Routing protocols

The complex and abstract theory of routing protocols can be clarified by doing some laboratories in testbeds. However, it is not always possible to setup an entire testbed containing multiple computers, switches and routers to strengthen student skills for time and cost reasons. Using GUI-based applications is an alternative way to improve the understanding of the complex algorithms involved in routing protocols, because graphics, images and animations can be easily transformed into knowledge. With a visual didactic approach, students can understand how routing protocols really work in a more intuitive and friendly way than using traditional approaches. In this paper, we focused on the teaching and learning of EIGRP, an advanced distance-vector routing protocol developed by Cisco Systems, using visual educational tools. To do so, we present well-known computational tools (Packet Tracer, Dynamips/GNS3 and OPNET IT Guru) and a new application that we developed (Easy-EIGRP), and discuss how they can be used to strengthen the teaching and learning of EIGRP.

Since it is very difficult to replace or recharge the batteries of the sensor nodes in the wireless sensor network (WSN), efficient use of the batteries of the sensor nodes is a very important issue. This has a deep relationship with the lifetime of the network. If the node's energy is exhausted, the node is no longer available. If a certain number of nodes (50% or 80%) in a network consume energy completely, the whole network will not work. Therefore, various protocols have been proposed to maintain the network for a long time by minimizing energy consumption. In recent years, a protocol using a K-means clustering algorithm, one of machine learning techniques, has been proposed. A KCED protocol is proposed in consideration of residual energy of a node, a cluster center, and a distance to a base station in order to improve a problem of a protocol using K-average gung zipper algorithm such as cluster center consideration.

In highly dynamic systems resources may have to be accessed in real-time, within the strict time limits of underlying physical processes, with availability becoming critical. Current access control models such as RBAC and ABAC do not address real-time availability in a scalable way for such scenarios. In this paper we propose a real-time attribute-based access control model that extends the functionality of ABAC by using real-time attributes that reflect the requirements of critical applications. We describe two applications of our model: (a) a substation automation system, and (b) a medical cyber-physical system.

Vehicles ad hoc networks (VANETs) have arisen as an interesting area of study and implementation. To ensure smart connectivity for vehicle networks, VANETs may enhance the reliability and productivity of road traffic exceptionally. A distribution of data in the VANET system is an extremely difficult challenge because of fast adjustments and recurrent fragmentation of the network.in this paper, we survey on explain this review on three parts. In the first part, we will show the concept of data dissemination and explain all their types. in the second part, we will provide a comprehensive review on kinds of routing protocols, finally, the third part, we will discuss some of the issues and challenges.

— Trust is an important computing networks concept and remains an issue not just in social platforms but also in networks in the deliverance of Quality of service (QoS). Video Streaming has, over the years gained prominence in mobile and vehicular ad hoc networks. However, it is faced with several challenges of being vulnerable to different attacks and poor QoS. Therefore, this paper proposed a robust and efficient trust management framework in an effort to eliminate the poor QoS due to network detriments caused by the dynamic topology of a Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). The proposed trust framework in the network is aimed to assist in node accountability and QoS attainment. That is, it does not remove the dynamic topology issue but it strives to attain nodes' trustworthiness and excellent QoS despite the conditions set out against the network. The proposed trust framework is the application-centric trust management framework with distributed trust computations (AppTrusFram). It merges the concept of trust together with QoS in an application scenario. The paper present a theoretical-design solution to the topology related issues and discussed issues found in other proposed solutions.

In peer-to-peer content distribution the lack of a central authority makes authentication difficult. Without authentication, adversary nodes can spoof identity and falsify messages in the overlay. This enables malicious nodes to launch man-in-the-middle or denial-of-service attacks. In this paper, we present a trust based content distribution for peer-to-peer overlay networks, which is built on the trust management scheme. The main concept is, before sending or accepting the traffic, the trust of the peer must be validated. Based on the success of data delivery and searching time, we calculate the trust index of a node. Then the aggregated trust index of the peers whose value is below the threshold value is considered as distrusted and the corresponding traffic is blocked. By simulation results we show that our proposed scheme achieves increased success ratio with reduced delay and drop.

In the last decade, underwater wireless sensor networks have been widely studied because of their peculiar aspects that distinguish them from common terrestrial wireless networks. Their applications range from environmental monitoring to military defense. The definition of efficient routing protocols in underwater sensor networks is a challenging topic of research because of the intrinsic characteristics of these networks, such as the need of handling the node mobility and the difficulty in balancing the energy consumed by the nodes. Depth‐based routing protocol is an opportunistic routing protocol for underwater sensor networks, which provides good performance both under high and low node mobility scenarios. The main contribution of our work is presenting a novel simulator for studying depth‐based routing protocol and its variants as well as novel routing protocols.

Our simulator is based on AquaSim–Next Generation, which is a specialized tool for studying underwater networks. With our work, we improve the state of the art of underwater routing protocol simulators by implementing, among other features, a detailed cross‐layer communication and an accurate model of the operational modes of acoustic modem and their energy consumption. The simulator is open source and freely downloadable. Moreover, we propose a novel and completely distributed routing protocol, named residual energy–depth‐based routing. It takes into account the residual energy at the nodes' batteries to select the forwarder nodes and improve the network lifetime by providing a more uniform energy consumption among them. We compare its performance with that of depth‐based routing protocol and a receiver‐based routing protocol implementing a probabilistic opportunistic forwarding scheme.