Cydia pomonella

The aim of this paper is to present the non-target species caught in the traps baited with synthetic pheromones of the species Cydia pomonella, Grapholita funebrana, Grapholita molesta, Archips podana, Adoxophyes orana, Tortrix viridana and Gravitarmata margarotana, in the frame of some experiments conducted during the years 1989-1990 in order to identify sexual attractants for the main conophagous Lepidoptera in Romania. At the same time we assessed the selectivity of these products and identified the compounds which could be used as sexual attractants for different tortricid species. Deploying pheromone traps in coniferous mature tree stands or seed orchards having in their neighbourhood fruit trees or deciduous forests, only 5 reference species and 30 non-target species have been caught , 23 of them being tortricid moths. The selectivity (specificity) of the used synthetic pheromones was rather low. However, this should not be a problem in the current works accomplished with atra...

The small fruit tortrix, Grapholita lobarzewskii (Nowicki) (Lepidoptera Tortricidae), is a serious problem in the organic apple or-chards of the Friuli Venezia Giulia region (northeastern Italy), particularly in hilly areas. Three trials on mating disruption of G. lobarzewskii were ...

The defence of stone-and pome-fruit orchards from Cydia molesta by the method of false-trail following, or "disorientation", has been evaluated. Such a method consists in the setting up of several prevailing pheromone trails, released by an appropriate number of dispensers loaded with low pheromone dosage, able to compete with those of the female insect and thus disorientate males in their search for partners. The soundness of the disorientation method has been demonstrated through experimental and large-scale demonstrative trials, covering more than 200 hectares of peach orchards and 32 hectares of pome-fruit orchards located in several Italian regions in 1998-99.Specific, biodegradable, pheromone dispensers, named Ecodian, numbering 2000/ha for a total amount of 20 g active ingredient per hectare, were used for each application, which had an average duration of 45-50 days. In peach orchards, in 1998 damages lower than 5% were registered on 159 of the 186 demonstration tests (81%), against 186 of the 209 tests (89%) in 1999. Damages less than 1% were registered in 74 tests in 1998 and 119 tests in 1999. In pome-fruit orchards, the dispensers for Cydia molesta were applied in mid-July on fields where, for the most part, the mating disruption was practiced with Ecopom Isagro dispensers for the defence against Cydia pomonella. Of the 22 demonstration trials in 1998, only 1 suffered damage of 2%, while in the other 21 the control was total. An excellent control of Cydia molesta was also achieved in 1999, only 1 out of the 31 tests suffered damage higher than 5% (mainly due to the border effect) while in 24 tests the attack was kept within 1%.

The codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) is a serious pest of pome fruit. Diapausing cocooned larvae overwinter in cryptic habitats in the soil or in the bark of infested trees. The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) is used to control diapausing codling moth larvae. The objective of this study was to define environmental conditions favouring the performance of the nematodes. Cocooned larvae were more susceptible than non-cocooned larvae. Susceptibility of pupae was low. To determine the influence of decreasing water activity (aw-value) on the activity of the nematodes, mortality of codling moth larvae and Galleria mellonella L. were tested in sand-sodium-polyacrylate mixtures of variable water activity. S. feltiae was able to infect both insects at aw-values >0.9. Cocooned larvae of both insects died at lower aw-values than non-cocooned larvae. Mortality of cocooned larvae did not further increase after half an hour of exposure to nematodes, whereas the mortality of non-cocooned larvae increased with increasing exposure time. LC50 and LC90 considerably decrease with increasing RH. The negative influence of the relative humidity (macro environment) was less important than the effect of the water activity in the bark substrate (micro environment). The micro environment can be manipulated by applying S. feltiae with higher volumes of water. A surfactant-polymer-formulation significantly increased nematode efficacy and can buffer detrimental environmental effects.

Erschoviella musculana Erschoff 1874, was firstly recorded in Turkey by this study as the result of studies conducted in the Bartin province between 2015-2018. This species which is an important walnut pest in middle Asia , the damage is not exactly known in our country. In addition, the damage of E. musculana is confused with Zeuzera pyrina in young shoots and Cydia pomonella in walnut green hull.

Öz Erschoviella musculana Erschoff 1874, 2015-2018 yıllarında Bartın ilinde yapılan çalışmalar neticesinde Türkiye'den ilk kayıt olarak bu çalışmada verilmektedir. Orta Asya'da önemli bir ceviz zararlısı olan türün yurdumuzda zararı tam bilinmemekle beraber taze sürgünlerde Zeuzera pyrina ve ceviz yeşil kabuğunda ise Cydia pomonella zararı ile karıştırılmaktadır.
Abstract Erschoviella musculana Erschoff 1874, was recorded in Turkey as the first time by this study as the result of studies conducted in the Bartin province between 2015-2018. This species which is an important walnut pest in middle Asia but, the damage is not exactly known in our country. Because damage of E. musculana confused with Zeuzera pyrina in fresh shoots and Cydia pomonella in walnut green hull.
Abstract Erschoviella musculana Erschoff 1874, was recorded in Turkey as the first time by this study as the result of studies conducted in the Bartin province between 2015-2018. This species which is an important walnut pest in middle Asia but, the damage is not exactly known in our country. Because damage of E. musculana confused with Zeuzera pyrina in fresh shoots and Cydia pomonella in walnut green hull. This insect is a serious threat for the walnut shoots and for the fruit of walnut . We are aware of the fact that this insect exist in various countries. The reason why this insect hasnt been recognized is that the harm it makes to shoots has been confused by the harm made by Zeuzera Pyrina and the harm it makes to the fruit was confused by the harm Cydia Pomonella makes. The spread path of this insect is caused by the logs of walnut, the species doesnt get spread by neither the fruit nor the sapling. This pest does not spread with the sapling of walnut. The insect is in pupa state during the winter. Homeland of the insect is Tadjikistan and Uzbekistan. All of the countries that import walnut logs from these countries are under damage of these insects.

Oviposition in wild codling moth females, collected as overwintering larvae from apple, pear and walnut, was stimulated by volatiles from fruit-bearing green branches of these respective hostplants. Analysis of headspace collections showed that eight compounds present in apple, pear and walnut elicited a reliable antennal response in codling moth females: (E)-β-ocimene, 4,8-dimethyl-1,(E)3,7nonatriene, (Z)3-hexenyl acetate, nonanal, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, (E,E)-α-farnesene, and methyl salicylate. Any one of these compounds is found in many other nonhost plants, and host recognition in codling moth is thus likely encoded by a blend of volatiles. A large variation in the blend proportion of these compounds released from apple, pear and walnut suggests a considerable plasticity in the female response to host plant odours. Wild females, collected as overwintering larvae in the field, laid significantly fewer eggs in the absence of host plant volatiles. The offspring of these females, however, reared on a semi-artificial diet in the laboratory, laid as many eggs with or without plant volatile stimulus. Tests with individual females showed that this rapid change in oviposition behaviour may be explained by selection for females which oviposit in the absence of odour stimuli, rather than by preimaginal conditioning of insects when rearing them on semi-artificial diet. Oviposition bioassays using laboratory-reared females are therefore not suitable to identify the volatile compounds which stimulate egglaying in wild females.

Insect cell lines from Arthropoda represented by Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Homoptera were evaluated for their ability to support replication of AcMNPV. In addition, some of the cell lines that were refractive to AcMNPV were tested with AcMNPV hsp70 Red, a recombinant carrying the red fluorescent protein (RFP) gene, for their ability to express this protein after inoculation. Of the 10 lepidopteran cell lines tested, only three cell lines from Helicoverpa zea (BCIRL-HZ-AM1), Lymantria dispar (IPLB-LD 65), and Cydia pomonella (CP-169) failed to support detectable viral replication as measured by tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID:~) assay. Heliothis virescens (BCIRL-HV-AM1) produced the highest viral titer of 2.3 • 0.1 • 107 TCIDso/ml followed by Heliothis subflexa (BCIRL-HS-AM1) at 4.7 • 0.1 • 10 ~ TCIDffml and Spodopterafrugiperda (IPLB-SF21)at 4.1 • 0.1 • 106 TCIDso/ml. None of the coleopteran, dipteran, or homopteran cell lines supported AcMNPV replication. However, when studies were performed using AcMNPV hsp70 Red, the dipteran cell lines Aedes aegypti (ATC-10) and Drosophila melanogaster (line 2), both expressed the RFP as well as the refractive lepidopteran cell lines from H. zea and L. dispar. No RFP expression was observed in any of the coleopteran or homopteran cell lines. Cell lines refractive to AcMNPV did not appear to be adversely affected by the virus, as judged by their ability to multiply, nor was there any indication of induced apoptosis, as assessed by deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation profiles or cell blebbing, or both.

The activity of detoxifying enzymes (glutathione-S-transferases (GST), mixedfunction oxidases (MFO), and esterases (EST)) and the presence of insensitive variants of target proteins (sodium channel and acetylcholinesterase) were examined in individual male and female codling moths. Twenty-nine populations from 11 countries and two laboratory strains were examined. Populations were classified as either unsprayed or sprayed. The ranges of enzyme activities across field populations varied 15-fold, 485-fold and fourfold for GST, MFO and EST, respectively. MFO was the only enzyme whose activity differed in a binomial classification of orchards based on their spray history. Few differences in enzyme activities were found due to sex among populations; and, in these cases, males had higher GST and lower MFO and EST activities than females. Activities of the three enzymatic systems across all populations were positively correlated. Populations from Greece, Argentina and Uruguay had significant percentages of moths with elevated GST and MFO activities. The co-occurrence of moths expressing both elevated MFO and low EST activities was found in conventional orchards from the Czech Republic and France. Chile was the only country where populations from treated orchards did not include a significant proportion of individuals with enhanced enzyme activity. The kdr mutation was found at significant levels in ten populations from five countries, including all French and Argentinean populations. The mutation in AChE was only detected in the Spanish population.

Crystal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thompsoni strain HnC are active against the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, a major pest of orchards. Inclusion bodies purified from strain HnC displayed an LC50 of 3.34 × 10−3μg/μl. HnC-purified crystals were tenfold more active than Cry2Aa and Cry1Aa toxins, and 100-fold more toxic than Cry1Ab. The 34-kDa and 40-kDa proteins contained in HnC inclusion bodies were shown to act synergistically. The toxicity of crystal proteins produced by the recombinant B. thuringiensis strain BT-OP expressing the full-length native operon was about tenfold higher than that of the 34-kDa protein. When the gene encoding the non-insecticidal 40-kDa protein, which is not active, was introduced into the recombinant strain producing only the 34-kDa protein, the toxicity was raised tenfold and was similar to that of the strain BT-OP.

Eleven species of Trichogramma are reported parasitizing tortricid eggs on apple and pear in North America. Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), were the primary pest species encountered. Species of the Trichogramma minutum complex were the dominant egg parasites in collections. One of the Trichogramma species, T. itsybitsi Pinto and Stouthamer, is new and is herein described. Species of Trichogramma collected are identified by their ITS2 DNA sequence. © 2001 Elsevier Science

This study was carried out to determine insect pests and their natural enemies in walnut orchards in Van lake basin in 2005Van lake basin in -2006. Steiner funnel, visual observation and rearing method were used for samplings. As a result, 29 phytophagous species belonging to 11 different families and 21 beneficial insect species belonging to 6 families were determined. It was observed that Cydia pomonella (L., 1758) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) was the economically important pest, and Panaphis juglandis (Goeze, 1778) (Hemiptera: Callaphididae) had remarkable population level. Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Adalia fasciatopuncata revelierei (Mulsant, 1866) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were the most common and widely distributed species among natural enemies obtained.

The biocontrol potential of South African isolates of Heterorhabditis zealandica, Steinernema citrae, S. khoisanae, S. yirgalemense, and Steinernema sp., was evaluated against codling moth, Cydia pomonella. Codling moth was susceptible to all six nematode isolates at a concentration of 50 infective juveniles/insect (78–100% mortality). Low temperatures (10 h at 17°C; 14 h at 12°C) negatively affected larvicidal activity (≤3%) for all isolates. All tested isolates were most effective at higher levels of water activity (a w=1). The average a w50-values for all isolates tested was 0.94 (0.93–0.95), except S. khoisanae 0.97 (0.97–0.98). Regarding host-seeking ability, no positive attraction to host cues could be detected amongst isolates, except for H. zealandica. Three of the isolates, H. zealandica, S. khoisanae, and the undescribed Steinernema sp., were selected for field-testing and proven to be effective (mortality >50%). Insect containment methods used during field experimentation was shown to influence larvacidal activity, as different levels of mortality were obtained using various containment methods (wooden planks vs. pear tree logs vs. mesh cages). Pear tree logs were impractical. Predictive equations were subsequently developed, enabling future trials to be conducted using either planks or cages, enabling the prediction of the expected level of control on tree logs. All tested isolates therefore showed a certain degree of biological control potential, however, none of the experiments showed clear efficacy-differences amongst isolates. The study highlighted the importance of environmental factors to ensure the successful application of these nematodes for the control of diapausing codling moth larvae in temperate regions.

Spanish Cydia pomonella (L.) field populations have developed resistance to several insecticide groups. Diagnostic concentrations were established as the LC 90 calculated on a susceptible strain (S_Spain) for five and seven insecticides and tested on eggs and neonate larvae field populations, respectively. The three most relevant enzymatic detoxification systems (mixed-function oxidases (MFO), glutathione S-tranferases (GST) and esterases (EST)) were studied for neonate larvae.

and SECNA (FAO). Photo's 011the back cover were provided by Patrick Robert (tsetse f1y), Ignacio Baez (cactus 1110tll),Scott Bauer (USDA Agricultural Research Serviee, www.forestryimages.org-Mediterranean fruit fly, melon f1y), Jack Dykinga (USDA Agricultural Research Service, www.forestryimages.org-Mexican fruit f1y), Susan Ellis (www.forestryimages.org-Asian tiger mosquito), Alton N. Sparks (University ofGeorgia, www.forestryimages.org-boll weevil), Hcndrik Hofmeyr (false codling moth), and the Locust Group (FAO) (desert locust).

Pheromone gland extracts of codling moth females were examined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and electroantennography. Nine compounds elicited antennal activity: the main pheromone compound codlemone (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol, the E,Z and Z,E isomers of codlemone, codlemone acetate (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate, codlemone aldehyde (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienal, the monounsaturated alcohols (E)-8-dodecenol and (E)-9-dodecenol, and dodecanol. In wind tunnel experiments, addition of dodecanol, the E,Z isomer of codlemone and codlemone acetate augmented male attraction to codlemone at the proportions found in female glands. Larger amounts of the E,Z isomer of codlemone and codlemone acetate had a strong antagonistic effect on male attraction. The identification of pheromone synergists in codling moth is of importance for the development of pheromone-based control methods.

The capture of adult male moths in female sex pheromone traps of two key agricultural pests, the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) and the codling moth (Cydia pomonella), is enhanced or synergized by a certain group of host-plant volatiles, the "green-leaf volatiles" (GLVs). Since female adults of both species call and release their sex pheromones while perched upon the leaves of their host-plants, the volatile constituents from the leaves of a number of host-plants were compared. Sex pheromone traps containing one of the prominent leaf volatiles of certain H. zea hosts, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, not only significantly increased the capture of H. zea males but were preferred over traps baited only with sex pheromone. Similarly, traps baited with synthetic sex pheromome of C. pomonella plus a blend of GLVs captured significantly more males than traps baited only with sex pheromone. Since male moths are not captured in traps baited only with these GLVs, it appears that these GLVs act as pheromone synergists which increase or enhance the attraction or arrestment of male moths in pheromone traps.

Ethyl (2E, 4Z)-2,4-decadienoate, a pear-derived volatile, is a species-specific, durable, and highly potent attractant to the codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.), a serious pest of walnuts, apples, and pears worldwide. This kairomone attracts both CM males and virgin and mated females. It is highly attractive to CM in both walnut and apple orchard contexts, but has shown limited effectiveness in a pear orchard context. Rubber septa lures loaded with ethyl (2E, 4Z)-2,4-decadienoate remained attractive for several months under field conditions. At the same low microgram load rates on septa, the combined gender capture of CM in kairomone-baited traps was similar to the capture rate of males in traps baited with codlemone, the major sex pheromone component. The particular attribute of attracting CM females renders this kairomone a novel tool for monitoring population flight and mating-ovipositional status, and potentially a major new weapon for directly controlling CM populations.

Two species of Tortricidae (Olethreutinae, Grapholitini) belonging to the genus Pammene Hübner, [1825] : P. obscurana (Stephens, 1834) and P. suspectana ([Lienig] & Zeller, 1846) are reported in this work. These were diagnosed after the genitalic analysis of males collected in Catalonia in pheromone-baited delta sticky traps; pheromones used were those of Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus, 1758) and Grapholita molesta (Busck, 1916). The former is new to Catalonia (Spain); the latter is new to the ibero balearican fauna.

En este trabajo se analizaron algunos aspectos del comportamiento de selección de larvas de Cydia pomonella por hembras de Goniozus legneri. Este insecto parasita los estadios larvales tercero, cuarto y quinto de C. pomonella; pudiéndose comprobar que los ataques (= paralización) se realizan preferentemente a un solo hospedador por vez existiendo una clara preferencia por larvas del quinto estadio. La selección preferencial de larvas 5 podría deberse a que estas (debido a su mayor tamaño) posibilitan al parasitoide obtener un mayor numero de descendientes por hospedador parasitado. Aquellas hembras que atacaron más de un hospedador no mostraron una direccionalidad marcada respecto al estadio larval elegido para oviponer.G. legneri no muestra una preferencia hacia larvas de C. pomonella de un determinado sexo. Posiblemente esto se deba a que la oviposición y el desarrollo de los estadios inmaduros no se ven influenciados por el sexo de la larva.

Solubilized protoxins of nine Cry1 and one hybrid Cry1 -endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis were tested for their activity against larvae of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella L). Cry1Da was the most toxic, followed by Cry1Ab, Cry1Ba, and Cry1Ac, while Cry1Aa, Cry1Fa, Cry1Ia, and SN19 were still less active. Cry1Ca and Cry1Cb showed no activity. In vitro trypsin activation increased activity of all eight active -endotoxins, and dramatically enhanced toxicity of hybrid SN19, Cry1Aa, Cry1Ac, and Cry1Fa. The diVerences between toxicity of proteins before and after trypsin digestion suggests that proteolytic activation in the C. pomonella digestive tract plays a critical role for the activity of Cry proteins against this insect.

The IAP3 protein of Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) was the first identified member of the baculovirus IAP family of proteins, which have been shown to block apoptosis in diverse systems. However, little is known of the expression and subcellular localisation of CpGV IAP3 during a viral infection. This study examined IAP3 in cells infected by CpGV and in cells infected by an Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) recombinant that carried the CpGV iap3 gene. The levels of iap3 specific transcripts were monitored and production of the protein was assessed using an IAP3-specific antiserum. The data showed that iap3 is expressed during both early and late phases of infection, with a switch occurring from distal early transcription start sites to proximal late start sites. Protein levels are highest after DNA replication. IAP3 is localised exclusively in the cytoplasm. Subcellular fractionation experiments demonstrated that the protein is present in both soluble and membrane-bound cytosolic fractions. The membrane-bound fraction includes IAP3 that is associated with the mitochondria. However, the data do not support the hypothesis that release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria is involved in baculovirus-induced apoptosis.

A case study of a pheromone-based attract-and-kill management strategy for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), was conducted to examine key insect behavioral factors mitigating the possible effectiveness of this strategy. Last Call CM is a newly registered attracticide product that combines the primary component of codling moth sex pheromone with the insecticide permethrin. Studies of competition between pheromone point sources within caged trees showed individual attracticide droplets were signiÞcantly more attractive to male moths than calling females. In commercial orchard blocks, marked male moths were recaptured after visiting attracticide droplets applied at rates of 50, 100, and 200 droplets/ha, although no marked moths were recaptured in plots with 500 droplets/ha. This experiment also revealed no signiÞcant differences among 0, 50, 100, and 200 droplets/ha in suppressing total catch in female-baited traps, nor were total numbers of females attracting at least one male reduced signiÞcantly. In plots with 500 droplets/ha applied, male moth catch was suppressed signiÞcantly compared with catches in untreated control plots, and the number of females attracting at least one male was reduced signiÞcantly as well. Experiments investigating sublethal physiological effects of attracticide exposure upon mating competency of male codling moths demonstrated male leg autotomy at 1, 24, 48, and 72 h after exposure. Male codling moth at 1, 24, 48, and 72 h after exposure placed near calling virgin females exhibited signiÞcant behavioral differences from sham-treated males in courtship and mating. These results clarify some of the possible mechanisms, and strengths and weaknesses of this attract-and-kill management strategy for codling moth.

We determined that location of host (Cydia pomonella) eggs by Ascogaster quadridentata is mediated by kairomones, investigated potential sources of the kairomones and identified a blend of kairomones from the source that was attractive to A. quadridentata. In Y-tube olfactometer bioassays, female A. quadridentata were attracted to Porapak Q-collected volatiles from female C. pomonella scales and eggs, but not to C. pomonella sex pheromone. Scales of C. pomonella were also attractive to male A. quadridentata. Coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection analysis of scale volatile extracts revealed numerous compounds that elicited responses from male or female A. quadridentata antennae, including heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, undecan-2-one, dodecanal, pentadecan-2-one, (Z)-6-pentadecen-2-one, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z)-6-heptadecen-2-one, and 3,7,11-trimethyl-2E,6E,10-dodecatrien-1-ol acetate. A synthetic blend of these compounds at quantities and ratios equivalent to Porapak Q scale volatile extract was attractive to female A. quadridentata in a Y-tube olfactometer bioassay.

The behavioral and electroantennographic responses of Cydia pomonella (L.) to the ripe pear volatile ethyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate (Et-E,Z-DD), were compared in insecticide-susceptible and -resistant populations originating from southern France. A dose–response relationship to this kairomonal attractant was established for antennal activity and did not reveal differences between susceptible and resistant strains. Conversely, males of the laboratory strains expressing metabolic [cytochrome P450-dependent

György MAKRANCZY1, Miklós TÓTH2, Jean-Pierre CHAMBON3, C. Rikard UNELIUS4, Marie BENGTSSON1 and Peter WITZGALL1,∗ 1Department of Plant Protection Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden (∗author for correspondence; ...

Woolly aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), was monitored over three growing seasons (1995)(1996)(1997)(1998) to assess its abundance and management under apple IPM programs at Bathurst on the Central Tablelands of NSW, Australia. Woolly aphid infestations were found to be extremely low in IPM programs utilising mating disruption and fenoxycarb for codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) control. This was the direct result of increased numbers of natural enemies. No insecticides were applied for woolly aphid control. Under the IPM strategies tested the principal control agent was identified as European earwig (Forficula auricularia L.) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). Earwigs in combination with Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) reduced woolly aphid infestations below the action threshold set by commercial growers. However, A. mali together with other flying natural enemies, e.g., ladybirds, lacewings and hoverflies, did not provide commercially acceptable control of woolly aphid in the absence of earwigs. Under the conventional spray program, using the broad-spectrum insecticide azinphos-methyl for codling moth control, the level of woolly aphid infestation increased with each successive season and biological control was not established. When azinphos-methyl was withdrawn, natural enemies migrated in and provided control of woolly aphid within one season. This is the first study to show that the biological control of woolly aphid can be achieved in a commercially viable IPM program.

Since 2006, a large scale research on the effectiveness of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) in the control of codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella, overwintering larvae has been performed on about 35 ha of pear orchards per year in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy. Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema feltiae activity was checked after spray applications of EPNs to the trunk and branches. In 2006, the treatment was applied either in spring or in autumn at different doses, before CM pupation; in 2007 the EPN treatment was applied only in autumn at 1.5 x 10 9 I.J. ha -1 . Every year it was distributed by means of a conventional mist blower. The larval mortality was assessed directly on sentinel larvae in card boards on the trunks and indirectly on the eggs laid by the females of the first CM generation in spring. Moreover, each year, a trial was performed applying only S. carpocapsae on sentinel larvae with the aim of testing this nematode at suitable temperatures but at different water volumes. The CM sentinel larvae were effectively parasitized after autumnal EPN application. Moreover, the egg assessment demonstrated a good decrease in CM population in spring 2007, when EPNs had been applied at the best weather conditions (t° 12-14 °C and rain) in the previous autumn.

The small fruit tortrix, Grapholita lobarzewskii (Nowicki) (Lepidoptera Tortricidae), is a serious problem in the organic apple orchards of the Friuli Venezia Giulia region (northeastern Italy), particularly in hilly areas. Three trials on mating disruption of G. lobarzewskii were carried out in two organic apple orchards characterized respectively by very high and low population pressure of this carpophagous pest. Red Isomate-OFM (C-plus)® dispensers, used for the control of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), were applied once a year at a rate of 600 dispensers/ha. The pheromone blend released from the dispensers has remarkable analogies with that of G. lobarzewskii. In plots where the dispensers were applied, the male catches in the pheromone traps were very low or null, indirectly confirming the mating reduction. A reduction of eggs laid on apple fruit was also observed. Mating disruption reduced significantly the percentage of apple fruit attacked by the small ...

Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) has been used for 15 years as a bioinsecticide in codling moth (Cydia pomonella) control. In 2004, some insect populations with low susceptibility to the virus were detected for the first time in southeast France. RGV, a laboratory colony of codling moths resistant to the CpGV-M isolate used in the field, was established with collection of resistant insects in the field followed by an introgression of the resistant trait into a susceptible colony (Sv). The resistance level (based on the 50% lethal concentrations [LC50s]) of the RGV colony to the CpGV-M isolate, the active ingredient in all commercial virus formulations in Europe, appeared to be over 60,000-fold compared to the Sv colony. The efficiency of CpGV isolates from various other regions was tested on RGV. Among them, two isolates (I12 and NPP-R1) presented an increased pathogenicity on RGV. I12 had already been identified as effective against a resistant C. pomonella colony in Germany and...

The influence of constant temperatures on biological parameters of German strains of Trichogramma aurosum Sugonjaev & Sorokina (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was evaluated in the laboratory on eggs of Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Development time and longevity of all strains were decreased as temperature increased. Development time of the strains differed significantly only when exposed to 15°, 20°, and 25°C. Cumulative fertility and longevity differed significantly at 15°a nd 20°C. Realized fertility differed significantly at all constant temperatures. Emergence rates of all strains were less than 65% and were decreased even further as temperature increased. Female-biased sex ratio ranged from 65% to 100% at all constant temperatures. The low temperature threshold for T. aurosum was 10°C and the mean number of degreedays at 15°, 20°, 25°and 30°C was 175, 183, 173 and 185, respectively. The Bavarian strain tolerated high temperatures and had the highest parasitization capability, while the Hessian strain had the lowest parasitization at all temperatures. Fertility life table analysis revealed a major effect of temperature on the population growth parameters. Net reproductive rate was highest at intermediate constant temperatures in all strains, with the highest rate recorded for the Bavarian strains at all constant temperatures. Mean cohort generation time, and population doubling time decreased as temperature increased. The daily intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase were positively correlated with temperature. The relevance of our results is discussed in the context of climatic adaptation, intraspecific variability and biological control.

Abstract. Mating disruption of codling moth, Cydia pomonella, was studied in apple orchards treated with the main pheromone compound codlemone, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol, and a blend of codlemone and codlemone acetate, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate, a strong ...

Regulation of autonomic physiological functions has been investigated by means of multisensor electronic methods, including electrocardiographic recording of heartbeat, strain-gauge recording of extracardiac hemocoelic pulsations (EHPs), anemometric recording of air passage through spiracles and respirographic recording of O 2 consumption and CO 2 output. Pupae of Cydia exhibit continuous respiration without remarkable bursts of CO 2 . The dorsal vessel of these pupae exhibited regular heartbeat reversals characterized by shorter intervals of faster (forward oriented or anterograde) pulsations and longer intervals of slower (backward oriented or retrograde) peristaltic waves. The periodically repeated EHPs were present during the whole pupal interecdysial period. The internal physiological mechanisms regulating the cardiac (heartbeat) and extracardiac (EHP) pulsations were completely independent for most of the pupal instar. Simultaneous multisensor analysis revealed that the anterograde heartbeat of the dorsal vessel had similar but not identical frequency with EHPs. During advanced pharate adult development, frequency of cardiac and extracardiac pulsation periods profoundly increased until almost uninterrupted pulsation activity towards adult eclosion. At this time, the cardiac and extracardiac pulsations occasionally performed in concert, which enhanced considerably the efficacy of hemolymph circulation in pharate adults with high metabolic rates. The fastest hemolymph flow through the main body cavity was always associated with EHPs and with anterograde heartbeat. Simple physical diffusion of O 2 and CO 2 through spiracles (diffusion theory of insect respiration) does not play a significant role in pupal respiration. Instead, several kinds of regulated, mechanical ventilations of the tracheal system, including EHPs are responsible for effective tracheal ventilation. 