Dietary Assessment

HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Accurate estimates of energy and nutrient intake of individuals and populations are contingent on the reliability of information obtained about food intake, food composition, and portion size. This article reviews issues related to the definition, determination, and use of portion sizes in dietary assessment and public education. Food frequency questionnaires USDA FDA Pyramidz2 Food labelzx Willett et al.b.3z Block et al.2.33 Grains and cereals Bread Crackers Rice, cooked Cereal, ready-to-eat Cereal, cooked Whole fruit Juice Fresh, frozen, or canned Raw leafy Carrots, raw Potato French fries Tomato juice Beef Hamburger Poultry Fish Dairy Milk Cheese Fats, sweets Butter Cookies Doughnuts Alcohol Wine Fruit Vegetables Meat 1 slice 3-4 small 4 oz 1 medium elass I a Standard portion sizes vary by weight and size of items. Harvard University Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 1990 questionnaire. Food Guides Historical Background. For nearly a century, the USDA has published food guides to help the public select healthful diets.I5 In its earliest efforts to suggest portion sizes, the agency recommended that families purchase specific quantities of foods to supply nutrients then known to be essential. Quantities were expressed by weight, volume, or 100kcal portions; 80,000 kcal (800 100-kcal portions) was the figure used to meet the weekly needs of an average family of two adults and three children. USDA advised families to obtain these portions through specific food purchases, such as 14 lb potatoes, 2 lb turnips, and 14 qt milk per week.16 Later, USDA specified yearly amounts of foods needed by men and women.17 Although portion sizes could be estimated from such figures, they were not stated explicitly. USDA first defined daily portions during World War 11. It recommended consumption of one or two

In order to assess nutritional adequacy, valid estimates of nutrient intake are required. One of the main errors in dietary assessment is misreporting. The objective was to review the extent, nature and determinants of misreporting in dietary assessment, how this affects reported intakes of micronutrients and how this is identified and measured, and to identify the best ways of dealing with misreporting when interpreting results. A systematic literature search was conducted for studies of misreporting of dietary intake in adults by 24 hour recalls or by estimated or weighed food records, published up to March 2008. Thirty-seven relevant studies were identified. Possible causes of misreporting were identified. Methods most used to identify misreporting were the Goldberg cut-off (46 % studies) and the doubly labelled water technique (24 % studies). The magnitude of misreporting of energy intake was similar in all three dietary assessment methods. The percentage of under-reporters was ...

Objective To evaluate the reproducibility and validity of the School-Based Nutrition Monitoring (SBNM) secondary level student questionnaire. Design Reproducibility was evaluated using a test-retest study design by administering the questionnaire on the same day (morning and afternoon, nϭ254) and, when appropriate, 9 to 14 days apart (nϭ259). Validity was assessed by comparing foods selected on the questionnaire with foods reported from a single 24-hour recall covering the same referent period (yesterday) in 209 students. Subjects/setting Eighth grade students in middle schools from central Texas were used: male and female, approximately 75% white, for the reproducibility study, with 15% Hispanic, 6% African American; for the validation study, approximately 38% white, 41% Hispanic, and 17% African American. Statistical analysis Spearman rank order correlation, statistic, and percentage agreement were used for both reproducibility and the validation. Results For the reproducibility study, agreement for questions about food intake "yesterday" were 70% to 98%, with statistics ranging from 0.54 to 0.93 and correlations between 0.66 and 0.97. Questions on recent physical activity had high agreement (66% to 89%) as did "usual" physical activity items, weight loss, and food selection behaviors. Nutrition knowledge items showed relatively weaker reliability: agreements ranged from 47% to 92%, with statistics between 0.30 and 0.56. Attitude questions had weaker agreement (50% to 87%), statistics (0.27 to 0.52), and correlations (0.33 to 0.63). For the validation study, correlation coefficients ranged from 0.32 for breads to 0.68 for milk and beans. Percentage agreement ranged from 38% for breads to 89% for gravy. Applications/conclusions Most questions on the SBNM secondary questionnaire were found to have acceptable reproducibility, whereas validation of food choice behaviors showed results similar to or better than other dietary assessment instruments for this age group. This questionnaire is a useful epidemiologic tool for surveillance, assessing broad intervention effects among groups or providing needs assessment data on selected nutrition and physical activity-related constructs.

Dietary sodium is a determinant of blood pressure. Modern diets provide excessive amounts of salt, and in developed and developing countries the intake of processed foods with high salt levels is increasing. In order to establish effective nutrition policy, it is necessary to know the quantity of consumed salt as well as identify the main dietary sources of salt. Different methods are currently in use for estimating dietary sodium intake. The use of 24-hour urinary collection to assess sodium intake is considered the most accurate method but involves considerable burden for participants. The use of the spot urine method has been proposed as an alternative however in not recommended without calibration methodology. Sodium estimates based on dietary surveys include several methods such the 24-hour dietary recall, the food frequency questionnaire, and the diet record, with often under-estimates intake due to under-reporting and difficulties quantifying sodium in concentration discretionary salt and recipes. Food compositions databases and nutritional softwares can be used to assess sodium consumption. More research is necessary to improve nutritional epidemiological tools for sodium intake.

Background: Adolescent years are critical for building good nutritional status through nutritionally wise choices. Various factors influence and shape food consumption patterns of adolescent girls. Objective: To identify and explore the factors affecting food consumption patterns and dietary practices of adolescent girls. Methods: An explanatory sequential mixed method study was conducted in Lahore. In the quantitative phase, data from 470 adolescent girls was collected through purposive sampling technique, using validated interview guide. Focus Group Discussions (FGD) methodology was conducted in second phase to collect qualitative data. Adolescent girls of different socioeconomic status (SES) and education level were enrolled in 5 FGD after proper written informed consent. FGDs were audio-taped and noted, followed by transcription, coding and thematic analysis. Results: The quantitative results showed that adolescent girls who belonged to low SES consumed healthier diets as compar...

Objective Underreporting of energy intake is prevalent in food surveys, but there is controversy about which dietary assessment method provides greater underreporting rates. Our objective is to compare validity of self-reported energy intake obtained by three dietary assessment methods with total energy expenditure (TEE) obtained by doubly labeled water (DLW) among Brazilian women. Design We used a cross-sectional study. Subjects/setting Sixty-five females aged 18 to 57 years (28 normal-weight, 10 overweight, and 27 obese) were recruited from two universities to participate. Main outcome measures TEE determined by DLW, energy intake estimated by three 24-hour recalls, 3-day food record, and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Statistical analyses performed Regression and analysis of variance with repeated measures compared TEE and energy intake values, and energy intake-to-TEE ratios and energy intakeϪTEE values between dietary assessment methods. Bland and Altman plots were provided for each method. 2 test compared proportion of underreporters between the methods. Results Mean TEE was 2,622 kcal (standard deviation [SD]ϭ490 kcal), while mean energy intake was 2,078 kcal (SDϭ430 kcal) for the diet recalls; 2,044 kcal (SDϭ479 kcal) for the food record and 1,984 kcal (SDϭ832 kcal) for the FFQ (all energy intake values significantly differed from TEE; PϽ0.0001). Bland and Altman plots indicated great dispersion, negative mean differences between measurements, and wide limits of agreement. Obese subjects underreported more than normal-weight subjects in the diet recalls and in the food records, but not in the FFQ. Years of education, income and ethnicity were associated with reporting accuracy. Conclusions The FFQ produced greater under-and overestimation of energy intake. Underreporting of energy intake is a serious and prevalent error in dietary selfreports provided by Brazilian women, as has been described in studies conducted in developed countries.

There is a pressing need in Australia and other countries to develop systems for monitoring secular trends in childhood obesity and related behavioural and environmental determinants. Energy from foods and beverages consumed at school is an accessible indicator of children's eating patterns and we have developed a school food checklist (SFC) to measure this. The SFC records the number of serves and source (home, canteen, vending machine) of 20 food and beverage categories. This study aims to assess the accuracy and to calibrate the SFC by comparing it to a weighed record (WR) and to evaluate inter-recorder reliability. Participants were 910 primary school children aged 5 to 12 years from a rural township in Victoria, Australia. WR were collected from a non-random sub-sample of 106 and a second sub-sample (n=46) had intake measured twice using the SFC to assess inter-recorder reliability. Mean energy values were 2992 kJ +/- 924 and 3008 kJ +/- 952 for the SFC and WR respectively ...

AbstractöAim: To assess the validity and the short-term reproducibility of a semi-quantitative, self-administrated food frequency questionnaire and a structured 72-hour recall in a Mediterranean Spanish population. Methods: 44 free-living volunteers participated in the study. Macronutrient, vitamin and mineral intake, recorded on the food frequency questionnaire and the structured 72-h recall were compared with intakes derived from a three-day food record (reference method).Validity of the dietary assessment methods was further assessed by comparing urinary nitrogen, plasma vitamin C, plasma b-carotene and whole blood glutathione peroxidase activity levels with the corresponding nutrient intakes from the questionnaires. The food frequency questionnaire and the 72-h recall were administered twice to assess the short term reproducibility. Results: Pearson's correlation coe⁄cients between urinary nitrogen, plasma vitamin C, plasma b-carotene and whole blood glutathione peroxidase activity levels and the reported nitrogen, vitamin C, b-carotene and selenium intakes were 0.26, 0.53, 0.17, 0.26 for the food frequency questionnaire; 0.41, 0.09, 0.34, 0.42 for the structured 72-h recall and 0.50, 0.54, 0.44, 0.38 for the three-day food record, respectively. The short term reproducibility of analysed nutrient intake showed average intra-class correlation coe⁄cients of 0.91and 0.69 for the food frequency questionnaire and the structured 72-h recall irrespectively. Conclusion:The food frequency questionnaire and the structured 72-h recall provide valid estimates of nutrient intake and could be used for dietary assessments.

We introduce the first visual dataset of fast foods with a total of 4,545 still images, 606 stereo pairs, 303 360 0 videos for structure from motion, and 27 privacy-preserving videos of eating events of volunteers. This work was motivated by research on fast food recognition for dietary assessment. The data was collected by obtaining three instances of 101 foods from 11 popular fast food chains, and capturing images and videos in both restaurant conditions and a controlled lab setting. We benchmark the dataset using two standard approaches, color histogram and bag of SIFT features in conjunction with a discriminative classifier. Our dataset and the benchmarks are designed to stimulate research in this area and will be released freely to the research community.

Objectives: 1. To describe the development of a dietary assessment tool (Rapid Eating and Activity Assessment for Patients [REAP]) that quickly assesses a patient's diet and physical activity and facilitates brief counselling by a primary care provider, and 2. To describe the evaluation of the REAP in terms of its reliability, validity, and ease of use by primary care providers.

Objective: Independently of total caloric intake, a better quality of the diet (for example, conformity to the Mediterranean diet) is associated with lower obesity risk. It is unclear whether a brief dietary assessment tool, instead of full-length comprehensive methods, can also capture this association. In addition to reduced costs, a brief tool has the interesting advantage of allowing immediate feedback to participants in interventional studies. Another relevant question is which individual items of such a brief tool are responsible for this association. We examined these associations using a 14-item tool of adherence to the Mediterranean diet as exposure and body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) as outcomes.

Effectively assessing children’s dietary intake is essential for understanding the complex relationships among dietary behaviours and obesity. Dietary assessment accuracy decreases when children are unable or unmotivated to complete accurate self-reports. Technology-based assessment instruments for children’s self-report of diet can be enhanced in light of developments in media psychology and communication science. To motivate children to complete a dietary assessment, researchers could use animated, customisable agents; embed the assessment process into a video game; or add narratives to encourage self-reporting behaviour. To improve accuracy, the intake environment could be recreated virtually; training sessions could be interspersed to improve portion estimation; and implicit attitudinal measures could be incorporated as a control or to increase validity. Research is needed to evaluate possible methods of enhancing children’s self-reporting motivation and accuracy. The main challenge remains how to engage children without biasing their reporting.

Children in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands have been shown to have nutrient deficiencies, but data were estimated from a non-population-based sample. The current study is a cross-sectional assessment of 420 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands children, 6 months to 10 years old. Diet, height, and weight were measured. Dietary intake was collected with a 24hour dietary recall and analyzed using the Pacific Tracker dietary assessment tool. Prevalence of dietary nutrient adequacy was estimated by the Estimated Average Requirement cut-point method. Fiber intake was one-third Adequate Intake (AI) and sodium intake was above the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for all ages. Calcium intake was half the AI for 4 to 8 years old, and less than half the AI for 9 to 10 years old. Meat/meat alternatives were double the recommendation, while all other food groups were below the recommendation for all ages. Prevalence of dietary nutrient adequacy for vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, folate, magnesium, and phosphorus was lowest among 9-to 10-year-olds. Based on body mass indexfor-age percentiles, 45% of 7-to 10-year-olds, 26% of 4-to 6-year-olds, and 25% of 2-to 3-year-olds were overweight or obese. Increasing whole grain, fruit, vegetable, and dairy intakes; reducing meat intakes and high-calorie foods and drinks; and increasing physical activity could improve nutrient intakes and body mass index status in this population.

Background: Dietary and lifestyle behaviors at young ages have been associated with the development of various chronic diseases. Schools are regarded as an excellent setting for lifestyle modification; there is a lack, however, of published dietary data in Cypriot school children. Thus, the objective of this work was to describe lifestyle characteristics of a representative segment of Cypriot school children and provide implications for school health education.

Background Brief dietary assessment tools are needed to guide counseling in underserved populations to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The Dietary Risk Assessment is one such tool modified over time to reflect emerging evidence concerning diet and CVD risk. Objective To examine the capacity of the modified Dietary Risk Assessment tool to measure aspects of diet quality in a sample of underserved, midlife (aged 40 to 64 years) women, by comparing Dietary Risk Assessment results to those of a longer food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and with serum carotenoids. Design This study used baseline data from women enrolled in a CVD risk reduction intervention trial. The Dietary Risk Assessment was administered to 236 women and results were compared to those from a longer FFQ administered to 104 women, and to serum carotenoids results from all participants. Results Correlations between Dietary Risk Assessment indexes and corresponding measures from the FFQ were statistically significant: fruit and vegetable, rϭϪ0.53 (PϽ0.0001, correlation is negative as a lower Dietary Risk Assessment score indicates greater fruit and vegetable intake); saturated fat, rϭ0.60 (PϽ0.0001). In linear regression models stratified by smoking and adjusted for body mass index, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, very-lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol level, and age, the Dietary Risk Assessment fruit and vegetable index was significantly associated with serum carotenoids (parameter estimate for nonsmokers Ϫ0.22, Pϭ0.01; smokers Ϫ0.45, Pϭ0.003). Correlation coefficients between Dietary Risk Assessment total score and three diet quality index scores derived from FFQ variables were statistically significant, ranging in magnitude from 0.57 to 0.60. Conclusions The modified Dietary Risk Assessment provides a reasonable assessment of dietary factors associated with CVD risk; thus, it is appropriate for use to guide dietary counseling in CVD prevention programs for underserved, midlife, women. Diamond JJ. Validation of the dietary risk assessment food frequency questionnaire against the Keys score for saturated fat and cholesterol. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2005;37:152-153. 9. Will JC, Farris RP, Sanders CG, Stockmyer CK, Finkelstein EA. Health promotion interventions for disadvantaged women: Overview of the WISEWOMAN projects. . 13. Kristal AR, Feng Z, Coates RJ, Oberman A, George V. Associations of race/ethnicity, education, and dietary intervention with the validity and reliability of a food frequency questionnaire: The Women's Health Trial Feasibility Study in Minority Populations. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146:856-869.

... Regular Article. Dietary Assessment Methods among School-Aged Children: Validity and Reliability *1. R. Sue McPherson Ph.D. a , 1 , Deanna M. Hoelscher Ph.D., RD, LD a , Maria Alexander MPH, BS b , Kelley S. Scanlon Ph.D., RD b and Mary K. Serdula MD, MPH b. ...

Objective: To explore the trends of food preferences and nutrient intake over a 10-year follow-up in a group of successfully aging elderly. Design: Longitudinal study. Setting: City of Padua, Italy. Participants: Randomly stratified sample of 97 men and 94 women born between 1913 and 1918. Measurements: The study involved a dietary assessment conducted in 1988/89 and repeated in 1999. Data were collected by means of a modified validated dietary history. Results: Nutrient and energy intake remained fairly stable over a decade, despite changes in eating habits, with a higher intake of sweets and a lower consumption of soft drinks in both genders. All individuals significantly increased their daily intake of water. Conclusion: Despite changes in eating habits, no significant decline in total energy and macronutrient intake was recorded in a decade in our elderly. The increased daily consumption of water and decreased use of soft drinks would suggest that these people were still receptive to nutritional advice even in very old age, while the increase in their sweet-eating might be because aging itself increases a person's sweet tooth, and this could be regarded as an age-related effect on dietary habits.

Background: Dietary assessment tools are often too long, difficult to quantify, expensive to process, and largely used for research purposes. A rapid and accurate assessment of dietary fat intake is critically important in clinical decision-making regarding dietary advice for coronary risk reduction. We assessed the validity of the MEDFICTS (MF) questionnaire, a brief instrument developed to assess fat intake according to the American Heart Association (AHA) dietary "steps".

Adolescent pregnancy is a major public health challenge for many industrialised countries and is associated with significant medical, nutritional, social and economic risk for mothers and their infants. Despite this, relatively little is known about the nutrient intakes of adolescents during pregnancy. The aim of this study is to review the current evidence relating to the dietary assessment of pregnant adolescents living in industrialised countries. Nine papers were identified that fulfilled the inclusion criteria, seven of which were conducted in the USA. Mean nutrient intakes were compared with the most recent US dietary reference intakes (DRI) for pregnant adolescents. Despite the poor quality of the majority of studies, there appeared to be some consensus to suggest that the nutrient intakes of pregnant adolescents were below the DRI for energy, iron, folate, calcium, vitamin E and magnesium, nutrients which are recognised to be vital for fetal growth and development during pregnancy. Modest differences were observed in nutrient intake between trimesters and age groups. Current research is limited by sampling and measurement bias, and research is urgently required to address these limitations. Further consideration should also be made of the influence of age and of role of socio-economic support on pregnant adolescents' nutrient intake. The achievement of improved nutrition in pregnancy among adolescents requires multidisciplinary collaborations of adolescent health care providers, academics, professional organisations, policy makers, industry and service users. Only once this is achieved can adolescent nutrition, and adolescent nutrition in pregnancy, be significantly and sustainably optimised.

A study was conducted in the Manya Krobo district of Ghana with the objective of studying young child feeding practices and child nutrition situation in the area. The study was a cross-sectional survey involving 400 mothers with young children between 0 and 18 months. A combination of methods, including structured interviews using questionnaire, dietary assessment and anthropometry, was used to collect data for the study. The data obtained were analysed using SPSS version 10 in Windows. Means and standard deviations were generated for continuous variables and frequency distribution for categorical variables. The results revealed that although breastfeeding rates were high (97%), complementary feeding practices were less than ideal with as many as 14% of the children being introduced to complementary foods below the age of 3 months. The nutritional quality of complementary foods were poor and the prevalence of stunting among the children was high (20%). For adequate complementary feeding and improved child nutrition in this population, nutrition education intervention programmes aimed at improving nutrient intake among young children, through improved diet diversity and increased use of local foods rich in iron and other nutrients, need to be undertaken.

This study investigated the variations in proximate compositions of the shell and flesh Nematopaemon hastatus shrimps (crayfish). The results showed that the protein, carbohydrate and moisture contents in the flesh (54.3%; 24.12%; 65.30%) were higher than those of the shell (42.17%; 22.10%; 64.88%), respectively. The highest amounts of lipid and ash were found in shell, being 5.6%; 26.4%, respectively compared to the flesh values (3.28%; 21.22%). The protein to moisture ratio (P/M) was higher (0.8) for flesh than for shell (0.6) indicating higher quality of the latter. Study further indicates that the shell is a good source of inorganic minerals while the flesh is rich in nutrients, protein and metabolizable energy. Strong relationships were recorded between protein and body size (R 2 = 0.421), crude fiber and body size (R 2 = 0.501) at p< 0.05. The nutritional data of N. hastatus shrimps indicates that with proper dietary planning mothers, children and the aged could take advantage of its rich protein, yet very low fat and calorie content as a healthy food, snacks or food ingredient as part of the main meal. Furthermore, its use feed formulation for children and animals are recommended.

Introduction: Palestinian college students have been undergoing a dietary transition from a traditional dietary style to a fast-food dietary style in latest years. As a result, college students are becoming increasingly overweight and obese. Nutritional awareness of college students may serve as a deterrent to the unhealthy eating habits that are strongly linked to a variety of ailments. We aim to determine the prevalence of obesity in a sample of college students from the southern governorates, together with finding out their dietary practices, and the relationship between dietary practices and obesity among them. Methods: An analytical descriptive survey of 200 college students (100 males and 100 females), aged 20 ± 2 years were selected randomly from the University College of Sciences and Technology-Khan Yunis between October 2018 to January 2019. Data related to the eating habits of students were collected using an interview questionnaire. The survey comprised three sections: demographic information, health-related information, and lifestyle patterns. Also, anthropometric indices of the students were measured (weight, height), and the BMI was computed. The statistical analysis of data was outright by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences program (ver. 22). Results: The prevalence of obesity was more common among male students compared to females (10.0% vs. 5.0%). Further, regular breakfast and lunch consumption was reported in 53.0% and 75.5% of students respectively, although most of them (60.5%) have dinner irregularly. The majority of the participants (67.5%) eat two meals every day. Snacking and fried foods consumption was a frequent habit among students, where 34.5 % and 12.0% respectively usually consume it every day. Moreover, the percentage of students who eat vegetables and fruits once or twice weekly was 42.5%, and those who drink Carbonated beverages per week were 78.0%. Moreover, BMI had significant direct correlations with intake of lunch meal regularly (r=0.171, P = 0.015), the frequency of fried food intake (r= 0.127, P = 0.047) and the frequency of Carbonated beverages drinking per week (r=-0.229, P = 0.030). Conclusion: Despite the low incidence of obesity among the participants, the findings suggest that college students should receive nutrition education programs to minimize the propensity of obesity among them and improve their eating behaviors.

Type 2 diabetes Glycemic control Low-carbohydrate diet Mediterranean diet Low-fat diet Dietary intervention is recognized as a key component in prevention and management of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and the debate persists: which dietary strategy is most effective.

Women (n 160) aged 50 to 65 years were asked to weigh their food for 4 d on four occasions over the period of 1 year, using the PETRA (Portable Electronic Tape Recorded Automatic) scales. Throughout the year, they were asked to complete seven other dietary assessment methods: a simple 24 h recall, a structured 24 h recall with portion size assessments using photographs, two food-frequency questionnaires, a 7 d estimated record or open-ended food diary, a structured food-frequency (menu) record, and a structured food-frequency (menu) record with portion sizes assessed using photographs. Comparisons between the average of the 16 d weighed records and the first presentation of each method indicated that food-frequency questionnaires were not appreciably better at placing individuals in the distribution of habitual diet than 24 h recalls, due partly to inaccuracies in the estimation of frequency of food consumption. With a 7 d estimated record or open-ended food diary, however, individual values of nutrients were most closely associated with those obtained from 16 d weighed records, and there were no significant differences in average food or nutrient intakes.

A, Runswick S A, Oakes S, Lubin R, Thurnham D I, Key T J A, Roe L, Khaw K-T and Day N E. Validation of dietary assessment methods in the UK arm of EPIC using weighed records, and 24-hour urinary nitrogen and potassium and serum vitamin C and carotenoids as biomarkers. International Journal of Epidemiology 1997; 26 (Suppl. 1): S137-S151. Background. In the UK EPIC validation studies, the accuracy of several methods was assessed by comparison with 16-day weighed records and the biomarkers, 24-hour urine nitrogen (N) and potassium (K), plasma carotenoids and plasma vitamin C. Methods. Comparisons between methods were made on 156 women, studied over 1 year at 3-monthly intervals at home. On each of four occasions, volunteers completed 4 days of weighed records and provided two 24-hour urine collections and a fasting blood sample. Results. In comparison with the 16 days of weighed records, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) yielded higher values mainly due to greater reported consumption of milk and of vegetables. A 24-hour recall was as good as the FFQ in placing individuals in the distribution of habitual diet from weighed records. Results obtained from a 7-day estimated record were closest to those obtained from the weighed record. Correlations between 24-hour urine excretion and dietary N intake from weighed records were high (0.78-0.87) as were those with estimated food diaries (0.60-0.70). Correlations between urine N and the FFQ and 24-hour recall were lower (0.10 to 0.27), but improved by energy adjustment using residuals for N and K which are correlated with total energy intake. Comparisons between dietary estimates and urinary K and serum carotenoids and vitamin C showed broadly similar results. Limited biomarker information amongst 200 UK EPIC participants supported the findings of the validation study. Conclusions. UK EPIC uses three methods (the 7-day diary, an improved FFQ, and the 24-hour recall) to assess diet. 93% of first food diaries are returned completed by participants. Repeated diaries are the main dietary assessment method for nested case-control analyses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY * P Ͻ 0.01 Significantly different from weighed records. ** P Ͻ 0.001 Significantly different from weighed records. *** P Ͻ 0.0001 Significantly different from weighed records. 95% confidence intervals for n = 150 are -0.06-0.26 for r = 0.1; -0.04-0.36 for r = 0.2; 0.16-0.44 for r = 0.3; 0.26-0.54 for r = 0.4; 0.38-0.62 for r = 0.5; 0.50-0.70 for r = 0.6; 0.68-0.78 for r = 0.7; 0.74-0.86 for r = 0.8; 0.86-0.94 for r = 0.9.

Type 2 diabetes Glycemic control Low-carbohydrate diet Mediterranean diet Low-fat diet Dietary intervention is recognized as a key component in prevention and management of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and the debate persists: which dietary strategy is most effective.

A recent innovation in assessing community vitamin A status is the Helen Keller International food-frequency method, which is based on weekly intakes of key foods among pre-school children. Since it excludes breastmilk, we investigated whether the amount of ...

Background-Information on dietary intake provides some of the most valuable insights for mounting intervention programmes for the prevention of chronic diseases. With the growing concern about adolescent overweight, the need to accurately measure diet becomes imperative. Assessment among adolescents is problematic as this group has irregular eating patterns and they have less enthusiasm for recording food intake.

Until now, little attention has been paid to the detailed analysis of certain kinds of marine resources found in archaeological deposits, particularly in shell middens. The importance of these resources, including sea urchins, goose barnacles and crabs, in the prehistoric diet should be assessed from a rigorous and reliable data corpus. With this goal in mind, remains of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816), Pollicipes pollicipes (Leach, 1817) and Brachyura sp. from nine prehistoric sites in the Spanish Cantabrian region have been studied and the information in the regional literature related to these species in archaeological sites have been compiled. The analyses produced quantitative data to assess the repeated presence and, in turn, the limited importance of such resources in the diet of hunter-gatherer groups during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, as well as to verify a slight increase in their exploitation during the Early Neolithic.

Dietary changes can be helpful in preventing or treating a variety of prevalent health problems. Physicians can be helpful in helping patients make positive dietary changes, be physically active and lose weight, but, for a variety of reasons, many physicians do little nutrition counseling. There is a need for brief, user-friendly tools to enable physicians to rapidly and accurately assess patients' diets and exercise habits as well as provide information to aid the physician in delivering effective nutrition counseling. The purpose of this paper is to discuss two new tools, WAVE and REAP, that have been developed by the Nutrition Academic Award to help physicians and other health care providers conduct nutrition assessment and counseling with their patients in a practical and effective manner. The WAVE acronym and tool is designed to encourage provider/patient dialogue about the pros and cons of the patients' current status related to Weight, Activity, Variety and Excess. The Rapid Eating and Activity Assessment for Patients (REAP) is a brief validated questionnaire that is designed to aid providers in performing a brief assessment of diet and physical activity. An accompanying Physician Key aids the provider in discussing the patient's answers and counseling them appropriately. REAP and WAVE can be helpful tools to facilitate nutrition assessment and counseling in the provider office. Depending on patients' health priorities and how much time is available, these tools can be used in a variety of ways to discuss nutrition with patients during a clinical encounter in 1-9 min. J. Nutr. 133: 556S-562S, 2003.

As part of a larger study developing dietary software, this study aims to evaluate a sample of potential users for their experience and comfort with computers and assess the preferred program design and navigation features for the development of the automated diet history interview. A telephone-based questionnaire and focus groups were employed to evaluate the perceptions, beliefs and attitudes of 37 older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Participants were also shown a range of existing dietary assessment programs and asked to state their perceptions of each. Data was coded and thematically analysed based on computer use, software features, dietary assessment and nutrition programs using N-Vivo software. Three participants had never used a computer, yet others had used computers, and were comfortable using them. For navigation about the program, a preference toward text was identified whilst photographs were preferred for determining food portion sizes. Reduction in the complexity of screen layouts was important and the time to be spent using the program varied widely with a minimum of 10 minutes reported. Development of the computerised dietary assessment program must ensure simplicity of the interface design and flexibility of the locations of use for the older computer user.

Este trabajo revisa los valores de isótopos estables de Carbono y Nitrógeno publicados hasta el momento, obtenidos sobre restos humanos provenientes de distintas áreas del NOA. El objetivo es lograr una mayor comprensión de la relación existente entre estos datos y las variables de naturaleza ambiental (altura, precipitaciones) y social (cronología). Teniendo en cuenta que la variación de las relaciones isotópicas en las cadenas tróficas de cada microregión es condicionada por variables ambientales, enfatizamos la necesidad de comprender cómo estas inciden en los valores isotópicos antes de inferir cambios en la dieta humana. De esta manera evaluamos expectativas generadas por modelos anteriores que asumían un equilibrio entre el consumo cárnico y vegetal, en particular de maíz, para momentos tardíos como corolario de procesos sociales que se sucedieron en la región (domesticación de camélidos, cultivo de maíz y caravaneo). Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que al utilizar como eje de discusión los períodos clásicos planteados para el NOA no se pueden identificar tendencias claras en la alimentación, siendo la procedencia geográfica de los valores isotópicos el dato más relevante al interpretar su significado en términos dietarios.