Domkapitel

Gli epistolari papali sono tra le fonti più importanti di cui disponiamo per lo studio della storia medievale e, in particolar modo, della storia della città di Roma e del proprio vescovo. È l’unica fonte da cui poter ascoltare la viva voce dei pontefici e da cui poter apprendere tanto il loro peculiare punto di vista sulla società quanto quale immagine volessero proporre ai propri interlocutori, in questo senso, tra le diverse prospettive con le quali poter analizzare ogni singolo documento, l’aspetto linguistico-lessicale assume di conseguenza una rilevanza significativa. Si è scelto dunque di scandagliare le lettere papali nelle quali i pontefici nominassero il mondo islamico per esaminare gli eventuali cambiamenti nella retorica usata per definirli e nominarli in relazione alla complessa contingenza storica caratterizzante il secolo IX con il tentativo di conquista dell’Italia meridionale da parte delle dinastie nord-africane. I vescovi di Roma si trovarono infatti ad affrontare nel corso del secolo non semplici pirati in cerca di bottino, ma azioni militari facenti parte di una più ampia strategia atta all’espansione del dār al-Islām presso la al-arḍ al-kabīra, la “Terra grande”, così come era definita l’Italia peninsulare. Dal pontificato di Leone III, con il primo atto bellico rivolto contro un porto romano, sino a quello di Giovanni X con il decisivo assedio del Garigliano, l’immagine proposta dai pontefici del mondo islamico mutò drasticamente, giungendo sino a dipingerli come il “Nemico” della Sede Apostolica. Un percorso però non lineare né tantomeno predeterminato ab origine, bensì influenzato dai diversi accadimenti storici.

After discussing the origins and the underlying philosophy of the Vilnius Philomath Society as well as the way in which its archives are preserved, the author proceeds to examine one of the surviving manuscripts: The Virgin of Orleans, authored by Adam Mickiewicz. Set against the data from previous research on the language of the Philomaths by Kurz, the analysis of the spelling convention and the phonetics of the manuscript (e.g. the orthographic representations of j, o / , / z, x; prepositional phrases; word truncations; the pronunciation of nasal and raised vowels; palatalisation of consonants) helps determine that they fall closer to the language of the Philomaths and the North-Eastern Borderlands of Poland than to the national literary norm of the time. Above all, the analysis reveals that Mickiewiczs spelling patterns were highly inconsistent, posing a major challenge to his publishers.

After discussing the origins and the underlying philosophy of the Vilnius Philomath Society as well as the way in which its archives are preserved, the author proceeds to examine one of the surviving manuscripts: The Virgin of Orleans, authored by Adam Mickiewicz. Set against the data from previous research on the language of the Philomaths by Kurz, the analysis of the spelling convention and the phonetics of the manuscript (e.g. the orthographic representations of j, o / ó, ż / z, x; prepositional phrases; word truncations; the pronunciation of nasal and raised vowels; palatalisation of consonants) helps determine that they fall closer to the language of the Philomaths and the North-Eastern Borderlands of Poland than to the national literary norm of the time. Above all, the analysis reveals that Mickiewicz’s spelling patterns were highly inconsistent, posing a major challenge to his publishers.

In the past, in the same way as it occurs at present, the importance of legal history disciplines was questioned. They were often considered to be useless for lawyers. An interesting example is the situation in the Kingdom of Poland during the first three decades of the 19th century. The aim of the article is to present the role which the Polish Legal History played as part of the education of lawyers at Warsaw University in that period. The study was carried out on the basis of an analysis of manuscripts of the then students’ notes. The lectures were given by Prof. Jan Wincenty Bandtkie.

Wolfgang Wüst, Macht, Ökonomie und das Phänomen stiftischer „Vielregiererei“. Typen geistlicher Hof- und Regierungsprogramme, in: Sabine Wüst (Hg.), Fabrica Historiae. 50 Wege zur Landesforschung. Festschrift zum Rubin-Doktorat von Wolfgang Wüst (1982–2022), Band 2, Regensburg 2022 , S. 786–815.

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The parochial church of St. Nicholas outside the walls of Kamień Pomorski was
a rural church. Its parish was vast and included the following villages: Buniewice (Bünnewitz), Chrząszczewo (Gristow), Grabowo (Grabow), Połchowo (Polchow) and Żółcino
(Soltin). In the Middle Ages and in the modern period, it had close relations with the cathedral chapter in Kamień Pomorski. The Kamień Pomorski chapter had the right of patronage over it. They had a decisive vote concerning the appointment of the parish priest. The
study presents the history of the St. Nicholas Church during the period of the Reformation.
Proclaiming the church and religious reform in Pomerania in 1534 initially did not cause
any major structural changes in the rural churches which were under the cathedral chapter
patronage. The situation changed significantly only in 1539 when the Kamień Pomorski
chapter adopted the resolutions of the Pomeranian Church Ordinance (1535) and thereby
became a Protestant institution. It initiated considerable religious changes also in the rural
parochial churches subject it. Since the cusp of the 30s and 40s of the 16th century, the parish and the St. Nicholas Church was managed by the Lutheran parish priests (pastors).
The first of them was Gregor Döring, who was earlier a catholic priest in the cathedral in
Kamień Pomorski. The article presents the information related to the first Protestant parish
priests in the 16th century who has not been recognised so far.

In der Memorie des Doms hängen drei außergewöhnliche Bildwerke der Mainzer Renaissance: Sie zeigen Kreuzigung, Auferstehung und Himmelfahrt Christi, dienen jedoch zugleich der Erinnerung an drei wichtige Amts- und Würdenträger: Martin von Heusenstamm, Konrad von Liebenstein und Georg Göler von Ravensburg. Inmitten des Heilsgeschehens erscheinen diese Persönlichkeiten nicht zufällig wie Augenzeugen des Heils.
Die Denkmäler, die aus der Werkstatt des Bildhauers Dietrich Schro stammen, basieren zwar auf graphischen Vorlagen (u.a. von Dürer), doch dienten diese meist nur als Inspiration, da die Bildhauer und Auftraggeber stets auch eigene Vorstellungen hatten, denen der vorliegende Beitrag nachspürt.

Dopo un confronto introduttivo di carattere comparato tra i lavori di area tedesca e quella italiana relativi alla storia sociale del clero delle chiese cattedrali, il presente saggio mira ad analizzare l’origine familiare e l’estrazione sociale dei componenti del Capitolo Cattedrale di Molfetta, attraverso la consultazione di documentazione a tutt’oggi inedita, al fine di ricostruire le relazioni che il collegio canonicale tessé con il ceto laico dirigente della città dal 1386 sino alla fine del XV secolo (1495). Il lavoro è, infine, corredato da un’appendice con l’elenco dei componenti del Capitolo, la cronotassi delle “dignità” e quattro grafici esplicativi.

The app roach of the chapter in Kamień (Cammin
in Pomm ern) diocese toward Protestantism
and a restructuration of the Church in stitution
in the Duch y of Pomerani a until the mi d-16th century
Summary
The author presents an important, and so far not systematically researched, problem of
the approach of the chapter in Kamień diocese to Lutheranism and the Church reform introduced
1534/35 by dukes Barnim IX and Phillip I in the Duchy of Pomerania. Initially the
stance of the chapter to the Reformation was hostile supporting the activities of the Catholic
bishop Erasmus von Manteuffel (1521–1544) against first propagators of Luther’s doctrine.
However, already in the 1530s the approach of prelates and cannons to Lutheranism
was gradually changing. 1533 the chapter employed a first Lutheran preacher which shows
that the supporters of the Reformation already gained ground there. Despite this decision
the chapter opposed the Church reform introduced by the Pomeranian dukes and through
many years protested against the “Church Ordonnance” (Kercken Ordeninge) compiled by
Johannes Bugenhagen in 1535. Only under the ducal pressure it accepted the new regulations
in 1539. From this year forward the real head of the chapter was the superintendent of
Szczecin (Stettin) Paul vom Rode. After the demise of Erasmus von Manteuffel the chapter
elected as a new bishop Johannes Bugenhagen according to the will of the Pomeranian
dukes. Because Doctor Pomeranus did not accept the bishopric a Stettiner chancellor Bartholomäus
Suawe (1494–1566) became a new bishop who in October 1545 subordinated
to the ducal authority the territory so far remaining under the rule of Kaminer chapter. This
led to the emergence of the unitary Pomeranian Protestant Church. The Protestant reform
and all changes resulting from that had survived despite the policies by the next bishop of
Kamień Martin von Weiher (1549–1556).

The attitudes of clergies of the Cammin Chapter
from the eastern part of the Duchy of Pomerania-Stettin
towards the Reformation
SUMMARY
The objective of the article is to discuss the attitudes of prelates and canons originating
from the eastern part of the Duchy of Pomerania-Stettin towards the Reformation
and the reform of church relations in the land of the House of Griffins. The
article offers an insight into the career of selected local clergymen who ranked among
the members of the chapter following the proclamation of the church reform in the
Duchy of Pomerania in year 1534/1535. They were all appointed to the chapter by
dukes and would represent and uphold ducal interest and actively promote the
reform of church and religious relations they themselves initiated in the Duchy of
Pomerania. In view of the above determinations it is possible to situate them in the
ranks of Protestant clergymen of the Cathedral Chapter in Cammin. Furthermore,
a significant number of them were personally involved in implementation of the
church and religious reform by participating in church visits, which constituted, as
it was explicitly emphasized in the sources, the primary tool of the reconstruction
of church relations in the nation. A special attention should be also given to the fact
that the two first Protestant bishops in Cammin - Bartholomäus Suawe (1545-1549)
and Martin von Wejher (1549-1556), prior to their appointment to bishopric, were
members of the Cathedral Chapter and originated from the Kashubian linguistic
area.

Obituary Notice of Eric I, Duke of Pomerania (1449–1459
In the Polish historiography the death date of Eric I, Duke of Pomerania (1449–1459),
differs from the one in the German historiography, and the difference has inspired the
author to write this article, which includes an obituary notice – so far unknown – concerning
the Duke. The notice has been found in the records of the Cathedral Chapter in
Kamień Pomorski (German: Cammin), which are kept in the State Archives in Szczecin.
More precisely, the notice is to be found on the first folio of one of the lists of the benefices
pertaining to the Cathedral Church in Kamień. Thanks to the notice the death date
of Eric I, one of the rulers of the states which were parts of the Kalmar Union, seems
not to have fallen – as most researchers assumed – between May 3 and June 16, 1459.
The obituary notice unmistakably indicates that the ruler must have died on May 23, 1459
in Darłowo, where he was also buried.

Notaries of the Cathedral Chapter and their Functions
in the First Half of the 16th Century
Summary
The main subject of this article is to catalogue the notaries employed in the chancellery
of the Cathedral Chapter in Kamień in the first half of the 16th century. The chronological
frame of the article is identical to the Chapter’s register, which includes the reports of
the Chapter’s meetings that took place between 1498 and 1569. The register is kept in the
State Archives in Szczecin.
The above mentioned reports are a source thanks to which it is possible to identify
ten notaries of the Cathedral Chapter in Kamień. They were recruited from outside the
body of the canons. Their reception usually took place at the general meeting on November 10th. Their main task was to run the documentation, among other things the records
of the Chapter’s meetings, the financial and economic registers, etc. The main notary
was – at the same time – rector of the Cathedral School.

In der Memorie des Mainzer Doms hängen drei außergewöhnliche Bildwerke der Mainzer Renaissance. Sie zeigen Kreuzigung, Auferstehung und Himmelfahrt Christi und dienen zugleich der Erinnerung an drei wichtige Amts- und Würdenträger im Umfeld des Mainzer Doms: Martin von Heusenstamm (gestorben 1550), Konrad von Liebenstein (gestorben 1536) und Georg Göler von Ravensburg (1465-1558). Inmitten der Bilder platziert erscheinen diese Persönlichkeiten nicht zufällig wie Augenzeugen des Heilsgeschehens. Die Denkmäler, die teilweise aus der Werkstatt des Bildhauers Dietrich Schro stammen, basieren wohl auf graphischen Vorlagen, unter anderem von Albrecht Dürer. Doch dienten diese lediglich als Inspiration, da sowohl Bildhauer und Auftraggeber stets eigene Vorstellungen hatten. Nach einer eingehenden Autopsie vor dem Original in der Führung, erläutert der anschließende Vortrag den kunsthistorischen Kontext, in dem die Werke entstanden sind.