Indonesia is an archipelago with significant variations in natural resources, infrastructure, soc... more Indonesia is an archipelago with significant variations in natural resources, infrastructure, socioeconomic, culture, human resource capacity, accessibility, and access to financial and technical assistance. In this situation, integrated and unique efforts are needed to manage natural resources and build synergy between their protection and utilization to achieve water, energy, and food (WEF) security in accordance with the SDG targets. This paper analyzes the implementations of the WEF nexus in rural Indonesia by examining existing legal frameworks and other related policies, journals, textbooks, and publications. We explore factors influencing the success and failure of the implementation of the WEF nexus approaches from technical, socioeconomic, cultural, political, and institutional perspectives of the rural development framework.
Dominated by mountainous topography, high rainfall, and erosion-sensitive soil types, and with th... more Dominated by mountainous topography, high rainfall, and erosion-sensitive soil types, and with the majority of its population living in rural areas as farmers, most of Indonesia’s watersheds are highly vulnerable to erosion. In 1984, the Government of Indonesia established 22 priority watersheds to be handled, which marked the start of formal soil and water conservation activities. Although it has not fully succeeded in improving watershed conditions from all aspects, something which is indicated by fluctuations in the area of degraded land, over the past 40 years the Indonesian government has systematically implemented various soil and water conservation techniques in various areas with the support of policies, laws and regulations, and research and development. These systematic efforts have shown positive results, with a 40% reduction in the area of degraded land over the last 15 years from 2004–2018. This paper reviews policy, implementation, and research and development of soil ...
Overexploitation of natural resources for national development has resulted in rapid land-use cha... more Overexploitation of natural resources for national development has resulted in rapid land-use changes in Indonesia. The incompatibility of land-use changes in tropical watersheds on its designation can result in the degradation of natural resources, threaten land sustainability, increase greenhouse gas emissions, and impact global climate change. The amount, duration, and intensity of extreme rainfall impact the increasing number of hydrological disasters such as floods and landslides. This situation can be exacerbated by changes in land use that are incompatible with their sustainable watershed management function. This paper discusses the importance of sustainability in watershed management to ensure natural resource allocation for future generations. Integrated watershed management is required in natural resource management by integrating biophysical and socio-economic aspects to produce good water quality environmental services. This concept will harmonize the benefits of econom...
The water balance of a peatland area is important information for the management of water resourc... more The water balance of a peatland area is important information for the management of water resources. This study aims to predict the water balance in several typologies of peatlands in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The method used is a Thornthwaite Mather water balance analysis model. This method is based on input data in monthly rainfall and temperature in 2019 at the study locations. The output of this method is predicted monthly runoff. The method analyzes the evapotranspiration process and the soil’s ability to hold water. There are four types of peatlands analyzed: (1) primary forest (Mangkok), (2) secondary forest (Forest Area with Special Purpose/FASP Tumbang Nusa), (3) Shrubs (RePeat), and (4) open area. Research results show that the annual rainfall in Mangkok is 2,555 mm/year, with the actual evapotranspiration of 1,594 mm/year, yield the annual water of 653 mm/year. In the FASP Tumbang Nusa, the annual rainfall is 2,570 mm/year, with the actual evapotranspiration of 1,592...
Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management, 2018
Soil erosion and sedimentation are environmental problems faced by tropical countries. Many resea... more Soil erosion and sedimentation are environmental problems faced by tropical countries. Many researches on soil erosion-sedimentation have been conducted with various results. Quantifying soil erosion-sedimentation and its temporal distribution are important for watershed management. Therefore, a study with the objective to quantify the amount of suspended sediment from catchments under various pine plantation areas was conducted. The research was undertaken during 2010 to 2017 in seven catchments with various percentage of pine coverage in Kebumen Regency, Central Java Province. The rainfall data were collected from two rainfall stations. A tide gauge was installed at the outlet of each catchment to monitor stream water level. The water samples for every stream water level increment were analyzed to obtain sediment concentration. The results showed that monthly suspended sediment of the catchments was high in January to April and October to December, and low in May to September. The annual suspended sediment fluctuated during the study period. Non-linear correlations were observed between suspended sediment and rainfall as well as suspended sediment and percentage pine areas. The line trend between suspended sediment and percentage of pine areas showed that the increase in pine areas decreased suspended sediment, with the slope of the graph is sharp at the percentage of pine areas from 8% to 40%, then is gentle for pine plantation areas more than 40%.
Jurnal Penelitian Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai, 2018
The percentage of forest coverage holds an important role in regulating water in watersheds. This... more The percentage of forest coverage holds an important role in regulating water in watersheds. This paper studies the influence of forest coverage percentage on peak discharge in sub watersheds with various percentage of natural forest areas. The study took place in Bakar, Tanjung, Iwakan, and Langsat Sub Watersheds, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province in 2017. The percentage of natural forest varied from 9,7 to 98% of the the sub watershed areas. This research was conducted by direct measurement of rainfall and stream water levels that were converted into peak discharge. The peak discharges between sub watersheds were compared to the rainfall and the percentage of forest. The results showed that in general the percentage of natural forest coverage affect the peak discharge. The forest coverage showed a positive response in lowering the peak discharge when the rainfall was below 115 mm/day. Bakar and Tanjung Sub Watersheds that had low percentage of natural forest coverage had higher peak discharge than Langsat and Iwakan Sub Watersheds, which had higher percentage of forest coverage. The relationship between the percentages of natural forest coverage with peak discharge marked by the coefficient of determination value of 53.3%. Since the existence of forest is very important as the hydrological controller, forest conservation efforts and reforestation should be conducted in the upper sub watersheds.
In watershed area, forest has important roles in relation with peak discharge. This research was... more In watershed area, forest has important roles in relation with peak discharge. This research was conducted to study the impacts of teak forest on peak discharge. On-screen digitizing of IKONOS imagery was done to classify the land cover of the study area. Kejalen and Gagakan catchments covered by old teak forests by 74% and 53% respectively, were chosen as the study area. These catchments are located in Blora Regency. Automatic streamflow recorder was set at the outlet of each catchment and subsequently, peak discharges were examined from the recorded data. During the observation, there were 36 evidences of specific peak discharge. The results showed that a trend of lower peak discharges occurred in Kejalen catchment which has the higher percentage of teak forest area in compared to Gagakan catchment with lower percentage of teak forest area, except when extreme rainfalls happened. At rainfall of 163 mm/day, specific peak discharge in Kejalen was higher than in Gagakan catchment. ...
Jurnal Penelitian Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai, 2017
Infiltration rate in a watershed is very important for water management. There are many methods f... more Infiltration rate in a watershed is very important for water management. There are many methods for estimating the rate of infiltration in a watershed. Among of them are direct measurements, hydrograph analysis and water balance calculation. The purpose of this study was to estimate infiltration in the sub watershed under pine forest. The method was based on a relationship between water balance and regression of monthly rainfall and discharge. The results showed that the infiltration rate of pine forest in Watujali Sub Watershed range from 125 mm/year up to 1,193 mm/year. The infiltration rate was highly depended on rainfall as the input. In 2010 with 5,826 mm rainfall, the infiltration rate reached 1,193 mm/year. Estimation of infiltration using water balance data was easy to implement because it only used data of streamflow, rainfall and evapotranspiration.
Jurnal Penelitian Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai, 2017
Karya Tulis Ilmiah (KTI) yang diterbitkan dalam Jurnal Penelitian Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sunga... more Karya Tulis Ilmiah (KTI) yang diterbitkan dalam Jurnal Penelitian Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai (JPPDAS) merupakan hasil-hasil penelitian yang memberikan kontribusi secara ilmiah dalam pengelolaan DAS. Skop jurnal meliputi bidang pengelolaan lahan dan vegetasi, konservasi tanah dan air, rehabilitasi lahan, hidrologi, sosial, ekonomi, kelembagaan, penginderaan jauh dan Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) yang mendukung teknologi pengelolaan DAS.
Rapid development in various sectors and areas as well as increasing of population will encourage... more Rapid development in various sectors and areas as well as increasing of population will encourage greater variety of needs, one of which is the need for water resources, including groundwater. Unwise exploitation of groundwater resource would turn out a problem in the future, because of the resource limitation. One of the impacts that has occurred in the recent time is drought. Anticipation and groundwater use control in terms of fitting between demand and potency are needed. The aims of this research were to obtain information on groundwater usage and conservation through setting up groundwater potential map based on groundwater characteristics, groundwater contour and flow direction map, and to determine recharge and discharge area. The research was conducted in Bantul District, Yogyakarta Special Region Province. To accomplish the research aims, scoring approach of groundwater characteristics (groundwater freatic depth, electric conductivity, and groundwater fluctuation) was used. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of the research showed that: 1) groundwater zoning can be used to determine groundwater potency and usage in order to maintain groundwater resource sustainability; 2) River in Bantul district is effluent, in which the river is supplied by ground water making the river water flow throughout the year; 3) Bantul district is dominated by discharge area (31,564.5 ha), and the recharge area covers 19,887.5 ha (Landform has an important role for this condition); 4) Groundwater potency in Bantul district spreads into: low (0.7 ha), moderate (13,958.7 ha), and high (37,474.5 ha) potency, which implied that groundwater potency in the district is relatively high; 5) Based on groundwater analysis, recharge area of Bantul district that has to be conserved is 16,927.6 ha while the discharge area is 16,972.6 ha.
Water quality and quantity are important factors for water resources evaluation. Water quality an... more Water quality and quantity are important factors for water resources evaluation. Water quality and quantity should be measured directly. Unfortunately, some watersheds do not have hydrologic stations. Water quantity can be estimated through modeling. One of the simple models for monthly water potential estimation is Thronthwaite-Mather method. The method is based on water balance in which rainfall as an input, and evapotranspiration and run-off as outputs. Physical soil properties and land cover characteristics especially rootzone are as processors. The aim of this research was to compare between estimation and direct measurement of monthly water potential. The result showed that monthly run-off prediction has high correlation with direct measurement (R 2 = 0.77-0.91). In order to get an appropriate result, the method should reconsider about water surplus assumption. The assumption of 50% water surplus for next month will not be suitable for all watersheds. Some watersheds may assume more than 50% water surplus and some other watersheds may assume less than 50%, depending on watershed characteristics, especially on geological formation. In order to get a more accurate result, the direct measurement of run-off should be rechecked.
Indonesia has the second-largest biodiversity of any country in the world. Deforestation and fore... more Indonesia has the second-largest biodiversity of any country in the world. Deforestation and forest degradation have caused a range of environmental issues, including habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity, deterioration of water quality and quantity, air pollution, and increased greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Forest restoration at the landscape level has been conducted to balance ecological integrity and human well-being. Forest restoration efforts are also aimed at reducing CO2 emissions and are closely related to Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) from the forestry sector. The purpose of this paper is to examine the regulatory, institutional, and policy aspects of forest restoration in Indonesia, as well as the implementation of forest restoration activities in the country. The article was written using a synoptic review approach to Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR)-related articles and national experiences. Failures, success ...
Tropical peatlands are fragile ecosystems with an important role in conserving biodiversity, wate... more Tropical peatlands are fragile ecosystems with an important role in conserving biodiversity, water quality and availability, preventing floods, soil intrusion, erosion and sedimentation, and providing a livelihood for people. However, due to illegal logging, fire and conversion into other land use, the peatlands in Indonesia are under serious threat. Efforts to restore Indonesia’s tropical peatlands have been accelerated by the establishment of the Peatland Restoration Agency in early 2016. The restoration action policy includes the rewetting, revegetation and revitalisation of local livelihood (known as the 3Rs). This paper summarises the regulatory, institutional and planning aspects of peatland restoration, in addition to the implementation of the 3Rs in Indonesia, including failures, success stories, and the criteria and indicators for the success of peatland restoration.
Indonesia is an archipelago with significant variations in natural resources, infrastructure, soc... more Indonesia is an archipelago with significant variations in natural resources, infrastructure, socioeconomic, culture, human resource capacity, accessibility, and access to financial and technical assistance. In this situation, integrated and unique efforts are needed to manage natural resources and build synergy between their protection and utilization to achieve water, energy, and food (WEF) security in accordance with the SDG targets. This paper analyzes the implementations of the WEF nexus in rural Indonesia by examining existing legal frameworks and other related policies, journals, textbooks, and publications. We explore factors influencing the success and failure of the implementation of the WEF nexus approaches from technical, socioeconomic, cultural, political, and institutional perspectives of the rural development framework.
Dominated by mountainous topography, high rainfall, and erosion-sensitive soil types, and with th... more Dominated by mountainous topography, high rainfall, and erosion-sensitive soil types, and with the majority of its population living in rural areas as farmers, most of Indonesia’s watersheds are highly vulnerable to erosion. In 1984, the Government of Indonesia established 22 priority watersheds to be handled, which marked the start of formal soil and water conservation activities. Although it has not fully succeeded in improving watershed conditions from all aspects, something which is indicated by fluctuations in the area of degraded land, over the past 40 years the Indonesian government has systematically implemented various soil and water conservation techniques in various areas with the support of policies, laws and regulations, and research and development. These systematic efforts have shown positive results, with a 40% reduction in the area of degraded land over the last 15 years from 2004–2018. This paper reviews policy, implementation, and research and development of soil ...
Overexploitation of natural resources for national development has resulted in rapid land-use cha... more Overexploitation of natural resources for national development has resulted in rapid land-use changes in Indonesia. The incompatibility of land-use changes in tropical watersheds on its designation can result in the degradation of natural resources, threaten land sustainability, increase greenhouse gas emissions, and impact global climate change. The amount, duration, and intensity of extreme rainfall impact the increasing number of hydrological disasters such as floods and landslides. This situation can be exacerbated by changes in land use that are incompatible with their sustainable watershed management function. This paper discusses the importance of sustainability in watershed management to ensure natural resource allocation for future generations. Integrated watershed management is required in natural resource management by integrating biophysical and socio-economic aspects to produce good water quality environmental services. This concept will harmonize the benefits of econom...
The water balance of a peatland area is important information for the management of water resourc... more The water balance of a peatland area is important information for the management of water resources. This study aims to predict the water balance in several typologies of peatlands in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The method used is a Thornthwaite Mather water balance analysis model. This method is based on input data in monthly rainfall and temperature in 2019 at the study locations. The output of this method is predicted monthly runoff. The method analyzes the evapotranspiration process and the soil’s ability to hold water. There are four types of peatlands analyzed: (1) primary forest (Mangkok), (2) secondary forest (Forest Area with Special Purpose/FASP Tumbang Nusa), (3) Shrubs (RePeat), and (4) open area. Research results show that the annual rainfall in Mangkok is 2,555 mm/year, with the actual evapotranspiration of 1,594 mm/year, yield the annual water of 653 mm/year. In the FASP Tumbang Nusa, the annual rainfall is 2,570 mm/year, with the actual evapotranspiration of 1,592...
Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management, 2018
Soil erosion and sedimentation are environmental problems faced by tropical countries. Many resea... more Soil erosion and sedimentation are environmental problems faced by tropical countries. Many researches on soil erosion-sedimentation have been conducted with various results. Quantifying soil erosion-sedimentation and its temporal distribution are important for watershed management. Therefore, a study with the objective to quantify the amount of suspended sediment from catchments under various pine plantation areas was conducted. The research was undertaken during 2010 to 2017 in seven catchments with various percentage of pine coverage in Kebumen Regency, Central Java Province. The rainfall data were collected from two rainfall stations. A tide gauge was installed at the outlet of each catchment to monitor stream water level. The water samples for every stream water level increment were analyzed to obtain sediment concentration. The results showed that monthly suspended sediment of the catchments was high in January to April and October to December, and low in May to September. The annual suspended sediment fluctuated during the study period. Non-linear correlations were observed between suspended sediment and rainfall as well as suspended sediment and percentage pine areas. The line trend between suspended sediment and percentage of pine areas showed that the increase in pine areas decreased suspended sediment, with the slope of the graph is sharp at the percentage of pine areas from 8% to 40%, then is gentle for pine plantation areas more than 40%.
Jurnal Penelitian Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai, 2018
The percentage of forest coverage holds an important role in regulating water in watersheds. This... more The percentage of forest coverage holds an important role in regulating water in watersheds. This paper studies the influence of forest coverage percentage on peak discharge in sub watersheds with various percentage of natural forest areas. The study took place in Bakar, Tanjung, Iwakan, and Langsat Sub Watersheds, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province in 2017. The percentage of natural forest varied from 9,7 to 98% of the the sub watershed areas. This research was conducted by direct measurement of rainfall and stream water levels that were converted into peak discharge. The peak discharges between sub watersheds were compared to the rainfall and the percentage of forest. The results showed that in general the percentage of natural forest coverage affect the peak discharge. The forest coverage showed a positive response in lowering the peak discharge when the rainfall was below 115 mm/day. Bakar and Tanjung Sub Watersheds that had low percentage of natural forest coverage had higher peak discharge than Langsat and Iwakan Sub Watersheds, which had higher percentage of forest coverage. The relationship between the percentages of natural forest coverage with peak discharge marked by the coefficient of determination value of 53.3%. Since the existence of forest is very important as the hydrological controller, forest conservation efforts and reforestation should be conducted in the upper sub watersheds.
In watershed area, forest has important roles in relation with peak discharge. This research was... more In watershed area, forest has important roles in relation with peak discharge. This research was conducted to study the impacts of teak forest on peak discharge. On-screen digitizing of IKONOS imagery was done to classify the land cover of the study area. Kejalen and Gagakan catchments covered by old teak forests by 74% and 53% respectively, were chosen as the study area. These catchments are located in Blora Regency. Automatic streamflow recorder was set at the outlet of each catchment and subsequently, peak discharges were examined from the recorded data. During the observation, there were 36 evidences of specific peak discharge. The results showed that a trend of lower peak discharges occurred in Kejalen catchment which has the higher percentage of teak forest area in compared to Gagakan catchment with lower percentage of teak forest area, except when extreme rainfalls happened. At rainfall of 163 mm/day, specific peak discharge in Kejalen was higher than in Gagakan catchment. ...
Jurnal Penelitian Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai, 2017
Infiltration rate in a watershed is very important for water management. There are many methods f... more Infiltration rate in a watershed is very important for water management. There are many methods for estimating the rate of infiltration in a watershed. Among of them are direct measurements, hydrograph analysis and water balance calculation. The purpose of this study was to estimate infiltration in the sub watershed under pine forest. The method was based on a relationship between water balance and regression of monthly rainfall and discharge. The results showed that the infiltration rate of pine forest in Watujali Sub Watershed range from 125 mm/year up to 1,193 mm/year. The infiltration rate was highly depended on rainfall as the input. In 2010 with 5,826 mm rainfall, the infiltration rate reached 1,193 mm/year. Estimation of infiltration using water balance data was easy to implement because it only used data of streamflow, rainfall and evapotranspiration.
Jurnal Penelitian Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai, 2017
Karya Tulis Ilmiah (KTI) yang diterbitkan dalam Jurnal Penelitian Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sunga... more Karya Tulis Ilmiah (KTI) yang diterbitkan dalam Jurnal Penelitian Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai (JPPDAS) merupakan hasil-hasil penelitian yang memberikan kontribusi secara ilmiah dalam pengelolaan DAS. Skop jurnal meliputi bidang pengelolaan lahan dan vegetasi, konservasi tanah dan air, rehabilitasi lahan, hidrologi, sosial, ekonomi, kelembagaan, penginderaan jauh dan Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) yang mendukung teknologi pengelolaan DAS.
Rapid development in various sectors and areas as well as increasing of population will encourage... more Rapid development in various sectors and areas as well as increasing of population will encourage greater variety of needs, one of which is the need for water resources, including groundwater. Unwise exploitation of groundwater resource would turn out a problem in the future, because of the resource limitation. One of the impacts that has occurred in the recent time is drought. Anticipation and groundwater use control in terms of fitting between demand and potency are needed. The aims of this research were to obtain information on groundwater usage and conservation through setting up groundwater potential map based on groundwater characteristics, groundwater contour and flow direction map, and to determine recharge and discharge area. The research was conducted in Bantul District, Yogyakarta Special Region Province. To accomplish the research aims, scoring approach of groundwater characteristics (groundwater freatic depth, electric conductivity, and groundwater fluctuation) was used. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of the research showed that: 1) groundwater zoning can be used to determine groundwater potency and usage in order to maintain groundwater resource sustainability; 2) River in Bantul district is effluent, in which the river is supplied by ground water making the river water flow throughout the year; 3) Bantul district is dominated by discharge area (31,564.5 ha), and the recharge area covers 19,887.5 ha (Landform has an important role for this condition); 4) Groundwater potency in Bantul district spreads into: low (0.7 ha), moderate (13,958.7 ha), and high (37,474.5 ha) potency, which implied that groundwater potency in the district is relatively high; 5) Based on groundwater analysis, recharge area of Bantul district that has to be conserved is 16,927.6 ha while the discharge area is 16,972.6 ha.
Water quality and quantity are important factors for water resources evaluation. Water quality an... more Water quality and quantity are important factors for water resources evaluation. Water quality and quantity should be measured directly. Unfortunately, some watersheds do not have hydrologic stations. Water quantity can be estimated through modeling. One of the simple models for monthly water potential estimation is Thronthwaite-Mather method. The method is based on water balance in which rainfall as an input, and evapotranspiration and run-off as outputs. Physical soil properties and land cover characteristics especially rootzone are as processors. The aim of this research was to compare between estimation and direct measurement of monthly water potential. The result showed that monthly run-off prediction has high correlation with direct measurement (R 2 = 0.77-0.91). In order to get an appropriate result, the method should reconsider about water surplus assumption. The assumption of 50% water surplus for next month will not be suitable for all watersheds. Some watersheds may assume more than 50% water surplus and some other watersheds may assume less than 50%, depending on watershed characteristics, especially on geological formation. In order to get a more accurate result, the direct measurement of run-off should be rechecked.
Indonesia has the second-largest biodiversity of any country in the world. Deforestation and fore... more Indonesia has the second-largest biodiversity of any country in the world. Deforestation and forest degradation have caused a range of environmental issues, including habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity, deterioration of water quality and quantity, air pollution, and increased greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Forest restoration at the landscape level has been conducted to balance ecological integrity and human well-being. Forest restoration efforts are also aimed at reducing CO2 emissions and are closely related to Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) from the forestry sector. The purpose of this paper is to examine the regulatory, institutional, and policy aspects of forest restoration in Indonesia, as well as the implementation of forest restoration activities in the country. The article was written using a synoptic review approach to Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR)-related articles and national experiences. Failures, success ...
Tropical peatlands are fragile ecosystems with an important role in conserving biodiversity, wate... more Tropical peatlands are fragile ecosystems with an important role in conserving biodiversity, water quality and availability, preventing floods, soil intrusion, erosion and sedimentation, and providing a livelihood for people. However, due to illegal logging, fire and conversion into other land use, the peatlands in Indonesia are under serious threat. Efforts to restore Indonesia’s tropical peatlands have been accelerated by the establishment of the Peatland Restoration Agency in early 2016. The restoration action policy includes the rewetting, revegetation and revitalisation of local livelihood (known as the 3Rs). This paper summarises the regulatory, institutional and planning aspects of peatland restoration, in addition to the implementation of the 3Rs in Indonesia, including failures, success stories, and the criteria and indicators for the success of peatland restoration.
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