The hypothesis discusses possibilities of important socio-cultural, functional, morphological and temporal aspects.

Bu çalışma 19. yüzyılda ortaya çıkan Charles Baudelaire'in 'Modern Hayatın Ressamı' ile Walter Benjamin'in 'Pasajlar' adlı yapıtlarının temel kavramlarından biri olan ve bir yaşam biçimini ifade eden 'Flaneur'lüğün izini sürmekte; teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte ortaya çıkan yeni medya olanaklarındaki Flaneur yaşam biçiminin değişimini konu edinmektedir. Araştırmada 19. yüzyıl Avrupasında Sanayi Devrimi'nin yarattığı kent yaşamındaki insan profili olarak Flaneur'ün Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec'in çalışmalarındaki yansımaları ile teknik olanakların değişimiyle birlikte ortaya çıkan yeni medya alanlarındaki yansımalarının ne olduğu karşılaştırılarak saptanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Aynı zamanda araştırmada Flaneur'ün varlığının oluşması için bir zemin niteliğinde olan 19. yüzyıl Avrupasındaki kentin fantazmagorik yapısı ile günümüzde iletişim olanaklarının gelişimiyle birlikte ortaya çıkan yeni medya alanının arasındaki farklılıklar ve benzerlikler karşılaştırılmaktadır.

Resumen: Desde la aparición de la imprenta, los casamientos reales han sido una fuente inagotable de información que se trasmitió en buena medida a través de las relaciones de sucesos. Son numerosos los testimonios conservados sobre tales acontecimientos; siendo uno de los enlaces más relevantes del Siglo de Oro, por la producción impresa que ocasionó, el matrimonio entre Felipe III y Margarita de Austria. En el presente trabajo se analiza la repercusión editorial que tuvo aquel enlace, incluyéndose un catálogo bibliográfico de las relaciones de sucesos conservadas y localizadas sobre dicho evento. De este modo, y gracias a la recopilación de las noticias, se disciernen aspectos como el gran impacto informativo que tuvo este festejo, la repercusión del enlace o la transmisión de la noticia por buena parte del continente europeo, así como el interés de dejar constancia escrita de un evento de tal envergadura.

Mit Albrecht L war oin Herr.dler von GottBS Gnaden erachlagen worden, starb ein K6n lg ohne letzte Beichte und Absolution. Nicht ru öe H8rTSChaft: der Hababurger wurde 1309 erechCttert, die ganz. Walt war .,. d.n Fugen. Um die Ordnoog w i e d e r h 9 l Z l J B l ẽ ..xt die ungew;.. S ü , die Abecht mit ins (ftb nahm, zu 'I9fringem, griffen die Hintarbiabenen tu einem bewihrten Mittel: ale et!ftelan SEELENHEIL UNO HERRSCHAFTSANSPRUCH Wes kennzeichnete eine Stiftung im MitteIs.et'? WIe heute zielten Stiftungen auch damals auf Dauer. Und wie heute bestirTmtan die Stifter einen

This Unit will take you through the tale of this city, which underwent remarkable changes in three centuries. It transformed from a pargana headquarter to the provincial capital of Awadh in 1775. After the British annexation in 1856, it became a major colonial centre. The revolt of 1857 and its aftermath shook the city in many ways and it underwent significant morphological changes to pacify the wrath of the colonial authentics. A major blow to its prestige came with its demotion to a provincial town when Oudh was absorbed in the North West Provinces in 1877. Finally, Lucknow was restored as the capital of the United Provinces in 1920.The region is significant from the perspective of varied changes it underwent in a short span of time.

The emergence of regional states along with their provincial capitals (Murshidabad, Hyderabad, Poona, Lahore and Srirangapatna) in the eighteenth century ushered a new beginning in the political history of India. Though these states were diverse in terms of their orientation and power base, yet they relied on the ‘broad conception of power sharing and a political economy that was geared to greater commercialization and to military contingencies’ (Subramanian, 2010: 21). The power was vested in the ownership of land and the emergence of dominant class in the form of rural and revenue intermediaries, including some commercial groups who invested in revenue farming. Historians have attested to the primacy of mercantile class in the emerging economy of eighteenth century.

to thank Bruno Blondé, Peter Stabel and the reviewers for their valuable comments. Thanks to Kate Eliott for correcting my English. 1 The following description is based on City Archives Ghent (hereafter: SAG), series 332, no. 772/12. 2 This corresponded to about 160 daily wages of an average building labourer in eighteenth-century Flanders (Vandenbroeke 1982).

The article attempts to define how the film picture becomes a medium to record urban space. The cinecamera showing urban landmarks resulting from the composition allows to note impressions, sensations in real time. Over time, the captured moment becomes a historical record illustrating the character of the city, place or point in space. In the film picture, dynamic rather than stable, urban space is subject to change. Can we still say nowadays that the film picture and the modern city are made for each other?

Inside and outside the early modern hospital. Ideas, practices, contexts

The  essay  reflects  on  some  questions  raised  by  recent  studies  on  early  modern  hospitals,  underlining  the  research  potentials of this historiographical object. The first part reveals the  different  disciplines,  methodologies  and  perspectives  that  can  be  used  to  study  hospitals  or  assistance  networks  by  discussing  two  books  focused  on  charitable  institutions  of  Venice  (C.  Giron-Panel,  Musique  et  musiciennes  à  Venise.  Histoire  sociale  des  ospedali,  École  française  de  Rome,  Roma  2015; La  chiesa  e  l’ospedale  di  San  Lazzaro  dei  Mendicanti.  Arte,  beneficenza,  cura,  devozione,  educazione,  eds.  A.  Bamji,  L. Borean, L. Moretti, Marcianum Press, Venezia 2015). The second part connects some of the themes that emerged from the reading of this new works to wider trends in the research on early modern assistance and poor relief. The focus is on the evolution of the ideas on pauperism, with particular attention to  the  pedagogic  function  of  the  charitable  institutions  and  the need to connect theory and practices. Finally, the analysis broadens  to  include  the  connections  between  the  history  of  hospitals  and  the  history  of  medicine.  This  approach  can  allow us to detect multiple research paths, shedding light on the  various  actors  and  places  devoted  to  healthcare  and  the  entanglement of spiritual and physical therapies.

Published in: „Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej”, 68 (2020), 1, s. 51–68, http://doi.org/10.23858/KHKM68.2020.1.004

The topic of the article is the execution of testaments in three small towns of Greater Poland, Dolsk, Krzywiń and i Książ, in the second half of the 16th c. and the first half of the 17th c. On the basis of surviving testaments and selected records from municipal books, the author dis-cusses various actions undertaken in conformity with the codified and common law to execute last  wills.
Most  of  the  data  were  drawn  from  the  sources  from  Dolsk,  which  had  been  most  thoroughly explored by the author.
The first part of the article characterizes the persons named as executors by the testators. Those were usually people holding posts in the municipal government. There were often two executors,  sometimes  also  named  as  the  guardians  of  the  testator’s  widow  and  under-age  children.
In most cases, municipal books registered the documents that confirmed the execution of  particular  testamentary  dispositions,  e.g.  transferring  money  to  a  Church  institution,  or  movable or immovable property to particular persons; settling a debt or collecting a sum due. The time between making a testament and recording such a confirmation varied from one day to 21 years; but in most cases dispositions were carried out according to the custom, within one year.
Even though one of the major objectives of testators was to prevent domestic strife, the execution of testaments sometimes involved conflicts, when some people were disappointed by the last will or when the testator had hidden their debts. The article presents several cases of conflicts over reasons which, as can be surmised, were most common at that time. Sometimes the municipal authorities, the town’s owner or his representative annulled the bequests that had lest to such conflicts; such cases usually concerned immovable property.
The sources analysed suggest that the testator’s “life after death”, featuring in the title of the present article, could take an unexpected turn, not necessarily intended when the last will was drawn up. The examples are meant to illustrate the multitude of data available in records on testament execution and to highlight the possibility of more detailed research on selected issues, e.g. on the disposing of inherited property.

De mortuis nil nisi vere. The Chalmers, Cracow Townspeople and Evangelicals in the Eyes of Rev. Daniel Kałay
On 21 October, 1664 Rev. Daniel Kałay, the minister of the Reformed-Evangelical congregation at Wiatowice near Cracow, had a funeral sermon there dedicated to late Elizabeth Chalmer, nee Horam. Elizabeth and her husband James, a merchant, belonged to the community of Cracow Scots. Kałay, who was born to parents of Hungarian and Scottish descent, must have known the Chalmers well. Ca. 1648-50, he was the preceptor of their son James, born in 1642, and he dedicated the print version of the sermon not to the father and the husband, but to the son. Although we know from other sources that the Chalmers supported themselves in everyday life, nevertheless the analysed oration is not free from slightly critical digs at the husband.
The sermon, which was published in 1666, was arranged in accordance with the rhetoric rules, following the practice typical of Polish evangelicals. However, the minister strongly emphasises the importance of good works in salvation and his conviction that Elizabeth has already earned that grace. This seems controversial with respect to the mainstream Reformed tradition of the day.

Résumé :
Peut-on estimer l’emprise foncière des religieux dans l’espace urbain bordelais au milieu du XVIIIe siècle ? Bordeaux faisait partie des cinq villes les plus peuplées du royaume de France et abritait une trentaine de communautés régulières. L’étude de la répartition des couvents et de leurs logiques d’implantation met en évidence une domination symbolique des réguliers dans le paysage. Leur présence dans le tissu urbain se traduisait en outre par des biens locatifs dont il est intéressant d’analyser les caractéristiques et la dispersion, en cherchant des critères de différenciation tels que l’ancienneté des communautés, leur taille, leur nature (ordres ou congrégations) ou leur genre. Enfin, pour confirmer ou relativiser l’emprise spatiale des réguliers, il faut pouvoir la comparer aux autres propriétaires ecclésiastiques.

Abstract:
Is there a land influence of religious communities in the urban space of Bordeaux in the middle of the 18th century? There were about thirty regular communities in Bordeaux, one of the five most populous cities in France. The study of convents’ distribution and setting up logics highlights their symbolic domination in the urban fabric. The analysis of their rental properties’ characteristics and their dispersal shows another form of religious communities’ land influence. To compare communities, it is interesting to look for criteria of differentiation like long-standing, size, kind (orders or congregations) or gender. Finally, the regular communities’ spatial influence must be compared with others holders of the Catholic Church’s land properties, to confirm or relativize this domination.

Völlerei, Sexualität, das Sezieren von Leichen oder verschwenderisches Zurschaustellen des eigenen Reichtums: Im Exzess wurde - so die These des Buches - gesellschaftliche Ordnung gestaltet. Wie produktiv das Agieren im Übermaß sein konnte, beleuchtet Sarah-Maria Schober an Medizinern, die um 1600 in Basel lebten. Sie folgt den Ärzten an Orte, an denen sie Grenzen austesteten: in Bäder und Haushalte, an ihre Schreibtische und auf die anatomische Bühne. Damit bietet sie zugleich eine quellennahe Analyse einer städtischen Gesellschaft im späten 16. und frühen 17. Jahrhundert.

Pomimo prowadzonych od wielu lat badań nad historią miasta Wilna, wciąż niewiele wiemy o jego mieszkańcach, szczególnie ludziach drugiego i trzeciego planu historii, żyjących w cieniu wielkich dworów i pałaców. Równie słabo zbadane pozostają jurydyki wczesnonowożytnej stolicy Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego, w tym jurydyka kapituły wileńskiej. W oparciu o rękopiśmienny materiał źródłowy podjęta została próba jej zarysu oraz ukazania ludzi i problemów w niej zachodzących; jej zobrazowaniu posłużyć może załączony w aneksie Rejestr wybierania poboru z 1602 roku, dokument publikowany po raz pierwszy. Problemy własnościowe i personalne krzyżowały się w licznych sprawach związanych z występkami kanonika Izaaka Fechtinusa († 25 V 1607), który przez wiele lat gorszyć miał ulicę wileńską, mieszkańców miasta i kapitulnych konfratrów. Na przestrzeni kilkunastu lat wielokrotnie zarzucano kanonikowi nocne włóczęgi z podejrzanymi osobami, pijaństwo oraz utrzymywanie i mieszkanie z kobietami, najczęściej na terenie jurydyki kapitulnej. Bezskutecznie nakładano nań kary pieniężne, wstrzymywano wypłatę refekcji, grożono pozbawieniem kanonii, stosowano areszt domowy i zakazywano wstępu do Kościoła.

This article is about the represantion of the brigands – mercenaries of the Hundred Years’ War – in the historiographical sources created during the period of the war. After analysing the sources, we can set up several principal character traits attributed to the brigands by the authors. For the most part they are negative as for example сunning, pitiless, lack of discipline, desire for personal enrichment. The positive ones are generally shown only to emphasize on this background their typical negative features.

India is a land of rich cultural heritage. The heritage is so varied that much of the historical places, and traditional arts and artisans are forced into neglect. There is an urgent need to bring these back into limelight to showcase our rich heritage. This study aims at developing a village forced into oblivion, through the application of sustainability and re-using the village's heritage to its own advantage. Dhanyakuria village in West Bengal is a prime example of such a site. Hence, it was chosen for this purpose. The research methodology included – (i) locating a suitable site, (ii) analyzing the site's history and culture, (iii) studying the regional demographics, and (iv)deciding upon a possible reuse for conservation.

The 17th-century oaths of city officials in town Kožlany – commented edition Abstract: Goal of this study is to acces 17th-century oaths of municipal officials in little liege town Kožlany to komparative study. Before edition itself there is little introduction into history of Kožlany and oaths.

Der Aufsatz untersucht die Entstehung und den Wandel zweier spätmittelalterlicher Stiftungen in der Reichsstadt Memmingen. Totenmemoria und Wohltätigkeit erscheinen dabei als Einheit. Zunächst werden die Stifter und ihre Motivationen analysiert, um dann die "Dreikönigskapelle" (gestiftet 1399) und "Vöhlins Klösterle" (gestiftet 1490) als Ausprägungen kommunaler Wohltätigkeit einzuordnen. Anschließend wird die wechselhafte Entwicklung der beiden Stiftungen – die "Stiftungswirklichkeit" – bis in die Umbruchszeit um 1800 verfolgt. Aufgrund der Reformation und in den ihr folgenden Jahrhunderten waren Zweck und Charakter der beiden Memminger Einrichtungen grundlegenden Veränderungen unterworfen. Dabei wird vor allem die Spätphase der Reichsstadt im 18. Jahrhundert in ihrer Ambivalenz deutlich. Einerseits lassen sich die Bemühungen des Rates, die Misswirtschaft der "Dreikönigskapelle" zu beseitigen, die mit einer steigenden städtischen Verschuldung korrespondiert, als Ausdruck der "Defensive" der Reichsstadt interpretieren. Andererseits wird bei diesen Sanierungsmaßnahmen und der Umstrukturierung von "Vöhlins Klösterle" deutlich, daß die Reichsstadt im Aufklärungsjahrundert nicht als reformunfähiges System zu sehen ist, der nur die Mediatisierung das Überleben sichern konnte. Gerade im Bereich des Stiftungswesens kann man bereits vor 1802/1803 rationalistische Tendenzen in der Stadtverwaltung erkennen, die Stiftungszweck und -struktur nach dem Nützlichkeitsprinzip und nicht, wie in der Reformationszeit, primär religiös motiviert, abänderten.

Pornind de la un conflict iscat la Braşov în anii 1680–1681 legat de ridicarea unei biserici în suburbia braşoveană Blumăna şi care a implicat nobilimea calvină, principele şi Înalta Poartă, studiul de faţă încearcă să prezinte complexitatea relaţiilor dintre oraş, stări,
puterea centrală din cadrul Principatului Transilvaniei, precum şi locul unui oraş ardelean în relaţiile cu Poarta. Studiul se concentrează asupra limitelor privilegiilor stărilor dar şi a puterii princiare în problemele legate de confesiune şi politică. În acelaşi timp, problema oraşului săsesc Braşov este discutată comparativ cu situaţia oraşului liber regesc Târgu-
Mureş şi a fostului oraş liber regesc Cluj, arătându-se similitudinile problemelor oraşelor premoderne dincolo de apartenenţa confesională şi lingvistică

Conversions to Christian Orthodoxy were not unusual in XVIIIth and XIXth centuries Moldavia. To identify individual conversions andconverts, the author had looked for areliable criterion, which eventually proved to be their family name: Botezatu (i.e. „the
baptized one” in Romanian). This family name comes from a nick-name which became common to all converts, because of extensive denominative use, and, therefore, it may be considered as converts' social label. Early XIXth century diplomats living in Moldavia
have also accounted for the link between the family name and the biography of its bearer. Converts were thus identified to have settled in Iasi since the last quarter of the XVIIth century, following tides of immigration originated in Transylvania, Poland or Wallachia, not to mention even more distant places. Advantages they were awarded by the Princeand the local Church stimulated conversions. Here is a brief list of incentives to abandoning the original faith for Orthodoxy: tax-exemptions (applied to the convert and his family), important loans (contracted with low interest rates, for supporting an economic
take-off), significant links to upper social strata (converts would benefit from the specific links with their god-parents, usually wealthy and/or influent noble people). All advantages would finally enable the convert to integrate smoothly into the Moldavian society by accepting a new religious belief. In two generations time, most of converts' families would have been considered as autochtonous. A 1755 census mentions five converts living in Iasi. One of them is acknowledged to be the founder of a famous Botezatu family which lasted for two hundred years and was raised to peerage in the first half of the previous
century. The 1774-1775 census mentions a larger number of converts than in 1755, which proves the efficiency of the policy of conversion the State was committed to apply to foreigners dwelling in Moldavia. A comparison between the 1808 and 1820 censes also accounts for the increase in the number of converts at the beginning of the XIXth century.
Converts were most attracted by the urban environment than by rural life, and from all given opportunities, the capital of Moldavia seemed to offer them reliable solutions to re-shape their own life according to their new identity. Most of them settled in the outskirts of Iasi, in cheap and non-residential areas. But for a while, until their total integration
into the Moldavian cultural millieu, they were subject to careful and inquisitive observation from their neighbours, local priests and local authorities. Cases of untrustworthiness were reportedly often. They also seemed to have preferred a daily double-living for work and rest; a considerable figure worked in enterprises run by Orthodox Christians, in the center of the city, and returned home, in the outskirts, at the end of the day. A 1828 monasteries' and churches' mentions converts living at the expenses of the Orthodox Church in cloisters and among priests or monks. Most of them belonged to a special category of converts, namely composed of people whose changes of faith were genuine and disinterested. The only census directly related to the number of convers in Iasi had been drafted by Church officials between 1819 and 1832. The annexes show the annual quota of conversions, the origins of converts and the distribution of conversions during the 1819-1832 period. A 1824-1825 census offers biographic information for some
converts who preferred to re-baptize but applied for a foreign citizenship or asked for foreign diplomatic protection.

As recent scholarship tends to stress, the early modern period was not one of decline in the history of European cities. While scholars traditionally used to claim that European cities were over the peak of their development by the end of the 16th, or at the latest by the middle of the 17th century, modern historiography tends to emphasize the opposite: many cities were quite successful in preserving their political breathing space even after the treaty of Westphalia. Taking into consideration that early modernity gave birth both to the modern territorial state and the newly established Reformed centres and networks of ecclesiastical power, one wonders what kind of political cultures urban elites helped to foster in this context? There can be no doubt that – beside the state-city political relationship – the answer is largely to be found in the dynamic relationship between cities and the Reformation. This answer is searched for in a more and more nuanced and complex fashion in the secondary literature. While earlier claims held that the Europe-wide movement of Reformation was mainly based in the cities, recent scholarship either emphasizes the distinction between urban and rural reformation (Rublack talks about a " bürgerliche Reformation " , while Schilling refers to " Stadtreformation als Bürgerbewegung " and focuses on the process of confessionalization), or defines the dividing line differently (as in Peter Blickle's case, whose use of terms like " Kommunalismus " or communal reformation encompasses both the political culture of cities and of villages, both of which are put in contrast with traditional feudal social structures). But what exactly was the political philosophical rationale behind the practices of those city councils, which determined the fate of the religious reform-movement in their own cities in tight, and sometimes chaotic socio-political contexts?

17,50 € IVA INCLUIDO a Real Audiencia y Chancillería de Valladolid, que nunca perdió su preeminencia sobre su homóloga granadina, fue una de las instituciones más importantes dentro del entramado administrativo de la España Moderna. Como Alto Tribunal para los territorios al Norte del Tajo, encarnaba al monarca y a su principal atribución, la justicia. Y a pesar de que Alonso Núñez de Castro subrayó que "sólo Madrid es corte", la capital del Pisuerga, abandonada por Felipe III en 1606, continuó siendo, por esa razón precisamente, una segunda corte.

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El siglo XV asistió en la Corona de Castilla a un amplio y diversificado fenómeno de creaciones conventuales femeninas promovidas por mujeres que fue muy visible en las ciudades. Se inscribió en las reformas de la Baja Edad Media y coincidió con el debate conocido como “Querella de las Mujeres”. Partiendo de la idea de que hubo un Humanismo femenino, pensado y enunciado por las mujeres en sus propios términos, en estas páginas se buscan las conexiones entre dichos fenómenos, especialmente entre las aportaciones femeninas de reforma religiosa concretadas en las fundaciones de espacios de espiritualidad y la “Querella de las Mujeres”. Para ello, se fundamenta el análisis en una ciudad concreta, Córdoba, y se delimitan cronologías y tipologías religiosas a fin de determinar sus contenidos programáticos. El objetivo último es perfilar algunas de las principales formulaciones y claves explicativas del proyecto humanista de las mujeres.

Королевский двор и муниципалитеты Франции в период Первой гражданской войны (1560-1563 гг.) La cour royale et les municipalités de la France au temps de la première Guerre civile (1560-1563) Политика королевского двора в отношении муниципального руководства Франции во время Гражданских войн XVI в. пока недостаточно освещена в литературе. В основном авторов интересовали взаимоотношения короны и отдельных городов, поскольку последние зачастую играли самостоятельную роль в конфликтах и даже создавали прообраз конфедераций -«Пероннскую лигу» у католиков (1585 г.) и союз протестантских городов юга Франции (1570-е гг.) 1 ; отметим, что особенно преуспела в этом отношении англо-американская историография, сделавшая акцент на изучение эволюции религиозно-политических настроений в городской среде разных провинций 2 . Отечественные авторы, начиная с И.В.