D2D

Keywords: 5G, D2D, radio resource management, interference management.

Study of the coexistence of D2D and cellular systems, enabled by managing the allocation of radio resources. For this end, an improved GADIA algorithm version is implemented ans assessed.

Code: https://github.com/adrikayak/D2D_cellular_network_simulator

Device to Device (D2D) Communication is one of the technology components of the evolving 5G architecture, as it promises improvements in energy efficiency, spectral efficiency, overall system capacity, and higher data rates. The above noted improvements in network performance spearheaded a vast amount of research in D2D, which have identified significant challenges that need to be addressed before realizing their full potential in emerging 5G Networks. Towards this end, this paper proposes the use of a distributed intelligent approach to control the generation of D2D networks. More precisely, the proposed approach uses Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) intelligent agents with extended capabilities (BDIx) to manage each D2D node independently and autonomously, without the help of the Base Station. This paper proposes the DAIS algorithm for the decision of transmission mode in D2D, which maximizes the data rate and minimizes the power consumption, while taking into consideration the computational load. Simulations show the applicability of BDI agents in solving D2D challenges.

The main objective of this paper is a detailed and comprehensive study about the evolution of the various mobile generation technologies in the wireless communication. The paper deals with evolution of mobile generation which helped in developing 5G technology of mobile and communication. This paper also discussed about the countries which are using and testing 5G technology, as well as the companies which have undertaken the development of 5G. The 5G technologies include all types of advanced features which make 5G technology most dominant technology. This paper overview of key enabling technologies which could be used in future 5G wireless systems. Some of these are Massive MIMO, Device-to-Device (D2D) communications, and Millimeter wave communications.

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is a new technology that offer many advantages for the LTE-advanced network such us wireless peer-to-peer services and higher spectral efficiency. It is also considered as one of promising techniques for the 5G wireless communications system and used in so many different fields such as network traffic offloading, public safety, social services and applications such as gaming and military applications. The goal of this paper is to present advances on the current 3GPP LTE-advanced system related to Device-to-Device (D2D). In this paper, we provide an overview of the D2D types based on the communication spectrum of D2D transmission, namely Inband D2D communication and Outband D2D communication. Then we present the advantages and disadvantages of each D2D mode. Moreover, architecture and protocol enhancements for D2D communications under LTE-A network are described.

Doubly-near-far problem in RF-powered networks can be mitigated by choosing appropriate device-to-device (D2D) communication mode and implementing energy-efficient information transfer (IT). In this work, we present a novel RF energy harvesting architecture where each transmitting-receiving user pair is allocated a disjoint channel for its communication which is fully powered by downlink energy transfer (ET) from hybrid access point (HAP). Considering that each user pair can select either D2D or cellular mode of communication, we propose an optimized transmission protocol controlled by the HAP that involves harvested energy-aware jointly optimal mode selection (MS) and time allocation (TA) for ET and IT to maximize the sum-throughput. Jointly global optimal solutions are derived by efficiently resolving the combinatorial issue with the help of optimal MS strategy for a given TA for ET. Closed-form expressions for the optimal TA in D2D and cellular modes are also derived to gain further analytical insights. Numerical results show that the joint optimal MS and TA, which significantly outperforms the benchmark schemes in terms of achievable RF-powered sum-throughput, is closely followed by the optimal TA scheme for D2D users. In fact, about 2/3 fraction of the total user pairs prefer to follow the D2D mode for efficient RF-powered IT.

This paper proposes and evaluates a reception chiplevel synchronization scheme for ad-hoc enabled UTRA-TDD networks. Since ad hoc users directly communicating with each other, the conventional pilot signals from base stations are no longer available for chip-level synchronization. A new scheme of using the training sequences (midamble) in each traffic time slot with customized correlation detection window is proposed for the synchronization establishment and maintenance for any single hop direct links. Link-level simulations are performed to evaluate the performance of the scheme. The conventional method using pilot signals from base stations are tested for benchmarking. The results show that using midamble for the reception synchronization for ad-hoc enabled UTRA-TDD networks is feasible.

Device to Device (D2D) Communication is expected to be a one of the major contributing factors of the realisation of 5G and Beyond Mobile communication networks as it promises improvements in energy efficiency, spectral efficiency, overall system capacity, and higher data rates with the use of the same frequencies for different D2D transmissions in short communication distances within the Cell. However, in order to achieve optimum results, it is important, among others, to select wisely the Transmission Mode of the D2D Device. Towards this end, our previous work proposed an intelligent Transmission mode selection approach in a framework that is utilizing Artificial Intelligence (AI) BDIx agents to collectively satisfy the D2D challenges in a Distributed Artificial Intelligent (DAI) manner and act autonomously and independently. In this paper, as a first step, a literature review focused on related Transmission mode approaches is performed. Then, our investigated Transmission mode selection approach is further explained with formulas, evaluated based on different threshold values and investigated how these can affect the overall spectral efficiency and power usage of the network in order to achieve the maximum performance. The investigated thresholds on utilized values (i.e., D2D Device Weighted Data Rate (WDR), D2D Device Battery Power Level) and metrics (i.e., WDR) are also further analyzed and formulated. In addition, the effect the transmission power of the D2D links has on the total spectral efficiency and total power consumption of the network, is also examined. The evaluation results revealed some interesting findings that can contribute in other approaches that utilized similar or same thresholds. Also, the results obtained demonstrate that with the right tuning of the thresholds and transmission power, one can achieve a significant improvement in the network power usage and total spectral efficiency.

Underlaying Device-to-Device (D2D) communications can increase the spectral efficiency of cellular networks when sharing part of the spectrum with cellular users. This requires radio resource allocation policies capable to limit and control the interference between D2D and cellular communications. Many of the proposed policies are centralized, and require the base station to decide which resources should be allocated to each D2D transmission. Centralized schemes can efficiently control interference levels, but their feasibility can be compromised by their complexity and signaling overhead. To address this constraint, this paper proposes DiRAT, a distributed radio resource allocation scheme for D2D communications underlaying cellular networks. With DiRAT, the D2D nodes locally select their radio resources from a pool created by the cellular network in order to control the interference generated to the primary cellular users. DiRAT includes a control mechanism to ensure that the user QoS requirements are satisfied. This study demonstrates that DiRAT can increase the network capacity while avoiding or limiting the degradation of the performance of the primary cellular users. DiRAT also significantly reduces the complexity and overhead compared to existing centralized and distributed schemes.

Device-to-Device (D2D) communications can increase the spectral efficiency of future cellular networks when sharing part of the cellular spectrum. Radio resource allocation mechanisms are then necessary to control the interference that D2D and cellular transmissions can generate to each other. Most of the existing allocation schemes rely on the knowledge of the channel gain of all possible links between cellular and D2D nodes. This paper proposes to reduce the complexity cost and signalling overhead of the allocation process by using location information available at the network level. Using this information, the base station assigns radio resources to new D2D transmissions with the objective to control and limit the interference to the primary cellular users and existing D2D transmissions. The proposed radio resource allocation scheme continuously monitors that the user QoS requirements are satisfied. If it is not the case, it dynamically modifies the resource allocation to the interfering D2D transmissions. The proposed scheme achieves performance levels similar to that obtained with an optimized centralized allocation scheme, but with a significantly lower complexity cost and signaling overhead.

Fifth generation (5G) cellular networks expected to overcome the limitations of existing networks and provide high data rates, better user performance, low latency, low power consumption and low cost. To handle these requirements, 5G will use heterogeneous multi-tier networks consisting of small cells, relays, and device to device (D2D) communication. However, using this network architecture and new techniques raise new challenges such as implementing efficient resource allocation of this multi-tier networks. In this paper, the effect of using relay assisted D2D communication as undelay tier of cellular users. The resource allocation problem is formulated to maximize the system data rate while considering the co-channel interference resulted from the D2D underlay tier which share the same resources with the cellular users. Auction based algorithm is used to solve the proposed allocation problem in distributed manner with very low complexity compared to the centralized methods.

Device-to-Device (D2D) communications underlying a cellular network have been recognized as an important approach for the performance improvement of 5G networks. In this paper, we refer to an LTE-A scenario where the underlay mode is adopted to allow D2D pairs to communicate directly by sharing sub-channels with Cellular Users (CUEs). Our aim is to propose heuristic resource allocation and pairing schemes to distribute radio resources among CUEs and D2Ds in a cell taking the interference because of pairing into account. In particular, we compare suitably-modified Proportional Fairness (PF) schemes with heuristic max-capacity approaches in terms of CUE and D2D capacity and fairness conditions. Extensive simulation runs have been carried out (Monte Carlo approach) and have allowed us to select a PF-based scheme and a technique combining Round-Robin with capacity maximization as two promising alternatives in order to assign resources to D2Ds and CUEs.

Cellular networks face significant capacity, efficiency and quality challenges because of the exponential growth of cellular data traffic. Multi-hop cellular networks (MCNs) have been proposed to address these challenges through the integration of cellular and device-to-device communications. This work investigates how the adoption and design of opportunistic store, carry and forward mechanisms in MCNs can help importantly decrease the energy consumption for delay tolerant traffic. To this aim, the study first derives an analytical framework to identify in two-hop scenarios the optimum mobile relay location and the location from which the mobile relay should start forwarding the information to the cellular base station in order to minimise the overall energy consumption. The derived optimum configuration is then used as a benchmark for the proposal and design of a novel context-based opportunistic MCN forwarding scheme that exploits context information provided at low cost by the cellular network. Numerical and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed context-based opportunistic forwarding can achieve a performance close to that obtain with the optimum configuration and reduce the energy consumption by more than 90% compared with traditional single-hop cellular communications.

The access part of all cellular network's generation suffers from common concerns related to dead spots (zones that are not covered by the network) and hot spots (zones where the number of users is higher compared to network resources). During the last decade, lots of research proposals have tried to overcome cellular problems through multi-hop D2D architecture, which is a new paradigm allowing the direct communication between devices in cellular network to enhance network performances and improve user QoS. In this paper, we propose a multi-hop D2D architecture based on the OLSR protocol to extend cellular coverage. Cell-OLSR, which is the proposed adaptation of OLSR for our architecture, allows the exchange of cellular parameters between nodes to choose the best proxy device to forward data to the cellular base station (BS).

Device-centric wireless technologies, such as Device-to-Device (D2D) communications, will provide new ways of connectivity and significant opportunities to enhance the capacity and efficiency of 5G networks. Underlaying D2D communications will share radio resources with cellular communications and novel radio resource management schemes need to be defined to control the interference between D2D and cellular nodes. This paper proposes a distributed radio resource allocation scheme for D2D communications underlaying cellular networks. The proposed scheme allows D2D nodes to select radio resources from a pool identified by the infrastructure to limit the interference caused by D2D links to cellular communications. The proposed scheme includes a control process in order to guarantee that user QoS requirements are satisfied. The conducted study demonstrates that the proposed scheme significantly improves spectral efficiency of traditional cellular systems while guaranteeing QoS requirements to both cellular and D2D communications.

Previous studies have shown that device-centric wireless technologies, including multi-hop cellular networks (MCNs) and device-to-device (D2D) communications, can increase the cellular network capacity. This study progresses the current state of the art by deriving (using space-time graphs) the upper-bound capacity gains that can be further achieved when integrating efficiency-driven opportunistic networking into device-centric wireless networks. The increase is obtained without modifying the radio interface, and is not constrained to any particular radio interface.

Machine-type communications (MTC) are expected to be a key enablers in the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem by providing ubiquitous connectivity among a new type of small devices (e.g., sensors , wearable devices, smartphone) without (or with minimal) the need of human intervention. In such a scenario, the architecture as well as the radio resource management (RRM) of next-to-come 5G systems needs to be enhanced in order to cope with the exponential growth of low-latency and low-energy MTC traffic. To this end, we propose a dynamic RRM policy which (i) exploits an heterogeneous networks (HetNets) deployment aiming to handle massive huge load of MTC devices and (ii) adopts a spectrum sharing approach tailored to improve the spectrum utilization in MTC environments. By comparing our proposal with current policies in literature, simulations conducted through the open-source Network Simulator 3 (NS-3) shown that our proposed use of spectrum sharing technique can efficiently improve the performance of MTC traffic in terms of spectral efficiency, power consumption, and fairness.

Recently, Device-to-Device (D2D) communication has drawn great interest in academia and industries due to the extended network coverage and reduction of the restrictions of traditional cellular systems. When multiple devices are located close to each other, they can activate direct links by either using existing cellular communications systems or using different access technologies such as Wi-Fi. In this paper, we propose a new content delivary mechanism in the multiple devices to multiple devices (MD2MD) environment basd on content-centric networking (CCN). We use both LTE and Wi-Fi ad-hoc networks to send the content concurrently from multiple devices to one device. We also show that the proposed mechanism reduces the content access time and increases the acceptance of content from nearby devices.

In the emerging Fifth Generation (5G) systems mobile social networks will play an important role for disseminating information and multimedia contents. In such a scenario, short range transmissions and multicast services are considered as promising technologies in order to disseminate contents as fast as possible. This paper proposes a viral information diffusion approach for improving the information diffusion time among a large number of users. A novel expected information diffusion time is considered by taking into account system metrics on both network and social side. In particular, we defined a new metric named social network contact time which describes the social interaction time between a generic user and the social platform. We compared the proposed approach with conventional multicast scheme and social information diffusion approach based on distance. Results show that the proposed viral algorithm achieves considerable gains in term of information diffusion time and data rate per UE. In particular, the gain experienced by the users in term of content dissemination varies between the 14% and 48%.

Traditional single-hop cellular architectures fail to provide high and homogeneous quality of service levels throughout a cell area due to the strong signal attenuation
with the distance. In this context, multi-hop cellular networks that utilize mobile relays and device-to-device communications have been proposed to overcome the physical limitations of conventional cellular architectures. One of the key building blocks of multi-hop cellular networks is the multi-hop routing of information from the source to the destination. This paper investigates the performance and energy
signaling benefits of location-based multi-hop routing protocols. In particular, the paper demonstrates the benefits of a contextual optimization of this type of protocols in order to achieve a high end-to-end performance, while reducing the energy and signaling implementation cost.

5G networks will be required to efficiently support the growth in mobile data traffic. One approach to do so is by exploiting Device-to-Device (D2D) communications and Multi-Hop Cellular Networks (MCNs) in order to enhance the spectrum re-use and offload traffic over underlay networks. This study proposes to further improve the efficiency of transmitting mobile data traffic by integrating opportunistic networking principles into MCNs. Opportunistic networking can exploit the delay tolerance characteristic of relevant data traffic services in order to search for the most efficient transmission conditions in MCNs. The study first presents an analytical framework for two-hop opportunistic MCNs designed to identify their optimum configuration in terms of energy efficiency. Using this reference configuration, the paper then proposes a set of opportunistic forwarding policies that exploit context information provided by the cellular network. Numerical and simulation results demonstrate that opportunistic networking can significantly contribute towards achieving the capacity and energy efficiency gains sought for 5G networks. Under the evaluated conditions, the obtained results show that the proposed schemes can reduce the energy consumption compared to traditional cellular communications by up to 98% for delay tolerant services. In addition, the proposed schemes can increase the cellular capacity by up to 79% compared to traditional cellular communications.

A scheme of intra-cell spatial resource reuse is proposed and analyzed for a peer-to-peer (P2P) enabled TDD CDMA system. By reusing the same radio resource among P2P transmitters in the spatial domain within a single cellular cell, the capacity can be greatly improved as we have demonstrated in this paper. A modified SINR model is used in our analysis considering the new interference scenario introduced by spatial reuse. Based on the P2P capacity upper bound acquired from the system-level simulation, the co-channel reuse distance is deduced with a padding method. By availing the relationship between the P2P distance and the co-channel reuse distance, our scheme could be easily applied into a practical system.

With the current development of mobile communication services, people need personal communication of high speed, excellent service, high quality and low latencyhowever, limited spectrum resources become the most important factor to hamper improvement of cellular systems. As big amount of data traffic will cause greater local consumption of spectrum resources, future networks are required to have appropriate techniques to better support such forms of communication. D2D (Device-to-device) communication technology in a cellular network makes full use of spectrum resources underlaying, reduces the load of the base station, minimizes transmit power of the terminals and the base stations, thereby enhances the overall throughput of the networks. Due to the use of multiplexing D2D UE (User equipment) resources and spectrum, and the interference caused by the sharing of resources between adjacent cells, it has become a major factor affecting coexisting of cellular subscribers and D2D users. When D2D communication multiplexes the uplink resources, the base-stations are easily to be disturbed; when the downlink resources are multiplexed, the users of downlink are susceptible to interference. In order to build a high-efficient mobile network, we can meet the QoS requirements by controlling the power to suppress the interference between the base station and a terminal user.

In the present day, 5G and beyond networks are being designed to support the future increase of data traffic and service demands. To support such increase, 5G networks will incorporate device-centric technologies with adequate mechanisms to scale and handle the growing and very large number of connected devices and traffic demands. Device-centric technologies include Device-to-Device (D2D) communications and Multi-hop Cellular Networks (MCNs). In device-centric wireless networks, devices will be able to connect to the network using two different connection modes: through a traditional cellular connection, or through a multi-hop cellular connection based on D2D communications with intermediate mobile devices. Device-centric technologies will therefore provide new connectivity options and significant opportunities to enhance the capacity and efficiency of 5G networks. However, new challenges will need to be addressed. One of them is the selection of the most adequate connection mode for each mobile device, because it will be key to improve the network performance and efficiency. This work proposes a context-aware mode selection scheme capable of identifying and selecting the most adequate connection mode for each device under a wide range of deployment and operating conditions. The proposed scheme estimates the benefits and risks of each connection mode based on context information available at the base station guaranteeing low signaling overhead. The obtained results show that the proposed mode selection scheme helps achieving throughput gains higher than 200% compared to traditional single-hop cellular communications for devices at the cell edge, and significant gains are also achieved compared to other mode selection schemes implemented and evaluated.

The next generation expected to provide high data rate to handle the huge demand on new data-consuming applications and services, Also the higher number of connected devices due to using new technologies such as internet of things (IoT) will make the challenge more difficult. New techniques must be used to face this challenges such as base station densification, use new high frequency bands, Machine to Machine (M2M) and Device to Device (D2D) communication. In heterogeneous multitier networks, D2D communication is used as underlay tier to enhance the system spectral efficiency and increase the data rate. This complicate the resource allocation process in this networks. Distributed algorithms is used to solve the resource allocation problems with low computational complexity. In this paper, the allocation problem is formulated to maximize the system data rate while confiding the co-channel interference resulted from the D2D underlay tier which share the same resources with the cellular users. Auction based algorithm is used to solve the proposed allocation problem in distributed manner with very low complexity compared to the centralized methods.

Underlay device-to-device (D2D) communication in cellular networks has been considered as a promising technique that can improve the spectral efficiency of cellular systems and meet the growing demand for wireless local services. In underlay D2D, it is of primary importance to manage the mutual interference between cellular links and D2D links through effective resource allocation. While most of previous works on D2D resource allocation are developed based on the knowledge of the channel state information (CSI) on the interference channels as well as the desired channels, it is hard to obtain full CSI in practice. Accordingly, we consider D2D resource allocation schemes based on distance between nodes. In particular, we formulate two optimization problems for D2D resource allocation using the outage probability computed based on the distance information as cost functions. One is a linear sum assignment problem (LSAP) and the other is a linear bottleneck assignment problem (LBAP). By applying the graph theory, we provide efficient algorithms for solving the Oh-Soon Shin [email protected] Hieu V. Nguyen optimization problems. Numerical results are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed optimization as compared to previously proposed distance-based resource allocation algorithms.