The urban space of Albi of the XIII‒XV centuries, 2024
The article is devoted to the study of the urban space of the late medieval Albi in topographic, ... more The article is devoted to the study of the urban space of the late medieval Albi in topographic, architectural, political, economic and symbolic dimensions. An attempt is made to consider urban space from the standpoint of historical psychology. Today, this approach, which involves the study of psychological phenomena in relation to the city and space, is one of the most relevant areas of modern historical urbanism. In particular, in this regard, an increase in interest among researchers in medieval history can be noted. Thus, the chosen methodology determines the scientific novelty of the research. The aim of the work is to establish a connection between physical and symbolic space, between citizens and their place of residence, as well as to study the mutual influence of space and social psychology. The circle of historical sources is established, which includes architectural, written, sphragistic, heraldic and cartographic types, represented by both published and unpublished archival materials, as well as preserved objects of monumental architecture of the Late Middle Ages located on the territory of the city. The possibilities for studying the identity of citizens in their connection with space at the level of an individual, an institution, a quarter and an urban community as a whole are determined.
The suburb of Cap del pont of the medieval city of Albi: in search of identity, 2024
The article deals with the problem of the legal status of the suburb of Cap del pont of the medie... more The article deals with the problem of the legal status of the suburb of Cap del pont of the medieval city of Albi. The special geographical location of the suburb, which was located on the border of two seneschalships, led to numerous disputes about its legal affiliation and conflicts between representatives of local authorities. This situation continued to develop for several centuries. In order to resolve the issue, the parties have repeatedly appealed to the King of France. However, despite his decisions, due to various reasons, the issue of the legal status of the suburb continued to be raised in subsequent times. All this had an impact on the formation of a special identity of the residents of Cap del pont as a separate community.
Consular accounts of the city of Albi in the 14th–15th c. , 2024
The article studies the consular accounts of the southern French city of Albi in the 14th–15th c.... more The article studies the consular accounts of the southern French city of Albi in the 14th–15th c. Until now, this source has not been considered in the Russian-language historical literature, however, in terms of its volume (several hundred handwritten pages) and the completeness of the contained information, it can rightfully be considered as one of the most significant for historical research concerning Southern France of the period under review. The aim of the study was to reveal the informative potential of the studied documents for urban and medieval studies. When studying the material, the comparative method, as well as the method of content analysis were used. The results establish that the information of consular accounts can be used in the study of various spheres of life of a medieval city — economic, social, political, military. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that it is built on the material of a little-studied source, which is revealed from various sides.
The Albi city government system in the XIV‒XV centuries, 2023
Политическая система Альби в XIV-XV вв. была представлена тремя ветвями институтов власти: короле... more Политическая система Альби в XIV-XV вв. была представлена тремя ветвями институтов власти: королевской, сеньориальной и городским самоуправлением. Каждая ветвь власти имела свои права и обязанности, и зачастую они соперничали между собой в вопросах управления городом. Городское самоуправление было представлено в виде консулата. Он появился в Альби после альбигойских войн первой трети XIII в., когда город, ранее принадлежавший графу Тренкавелю, попал в сеньориальную зависимость от епископа. Грамоты 1220 и 1269 гг. разграничивали полномочия консулов и епископа и послужили основой для формирования этого нового для Альби института власти 1. Обязанностями консулов были сбор налогов, поддержание порядка в городе, организация сторожевой службы, обороны города в случае войны, возведение и ремонт городских укреплений, поддерживание дипломатических отношений с соседними городам. Консулы избирались населением города сроком на один год. Впоследствии возможно было переизбрание, однако, как правило, лишь спустя четыре года после истечения срока предыдущего мандата. В отдельных же случаях по тем или иным причинам консулы могли не переизбираться два года подряд, как например это было в 1368-1369 гг. и 1369-1370 гг. 2 Как правило, число консулов было равно 12-каждый из 6 кварталов города избирал двух консулов. Во второй половине 1370-х гг. число консулов уменьшается до 6 человек, то есть по одному от каждого квартала. А в 1390-х гг. число консулов уменьшается до 4 человек 3. Кроме этого, в число городских чиновников входили также нотариусы, казначей, аудиторы, глашатаи, капитаны города, посланцы. Следовательно, система городского самоуправления включала в себя целый ряд чиновников. Все они избирались либо напрямую населением города, как например, консулы, либо городским советом, как все остальные чиновники. Однако наравне с этой системой существовала и сеньориальная власть епископа. Сеньор утверждал кандидатуры всех чиновников городского самоуправления, все постановления, принятые консулами, и все договоры, заключенные городом. Под контролем епископа находились вопросы организации городской торговли и суда. Также епископ располагал собственной администрацией 4. Кроме этого, король также вмешивался во внутреннюю политику города посредством своих представителей. В первую очередь, это касается королевского вигье, который постоянно находился в Альби, и имел возможность влиять на принимаемые в городе решения 5. Следующим по статусу королевским чиновником являлся сенешаль Каркассона. Замыкал же цепочку в этой иерархии лейтенант
Communication between the cities of Southern France during the Hundred Years' War, 2022
The article deals with the organization of communication between the cities of Southern France in... more The article deals with the organization of communication between the cities of Southern France in the conditions of the Hundred Years' War. The nature of relations between cities, their possibilities for mutual assistance, including the prevention of possible threats and the conduct of joint military operations, are being studied. Ways and means of support are being investigated. The role of cities as direct participants in the war is emphasized.
Ecology of the city of Albi in the second half of the XIV century, 2021
The problem of the study is the influence of natural factors on the lives of the citizens of Albi... more The problem of the study is the influence of natural factors on the lives of the citizens of Albi. The research is carried out within the framework of environmental history ‒ environmental history. The methodology of the study is based on the application of the method of comparative analysis. The expected results are to establish what role natural factors played in the life of the city.
Organization of the defense of the Southern French city of Albi during the Hundred Years' War, 2020
The article considers the organization of the defense of the southern French city of Albi during ... more The article considers the organization of the defense of the southern French city of Albi during the Hundred Years’ War, including such aspects as the organization of a guard service, the construction and repair of city fortifications, which was entrusted to the shoulders of elected officials — consuls. Various strategies for protecting the city’s population are being studied, including ransom from enemy troops, the use of mercenary armed units in the service of the city and the conduct of offensive operations.
Royal letters of pardon as a source for the history of the Hundred Years’ War, 2019
The article considers royal letters of pardon of the XIV—XV centuries. With these documents the k... more The article considers royal letters of pardon of the XIV—XV centuries. With these documents the king had the right to suspend any judicial process and pardon any crime committed in the kingdom. A brief source analysis of the letters is given and their importance for the studies of military history and especially for the history of the Hundred Years’ War is emphasized.
St. George and the Made of Orleans: the images of propaganda in the anglo-french wars of the first third of the XVth century, 2018
The article considers the methods of propaganda employed by both English and French during the wa... more The article considers the methods of propaganda employed by both English and French during the wars of the third part of the XVth century which form part of the Hundred Years' War. Despite the truces made between the kingdoms, this period was an era of permanent war during which the mentioned truces were broken many times by both sides. After the defeat of the Agincourt and the signing of the Treaty of Troyes, the kingdom of France was at real risk of disappearing. In this difficult time the two adversaries employed various means to defeat their opponents, including the propaganda and particulary the creation of national heroes and symbols such as St. George and Joan of Arc.
Non-combatants in the military law of the Hundred years’ war , 2018
This article considers the way in which carried out protection of the civilian population in peri... more This article considers the way in which carried out protection of the civilian population in period of the Hundred Years' War, by means of the law, as well as peculiarities of representation of the civilian population in legal sources. The authors used historical-comparative and historical-legal methods. The analysis showed that the concept of "non-combatants" is historiographical. In the sources, there is no single name for non-combatants as opposed to soldiers, for which there is a single concept – gens de guerre (people of war). The sources mention only certain categories of the population: clerics, pilgrims, students, wounded soldiers, etc. The mention of non-combatants in legal sources is usually related to their protection. The hypothesis of this study is that the emergence of certain categories of non-combatants in legal sources had a precedent character. It is important to note that in the ordinances considered, the articles for crimes against the civilian population are placed immediately after the articles for crimes against the Royal person, which reflects the high importance of the protection of non-combatants for the Royal power. It is established that the most frequent articles concern the following crimes against civilians: murder, capture, looting of the Church, rape of women, burning of property. The most common punishment in ordinances is death. However, in relation to crimes against children and peasants, the penalties are milder and limited to the loss of property. This confirms the thesis that non-combatants were not perceived as a single social group-the civilian population, but were divided into separate categories of the population. Therefore, the standards of protection and punishment of crimes against different categories of the population are also vary.
The images of brigands in the historiography of the Hundred Years' War, 2017
This article is about the represantion of the brigands – mercenaries of the Hundred Years’ War – ... more This article is about the represantion of the brigands – mercenaries of the Hundred Years’ War – in the historiographical sources created during the period of the war. After analysing the sources, we can set up several principal character traits attributed to the brigands by the authors. For the most part they are negative as for example сunning, pitiless, lack of discipline, desire for personal enrichment. The positive ones are generally shown only to emphasize on this background their typical negative features.
The urban space of Albi of the XIII‒XV centuries, 2024
The article is devoted to the study of the urban space of the late medieval Albi in topographic, ... more The article is devoted to the study of the urban space of the late medieval Albi in topographic, architectural, political, economic and symbolic dimensions. An attempt is made to consider urban space from the standpoint of historical psychology. Today, this approach, which involves the study of psychological phenomena in relation to the city and space, is one of the most relevant areas of modern historical urbanism. In particular, in this regard, an increase in interest among researchers in medieval history can be noted. Thus, the chosen methodology determines the scientific novelty of the research. The aim of the work is to establish a connection between physical and symbolic space, between citizens and their place of residence, as well as to study the mutual influence of space and social psychology. The circle of historical sources is established, which includes architectural, written, sphragistic, heraldic and cartographic types, represented by both published and unpublished archival materials, as well as preserved objects of monumental architecture of the Late Middle Ages located on the territory of the city. The possibilities for studying the identity of citizens in their connection with space at the level of an individual, an institution, a quarter and an urban community as a whole are determined.
The suburb of Cap del pont of the medieval city of Albi: in search of identity, 2024
The article deals with the problem of the legal status of the suburb of Cap del pont of the medie... more The article deals with the problem of the legal status of the suburb of Cap del pont of the medieval city of Albi. The special geographical location of the suburb, which was located on the border of two seneschalships, led to numerous disputes about its legal affiliation and conflicts between representatives of local authorities. This situation continued to develop for several centuries. In order to resolve the issue, the parties have repeatedly appealed to the King of France. However, despite his decisions, due to various reasons, the issue of the legal status of the suburb continued to be raised in subsequent times. All this had an impact on the formation of a special identity of the residents of Cap del pont as a separate community.
Consular accounts of the city of Albi in the 14th–15th c. , 2024
The article studies the consular accounts of the southern French city of Albi in the 14th–15th c.... more The article studies the consular accounts of the southern French city of Albi in the 14th–15th c. Until now, this source has not been considered in the Russian-language historical literature, however, in terms of its volume (several hundred handwritten pages) and the completeness of the contained information, it can rightfully be considered as one of the most significant for historical research concerning Southern France of the period under review. The aim of the study was to reveal the informative potential of the studied documents for urban and medieval studies. When studying the material, the comparative method, as well as the method of content analysis were used. The results establish that the information of consular accounts can be used in the study of various spheres of life of a medieval city — economic, social, political, military. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that it is built on the material of a little-studied source, which is revealed from various sides.
The Albi city government system in the XIV‒XV centuries, 2023
Политическая система Альби в XIV-XV вв. была представлена тремя ветвями институтов власти: короле... more Политическая система Альби в XIV-XV вв. была представлена тремя ветвями институтов власти: королевской, сеньориальной и городским самоуправлением. Каждая ветвь власти имела свои права и обязанности, и зачастую они соперничали между собой в вопросах управления городом. Городское самоуправление было представлено в виде консулата. Он появился в Альби после альбигойских войн первой трети XIII в., когда город, ранее принадлежавший графу Тренкавелю, попал в сеньориальную зависимость от епископа. Грамоты 1220 и 1269 гг. разграничивали полномочия консулов и епископа и послужили основой для формирования этого нового для Альби института власти 1. Обязанностями консулов были сбор налогов, поддержание порядка в городе, организация сторожевой службы, обороны города в случае войны, возведение и ремонт городских укреплений, поддерживание дипломатических отношений с соседними городам. Консулы избирались населением города сроком на один год. Впоследствии возможно было переизбрание, однако, как правило, лишь спустя четыре года после истечения срока предыдущего мандата. В отдельных же случаях по тем или иным причинам консулы могли не переизбираться два года подряд, как например это было в 1368-1369 гг. и 1369-1370 гг. 2 Как правило, число консулов было равно 12-каждый из 6 кварталов города избирал двух консулов. Во второй половине 1370-х гг. число консулов уменьшается до 6 человек, то есть по одному от каждого квартала. А в 1390-х гг. число консулов уменьшается до 4 человек 3. Кроме этого, в число городских чиновников входили также нотариусы, казначей, аудиторы, глашатаи, капитаны города, посланцы. Следовательно, система городского самоуправления включала в себя целый ряд чиновников. Все они избирались либо напрямую населением города, как например, консулы, либо городским советом, как все остальные чиновники. Однако наравне с этой системой существовала и сеньориальная власть епископа. Сеньор утверждал кандидатуры всех чиновников городского самоуправления, все постановления, принятые консулами, и все договоры, заключенные городом. Под контролем епископа находились вопросы организации городской торговли и суда. Также епископ располагал собственной администрацией 4. Кроме этого, король также вмешивался во внутреннюю политику города посредством своих представителей. В первую очередь, это касается королевского вигье, который постоянно находился в Альби, и имел возможность влиять на принимаемые в городе решения 5. Следующим по статусу королевским чиновником являлся сенешаль Каркассона. Замыкал же цепочку в этой иерархии лейтенант
Communication between the cities of Southern France during the Hundred Years' War, 2022
The article deals with the organization of communication between the cities of Southern France in... more The article deals with the organization of communication between the cities of Southern France in the conditions of the Hundred Years' War. The nature of relations between cities, their possibilities for mutual assistance, including the prevention of possible threats and the conduct of joint military operations, are being studied. Ways and means of support are being investigated. The role of cities as direct participants in the war is emphasized.
Ecology of the city of Albi in the second half of the XIV century, 2021
The problem of the study is the influence of natural factors on the lives of the citizens of Albi... more The problem of the study is the influence of natural factors on the lives of the citizens of Albi. The research is carried out within the framework of environmental history ‒ environmental history. The methodology of the study is based on the application of the method of comparative analysis. The expected results are to establish what role natural factors played in the life of the city.
Organization of the defense of the Southern French city of Albi during the Hundred Years' War, 2020
The article considers the organization of the defense of the southern French city of Albi during ... more The article considers the organization of the defense of the southern French city of Albi during the Hundred Years’ War, including such aspects as the organization of a guard service, the construction and repair of city fortifications, which was entrusted to the shoulders of elected officials — consuls. Various strategies for protecting the city’s population are being studied, including ransom from enemy troops, the use of mercenary armed units in the service of the city and the conduct of offensive operations.
Royal letters of pardon as a source for the history of the Hundred Years’ War, 2019
The article considers royal letters of pardon of the XIV—XV centuries. With these documents the k... more The article considers royal letters of pardon of the XIV—XV centuries. With these documents the king had the right to suspend any judicial process and pardon any crime committed in the kingdom. A brief source analysis of the letters is given and their importance for the studies of military history and especially for the history of the Hundred Years’ War is emphasized.
St. George and the Made of Orleans: the images of propaganda in the anglo-french wars of the first third of the XVth century, 2018
The article considers the methods of propaganda employed by both English and French during the wa... more The article considers the methods of propaganda employed by both English and French during the wars of the third part of the XVth century which form part of the Hundred Years' War. Despite the truces made between the kingdoms, this period was an era of permanent war during which the mentioned truces were broken many times by both sides. After the defeat of the Agincourt and the signing of the Treaty of Troyes, the kingdom of France was at real risk of disappearing. In this difficult time the two adversaries employed various means to defeat their opponents, including the propaganda and particulary the creation of national heroes and symbols such as St. George and Joan of Arc.
Non-combatants in the military law of the Hundred years’ war , 2018
This article considers the way in which carried out protection of the civilian population in peri... more This article considers the way in which carried out protection of the civilian population in period of the Hundred Years' War, by means of the law, as well as peculiarities of representation of the civilian population in legal sources. The authors used historical-comparative and historical-legal methods. The analysis showed that the concept of "non-combatants" is historiographical. In the sources, there is no single name for non-combatants as opposed to soldiers, for which there is a single concept – gens de guerre (people of war). The sources mention only certain categories of the population: clerics, pilgrims, students, wounded soldiers, etc. The mention of non-combatants in legal sources is usually related to their protection. The hypothesis of this study is that the emergence of certain categories of non-combatants in legal sources had a precedent character. It is important to note that in the ordinances considered, the articles for crimes against the civilian population are placed immediately after the articles for crimes against the Royal person, which reflects the high importance of the protection of non-combatants for the Royal power. It is established that the most frequent articles concern the following crimes against civilians: murder, capture, looting of the Church, rape of women, burning of property. The most common punishment in ordinances is death. However, in relation to crimes against children and peasants, the penalties are milder and limited to the loss of property. This confirms the thesis that non-combatants were not perceived as a single social group-the civilian population, but were divided into separate categories of the population. Therefore, the standards of protection and punishment of crimes against different categories of the population are also vary.
The images of brigands in the historiography of the Hundred Years' War, 2017
This article is about the represantion of the brigands – mercenaries of the Hundred Years’ War – ... more This article is about the represantion of the brigands – mercenaries of the Hundred Years’ War – in the historiographical sources created during the period of the war. After analysing the sources, we can set up several principal character traits attributed to the brigands by the authors. For the most part they are negative as for example сunning, pitiless, lack of discipline, desire for personal enrichment. The positive ones are generally shown only to emphasize on this background their typical negative features.
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