Departamento de Geología

Meu esposo Fernando, que sempre me apoiou, principalmente no sanduíche na Austrália e que agüentou a barra com o nosso filho para que eu pudesse estudar. Meu filho maravilho Breno, que me deu uma gestação tranquila para que pudesse realizar os campos e as análises de laboratório, sendo a minha maior fonte de energia e disciplina para conduzir o doutorado e que, mesmo pequeno, se mostrou compreensivo à minha dedicação aos estudos. Meus pais Marcos e Madalena, que sempre me incentivaram e ofereceram todo apoio desde a Graduação. Minha sogra Sileda, que viajou para Austrália para ajudar com o Breno e sempre se mostrou disposta. Minhas irmãs Luciana e Fernanda, que de uma forma ou outra fizeram parte dessa conquista.

Air adalah substansi yang paling melimpah di permukaan bumi dan merupakan komponen utama bagi semua mahluk hidup serta merupakan  kekuatan utama yang secara konstan membentuk permukaan bumi, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai elemen-elemen hidrologi untuk pendugaan evapotranspirasi pada lahan agroforestri menggunakan petak ukur limpasan dan lahan terbuka menggunakan lysimeter, penelitian berlokasi di lahan terbuka dan lahan agroforestri di Hutan Pendidikan Fakultas Kehutanan Unmul Samarinda (HPFU), pada lahan agroforestri kombinasi jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.) dan Kacang buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) dipasang Petak Ukur Limpasan berukuran 10 m × 3,5 m dan pada lahan terbuka dipasang lysimeter berukuran 60 cm × 58 cm yang dibenamkan ke dalam tanah. Metode yang digunakan dalam pendugaan evapotranspirasi ini yaitu menggunakan pendekatan persamaan Neraca Air. Hasil penelitian dengan kejadian hujan sebanyak 30 kali selama ± 4 bulan memiliki total Curah hujan yang tert...

Offshore oil and gas platforms have a design life of about 25 years whereas the techniques and tools used for managing their data are constantly evolving. Therefore, data captured about platforms during their lifetimes will be in varying forms. Additionally, due to the many stakeholders involved with a facility over its life cycle, information representation of its components varies. These challenges make data integration difficult. Over the years, data integration technology application in the oil and gas industry has focused on meeting the needs of asset life cycle stages other than decommissioning. This is the case because most assets are just reaching the end of their design lives. Currently, limited work has been done on integrating life cycle data for offshore decommissioning purposes, and reports by industry stakeholders underscore this need. This thesis proposes a method for the integration of the common data types relevant in oil and gas decommissioning. The key features of...

With the economic stability from Real Plan and the social advances in the recent years, Brazil started a new era in his history, with a middle class with more than 90 million people according to IBGE (2012). The main goal for these new middle class families is living in its own house, which started a new construction cycle and a huge increase on the real state prices in all Brazil metropolitan´s regions. The objective of this paper is to produce a geotechnical map in 1:100.00 scale for foundations suitability with two majors factors: the number of hits and the predominant material in percussion drilling (SPT) and the dominant lithology of the area. The study area cover all Porto Alegre city where has been observed one of the biggest real state price raises with circa 110% in the last four years according EXAME magazine. The percussion drilling is wide used in deep foundation calculation helping choose the right foundation method for each site. Usually the percussion drilling is the first phase of any construction, all drilling were executed following the NBR 6484 standard. The geological map was produced based on the Porto Alegre geology by Scheneider (1074) modified by Phillip (2002) merged with the ore utilization for the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre by CPRM (2006) , the result was a new geological map with actual geology which can be availed for further studies in all metropolitan region. The drilling mesh has a total of 220 on 50 different sites. During the execution some attributes were recorded: localization with GPS, starting and finish water level, the predominant material, the color and the presence of micaceous minerals. Especial geological situations will be describe as "Case Study" these situations will have a bigger scale and more details showing how important is a good geotechnical study and execution hazards and how to avoid them. The three majors' objectives in this paper are the zoning of foundation areas with grades from good to bad, the soil characteristics in each area and deep and the advantages and limitations of the percussion drilling.

Las estructuras de segregacion vesiculadas comprenden cuerpos de variada geometria y dimensiones milimetricas a metricas con una vesiculacion de entre el 20 y el 40 % alojados en los sectores internos de un flujo lavico. Estas resultan de la segregacion y expulsion de un diferenciado residual rico en volatiles generado durante la cristalizacion de la colada. El residuo migra atravesando una red permeable de cristales gracias al mecanismo de filtrado por presion de gas. Segun sus caracteristicas microtexturales, las estructuras extraidas de coladas basalticas pahoehoe de Payenia fueron agrupadas en tres subtipos: afiricas de grano grueso, afiricas de grano fino y porfiricas a intergranulares. Los terminos de grano grueso se asocian a la presencia de iddingsita de alta temperatura en el olivino del basalto hospedante y la textura diktitaxitica es un rasgo petrografico comun de todas las coladas muestreadas. Ambos aspectos constituyen la evidencia de una importante participacion de flu...

A mineral may be defined as a natural, inorganic, homogeneous, solid substance having a definite chemical composition and regular/uniform atomic structure. In other words, minerals are natural, crystalline materials. They aren't living things. A crystal is created by the arrangement of the atoms that make up a mineral. Every crystal of a certain kind has the same chemical makeup, or the types of atoms they contain, notwithstanding the possibility of impurities or non-crystal materials present. To call any substance a mineral, the requirements to be fulfilled are:

Climate change causes changes in rainfall patterns, increases in air temperature and increases in extreme events such as floods and droughts. Floods and droughts as the impact of climate change may affect the availability of land and water resources. In addition, the disaster can also cause damage to watersheds. Indicators of climate change can be seen through the increasing occurrence of disasters from time to time, especially those related to hydrometeorology. Moreover, there is also an increase in extreme rainfall which can also lead to natural disasters such as landslides and floods. In relation to anticipating the impact of flooding due to high rainfall, a model which can be used to predict the possibility of extreme rainfall is the logistic regression model. Prediction of extreme rainfall events (more than 626 mm/month) using logistic regression is highest in February with a probability value of 0.940. In overcoming the existence of extreme rainfall so as not to cause flooding, water resource conservation efforts can be carried out by making infiltration wells, reservoirs and harvesting rainwater for use during the dry season.

Climate change causes uncertainty in water availability. The change may include annual rainfall, evapotranspiration and the shift of rainy and dry seasons, thus, it affects hydrological response in the region. Water demand will increase over time with population, industrial and business growth but the water availability has not been ascertained to sustainably satisfy those needs.  Cidanau Watershed has wetland ecosystem so-called the Rawa Danau (Caldera), with an area of around 2,500 ha. This watershed receives average annual rainfall around 2,500 mm. Climate change especially the local climate in the region of Cidanau was analyzed to illustrate how the relationship with Cidanau river discharge. It is expected that climate change does not affect the water availability in the watershed. In this study, the analysis of local climate change and its impact on the availability of water resources on Cidanau Watershed was based on climate trends, water balance analysis, and estimation of  d...

Mestrado em Engenharia GeológicaEsta tese de fim de curso aborda a influência das perdas de energia num dos ensaios de caracterização geotécnica mais usados em todo o mundo, o Standard Penetration Test, mais conhecido como SPT. Essas perdas de energia afectam os resultados do ensaio, sendo que nesta tese, se quantificou a eficácia energética de modo a se tentar perceber a influência dessas perdas nos resultados finais. Para tal, realizou-se uma campanha de três ensaios na Guarda analisando-se posteriormente, com ajuda de software (Pile Driving Analyser), os 163 golpes resultantes da mesma. Nesta campanha para além da medição da energia transferida ao trem de varas, também se avaliou a altura de queda e a velocidade de impacto do martelo, observando-se no final do ensaio a existência de uma diferença entre a energia teórica e a energia medida. ABSTRACT: This graduation’s work addresses the impact of the loss of energy in one of the most used tests of geotechnical characterization thr...

Dallol area is located in Afar region of northeastern Ethiopia. From west to east, the geology of the area is characterized by: i) Neoproterozoic metavolcanics and metasediments, ii) Quaternary alluvial fan deposits and red beds, iii) a transitional zone of mud and salt mixture, and iv) evaporites, which consist of rock salt (commonly halite and potash) and sulfur/sulfides. The metavolcanic-sedimentary rocks of the area are sheared and locally affected by pervasive chloritization, silicification, and carbonatization as well as quartz-carbonate veining suggesting that it has a good potential for orogenic gold mineralization. The around 5 m thick alluvial sediments of Gehartu and Musely Fans are also favorable for the occurrence of placer gold deposits. This study reveals that industrial minerals such as kaolin and mica are also encountered in the Dallol area in addition to the already known sulfur and salt deposits. In surrounding areas of mount Dallol, hot springs of varying temperature and extent are being erupted forming semicircular to circular ponds. In this study, two types of hot springs, light-yellowish and yellowish brines are recognized which are contaminated with mud. Field observations show that both brines have indications for the presence of oil as sensed by greasy feelings. To know the general compositions of the hot springs and test the presence of liquid hydrocarbons, 8 water samples were collected and analyzed for major element contents, sulfide, sulfate and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) concentrations. The preliminary results show that TOC values are moderately low (94 to 902 ppm). Sulfate (19 to 60 ppm) and sulfide (27 to 111 ppm) concentrations are low except for one sample with higher concentrations for both complexes. Their low sulfide and sulfate content suggest that these compounds are converted into sulfur/sulfide by bacterial reduction of magmatic and/or sea water SO 2 or sulfate. Therefore, the Dallol hot springs are interpreted to be derived from heated groundwater mixed with sulfides/sulfates of magmatic and/or sea water origin. Although low, the up to 902 ppm TOC concentrations in the hydrothermal fluids could suggest the presence of hydrocarbon containing rocks at depth and/or fluid mixing with laterally and/or vertically migrating hydrocarbon fluids. Generally, the Dallol area contains huge metallic and non metallic resources, which warrant detailed exploration and further scientific study.

Uses: The most important ore of iron. Heavy media separation. Studies of Earth's magnetic field. Economic importance: The iron from magnetite and hematite deposits is the source ore used to create steel used in modern infrastructure. Rate of weathering: Slow Environmental significance: Due to its tendency to react with oxygen to form hematite (Fe2O3) and various iron oxyhydroxides (e.g., ferrihydrite, goethite), magnetite can be used as a powerful tool to explore oxygen concentrations in rocks during geological processes, changes in the oxygen content of the atmosphere (e.g., early Earth), and redox conditions in near-surface environments (e.g., oxic-anoxic transition zone).

Relatório de estágio de mestrado, Geologia Económica (Prospeção mineral) Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2020Trabalhos recentes, inclusivamente na faixa metalogenética estano-volframítica Góis - Panasqueira - Argemela – Segura, enquadrada na Zona Centro-Ibérica (ZCI), têm posto em evidência a incorporação de metais traço na estrutura de rútilos metassomáticos/metamórficos associados a processos hidrotermais mineralizantes. O Couto Mineiro de Segura, presentemente inativo, corresponde ao extremo E da referida faixa e engloba um conjunto de mineralizações que incluem filões pegmatíticos estano-litiníferos, filões de quartzo com cassiterite e volframite e filões de quartzo com barite, galena e esfalerite. Destes, destacam-se as mineralizações de Li-Sn e Sn-W tidas como geneticamente relacionadas com o Maciço granítico de Segura, parte integrante do “Batólito de Cabeza de Araya” que se estende para Cáceres por mais de 70 Km. Este granitóide intrui unidades do Complexo Xis...

Nowadays, the database field has gotten much more diverse, and as a result, a variety of non-relational (NoSQL) databases have been created, including JSON-document databases and key-value stores, as well as extensible markup language (XML) and graph databases. Due to the emergence of a new generation of data services, some of the problems associated with big data have been resolved. In addition, in the haste to address the challenges of big data, NoSQL abandoned several core databases features that make them extremely efficient and functional, for instance the global view, which enables users to access data regardless of how it is logically structured or physically stored in its sources. In this article, we propose a method that allows us to query non-relational databases based on the ontology-based access data (OBDA) framework by delegating SPARQL protocol and resource description framework (RDF) query language (SPARQL) queries from ontology to the NoSQL database. We applied the method on a popular database called Couchbase and we discussed the result obtained.

Karang Mumus River Pampang Village Samarinda City has a postal system in accordance with what is needed to overcome or overcome problems related to the environment. This research was carried out around the Pampang River in Samarinda City which was at coordinates 117 ° 06 '44 .00 "BT, 00 ° 27 '36.00" LS - 117 ° 07 '11 .00 "BT, 00 ° 27' 18.00" LS. In this graph measurements are taken to obtain a Rating Curve ( ) and water level (TMA) of 51 data. These values ​​are processed with the help of Microsoft Excel program to get the graphic model. Furthermore, the modeling results are published to get an average value. The results of the study show that the graph in the polynomial shows the best value. Obtained from the results of the modeling of sediment discharge flow that was found one point that was seen to be very increased in data 21.

Infiltration rate in a watershed is very important for water management. There are many methods for estimating the rate of infiltration in a watershed. Among of them are direct measurements, hydrograph analysis and water balance calculation. The purpose of this study was to estimate infiltration in the sub watershed under pine forest. The method was based on a relationship between water balance and regression of monthly rainfall and discharge. The results showed that the infiltration rate of pine forest in Watujali Sub Watershed range from 125 mm/year up to 1,193 mm/year. The infiltration rate was highly depended on rainfall as the input. In 2010 with 5,826 mm rainfall, the infiltration rate reached 1,193 mm/year. Estimation of infiltration using water balance data was easy to implement because it only used data of streamflow, rainfall and evapotranspiration.

a otro direccional, donde el enfriamiento del globo se convierte en auténtico concepto explicativo preferente. Este nuevo modelo abre el camino a una cronología de larga duración. En el presente artículo nos dedicaremos a describir y a analizar esta mutación conceptual y sus consecuencias.

The availability of accurate and reliable data is essential throughout the various life cycle stages of the development of Oil & Gas facilities. However, there are currently many challenges in information management of Oil & Gas projects which hinder the availability of quality data. Inadequate data management practices have a negative impact on the various project life cycle phases leading to delays and litigation between project partners. Due to the nature of Oil & Gas projects, involving many contractors and subcontractors, structured information management processes are essential to enable a smooth transition between the development, commissioning, handover, production, and decommissioning life cycle stages. Standards and specifications such as ISO 15926 and the Capital Facilities Information Handover Specification for process industries (CFIHOS) have been developed to address these challenges, enabling the standardisation of data requirements throughout the life cycle of these ...

Karang Mumus River Pampang Village Samarinda City has a postal system in accordance with what is needed to overcome or overcome problems related to the environment. This research was carried out around the Pampang River in Samarinda City which was at coordinates 117 ° 06 '44 .00 "BT, 00 ° 27 '36.00" LS - 117 ° 07 '11 .00 "BT, 00 ° 27' 18.00" LS. In this graph measurements are taken to obtain a Rating Curve ( ) and water level (TMA) of 51 data. These values ​​are processed with the help of Microsoft Excel program to get the graphic model. Furthermore, the modeling results are published to get an average value. The results of the study show that the graph in the polynomial shows the best value. Obtained from the results of the modeling of sediment discharge flow that was found one point that was seen to be very increased in data 21.

A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso.

Offshore decommissioning represents significant business opportunities for oil and gas service companies. However, for owners of offshore assets and regulators, it is a liability because of the associated costs. One way of mitigating decommissioning costs is through the sales and reuse of decommissioned items. To achieve this effectively, reliability assessment of decommissioned items is required. Such an assessment relies on data collected on the various items over the lifecycle of an engineering asset. Considering that offshore platforms have a design life of about 25 years and data management techniques and tools are constantly evolving, data captured about items to be decommissioned will be in varying forms. In addition, considering the many stakeholders involved with a facility over its lifecycle, information representation of the items will have variations. These challenges make data integration difficult. As a result, this research developed a data integration framework that makes use of Semantic Web technologies and ISO 15926-a standard for process plant data integration-for rapid assessment of decommissioned items. The proposed solution helps in determining the reuse potential of decommissioned items, which can save on cost and benefit the environment.

The disruption of hydrological cycle will reduce watershed's ability to store water, so that discharge in dry season decreases and discharge in rainy season increases. These problems are caused by changes in land cover from forested land to non-forested. This study aims to develop a scenario for land cover planning that should be applied in the Lisu Watershed, Barru Regency. This study is mapping based on non-experimental research. The data obtained were analyzed spatially by overlay method. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is used in preparation of land cover planning scenarios to predict hydrological conditions. The results showed that scenario 2, namely land cover planning based on the district space map pattern is the best scenario. Addition of forest area to 61.60% resulting in the lowest yield of 3461.54 mm/year and 1519.53 mm/year. While the infiltration value produced is the highest infiltration value, which is 2299.20 mm/year.

y muchas instituciones científicas y culturales dedicarán sesiones y congresos a glosar la figura de los que, de algún modo, son los "padres" de la geología moderna. Desde el punto de vista didáctico, ambas figuras pueden ser recordadas y trabajadas como recurso en

In the last two decade, there has been a dramatically land use changes in the sub-catchment area of Jangkok, Lombok, from forest toward agroforestry. The results of study show that 17.32% of upper stream of Sub-Jangkok due to land use changes from 1995 to 2010 has not been degraded or still good quality catchment indicated by the following variables: coefifient C = 0.16 and potential soil erosion of 6.0 t ha-1 year-1. The C = 0.16 means that the was only 16 % of rainfall undergo run off and the rest of 84% goes to infiltration to enrich ground water. According to the natural erosion in the region which is about 5.75 t/ha/ year, the erosion index was 0.59 or less than 1 classified as low incident. Overall, the land use changes in upper stream of sub-catchment of Jangkok was not significantly correlated to the river-water recharge fluctuation. This was confirmed by the RRC (1.67) and MD (0.21 m3/sec) resulted from 1992-1996. In the next seven years (1997-2003) the RRC and MD were 2.47...

Erosion prediction and sedimentation measurement in sub-watershed Danau Limau Manis was conducted to predict erosion and sedimentation from several land uses there, as well as to find out other types of land use being able to reduce erosion as tolerated one.   Methods used for this research was divided into {1) soil map analyses(topography and land use), rainfall data, (2) survey and soil sampling in the field, (3) soil analyses in laboratory, and (4) data analyses using erosion model “USLE” and “Sediment Delivery Ratio”.  The results showed that there 4 types of land use (mixed garden, settlement, farming, and bush) having erosion higher than tolerated erosion(etol).  This was due to low plant density and many areas open, therefore, rainfall will directly struck soil aggregates causing dispersion. To eliminate or reduce the erosion rate into etol could be done by “agroecotechnology conservation”method.  That is by increasing plant density,  changing bush land into garden so that th...

Land use is the most influential factor in soil degradation due to erosion. The objectives of this research are to know the level of land degradation and the factors that influence the land use area, the upper vegetation density and the lower vegetation density. This research uses the method of measuring ground damage indicator in the field. The results showed that single, wide land use, upper vegetation density and lower vegetation density had an effect on soil degradation on mixed garden land use; while simultaneously, wide land use, upper vegetation density and lower vegetation density have an effect on soil degradation on mixed garden land use. The most influential factors for soil degradation in mixed gardens are the area of land use and lower vegetation density. Keyword:  Degradation of soil, land, vegetation density, mixed gardens.

Efectuou-se a calibração estratigráfica das unidades sísmicas mais recentes identificadas na Bacia offshore do Algarve recorrendo à análise biostratigráfica (Nanofósseis calcários e Foraminíferos) do core de pistão SWIM04-39. Obteve-se uma idade de cerca de 4.0 Ma (Pliocénico Inferior, Zancliano) para as associações fitoplanctónica e faunística presente nas amostras do referido core. Estes dados permitiram datar o início da intensa subsidência sofrida por esta Bacia como sendo Pliocénico Inferior. Palavras-chave: Bacia do Algarve, Cenozóico, unidades sísmicas, biostratigrafia SUMMARY Biostratigraphic calibration of the seismic units recognized in the offshore Algarve Basin was made, based on the identification of Calcareous nanofossil and Foraminifera assemblages present in the core SWIM04-39. An age of about 4.0 Ma (Early Pliocene, Zanclean) was determinate for these assemblages. Using this data is possible to place the beginning of subsidence movements in the offshore Algarve Basin during the Early Pliocene.

Evaluation of land rehabilitation (revegetation) activities is necessary for measuring the extent of success of the ongoing activities in rehabilitating and recovering degraded lands. One way for evaluating the success of land rehabilitation (revegetation) is by determining the changes of micro enviroment. The objective of this research was to study the changes of micro environment in various types of revegetated land cover, including scrub/bush land (SB), agricultural land (TP), monoculture teak (JM) and mixed crops (TC) in Ciliwung upper watershed. Research results showed that the highest air temperature and soil temperature were obtained at SB, respectively

Perubahan penggunaan lahan dalam ekspansi perkebunan berpotensi menyebabkan degradasi tanah, yang dapat menyebabkan kekeringan di musim kemarau dan banjir di musim hujan. Model hidrologi sangat penting untuk mensimulasikan fluktuasi debit dari dampak perubahan penggunaan lahan diperkebunan. Penelitian ini menggunakan Model MAPDAS untuk tujuan simulasinya. Model MAPDAS menggunakan 4 (empat) parameter input utama simulasi, meliputi: koefisien aliran permukaan (Kr), waktu jeda, kecepatan aliran jaringan hidrografi, dan kecepatan aliran lereng. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk, 1) Menguji akurasi hasil hidrograf aliran permukaan pada Model MAPDAS pada metode penentuan hujan efektif; dan 2) melakukan kajian karakteristik hidrologi DAS mikro khususnya aliran permukaan dengan lahan yang didominasi tanaman kelapa sawit menggunakan Model MAPDAS pada 3 skenario penentuan hujan efektif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan Model MAPDAS dengan input curah hujan berdasarkan metode ko...

O estudo tem como objetivo analisar os processos de sedimentação que ocorreram em uma planície costeira amazônica utilizando a granulometria e o teor de material orgânico como parâmetros para a compreensão dos processos dominantes durante a sedimentação. Foram recuperados sete testemunhos ao longo do rio Sucuriju e sub-amostrados obedecendo às diferenças entre os depósitos observados, analisado quanto à granulometria e porcentagem de material orgânico total. Os resultados demonstraram a ocorrência de uma progradação da linha de costa, visto que no passado a linha de costa localizava-se próximo do Lago Piratuba e hoje dista cerca de 22km em linha reta. Esta progradação da costa foi registrada no testemunho localizado a montante do rio Sucuriju com o registrou dessa diminuição da energia hidrodinâmica, passando de sedimentação estuarina, com maior porcentagem de areia e menor porcentagem de material orgânico evidenciados em ambiente com alta intensidade hidrodinâmica, para sedimentaçã...

o estudo de mais de 500 amostras de sedimentos não consolidados e a interpretação de algumas centenas de quilómetros de reflexão sísmica ligeira permitiu a avaliação das potencialidades em cascalhos e areias de parte da plataforma continental portuguesa a norte de Espinho. Na área estudada existem fundamentalmente dois depósitos de inertes, que abrangem uma área de 675 Kni 2 , com reservas potenciais bastante significativas. Os referidos depósitos apresentam baixos conteúdos médios em partículas silto-argilosas (inferior a 2%) e em carbonatos (geralmente inferior a 5%). Da área total anteriormente referida, 305 km 2 são ocupados por depósitos cascalhentos, localizados a profundidades médias geralmente inferiores a 4Om; nestes, o conteúdo em materiais carbonatados é muito pequeno e as percentagens de silte e de argila são mínimas , ao passo que o conteúdo médio em cascalho pode atingir 58%. Também os depósitos de areia revelaram ser potencialmente interessantes, com teores em carbonatos e em materiais finos inferiores a 10%.

Ciujung Watershed is the biggest and considered as one of major watershed in Banten Province related to floods that take place almost each year in the area. The study aimed to review the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) Model performance in predicting flow discharge and sediment yield to determine the best management practice to reduce those parameters in Ciujung Watershed. There were some steps in running SWAT model, including: (1) delineate watershed; (2) create Hydrology Respon Unit (HRU); (3) HRU definition; (4) climate data input; (5) write SWAT input files; (6) run SWAT model; (7) calibration and validation; and (8) hydrological parameters simulation. The study showed that the model had a good performance in predicting flow discharge with R 2 and NSE values in calibration process of 0.83 and 0.65 respectively. Meanwhile the model resulted not satisfied performance in predicting sediment yield with R 2 value of 0.55 and NSE value of-193.62. Validation process in predicting flow discharge produced R 2 and NSE values of 0.78 and 0.63 respectively. Land management practices used in this study are reforestation, land degradation rehabilitation, soil and water conservation practice with vegetative and mechanical method, and all land management practice implementation. The last scenario is the best management practice that can be implemented in Ciujung watershed to maintain watershed condition. The scenario produced the best river regime coefficient by 65 (moderate), reduced direct runoff and sediment yield by 46% and 95% respectively, and increased lateral and return flow by 32% and 80% respectively.

Cicatih is one of sub watershed which categorized as a good condition. However, if the land use allocation planning is not correctly, it is likely causing watershed degradation. The aim of this study was to assess land use changes and its influence on water discharging in Cicatih sub watershed. Some data were collected and analyzed including: rainfall, discharge, volume of discharge, flow regime coefficient (KRA), annual flow coefficient (KAT), land use change, and watershed conditions. There is a significant land use change in Cicatih sub watershed during period of 2009-2014. There are several significant increasing land uses, ie: dryland farming (77.26%), settlements (51.39%), and plantation (49.75%). Several significant decreasing land uses during the period, ie: scrub (96.78%), mixed dryland farming (78.74%), and rice field (74.50%). Land use changes in Cicatih sub watershed have an influence on the decreasing of watershed hydrological conditions. The value of KRA in the period 2009-2014 increase the category from medium (S) to very high (ST). In addition, the value of KAT also shows increase the category from medium (S) to high (T). The increase in dryland farming was due to large conversion of mixed dryland farming and scrub, settlements conversion from rice field and scrub, while the natural forest and plantations are converted from the scrub.

At the end of the lesson the students will be able to;  Define igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks with regard to the rock cycle  Illustrate the factors affecting formation of rocks from igneous to sedimentary to metamorphic rocks.  Value how rocks formed I.

O presente estudo visa promover a discussão e reconstituição de saberes em torno dos documentos produzidos por altura da expansão portuguesa sobre território angolano a sul de Luanda (capital de Angola), mas que nem sempre contemplam esta parte do litoral angolano. Assim, faz-se uma viagem bibliográfica a qual tem como base a obra de Pedro Fragoso de Matos, oficial militar português de feliz memória (04.07.1948 / 04.02.1952) pontifica na Biblioteca do Departamento de Ciências da Terra da Universidade de Coimbra.
Palavras-chave: Baía, Lobito, Restinga de areia, Corrente de Benguela.