Concordance

Objectives: To evaluate the changes in the multiple sclerosis (MS) concordance in twins, and the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the aetiology of MS in Finland. Background: Both genes and the environment contribute to the development of MS. A well-conducted twin study is an excellent means to assess the relative contribution of heritability and environmental factors. Methods: Multiple sclerosis concordance was assessed for 10 Monozygotic and 14 dizygotic twin pairs using pairwise and probandwise concordance rates. The tetrachoric correlations in liability to disease for twin pairs were computed and a polygenic multifactorial model was used to estimate heritability. Results: The pairwise concordance for MZ twins was 30% and for the DZ twins 14.3%, compared with 30% for MZ and 0% for DZ 20 years ago. The corresponding probandwise concordance rates were 46.2% and 25%. The genetic variance (heritability) was 15.3% (95% Cl 0.0-77.6), the common environmental variance 73.7% (95% Cl 14.1-93.9) and the unique environmental variance 11.1% (95% Cl 2.3-30.0). Conclusions: As the concordance of MS in DZ twins has increased during the past two decades and the heritability estimate is low, it seems that the reported increase in MS incidence in Finland is mainly caused by environmental factors.

In this short communication, we discuss alternative ways to estimate accordance and concordance, which are, for qualitative methods, the analogues of the well-known concepts repeatability and reproducibility. We argue that estimators in a random framework appear to be more appropriate than the estimators in a fixed framework as they were originally introduced by Langton et al. [International Journal of Food Microbiology 79 (2002) 171]. A simple example of their application is given. D

As an established fact, corpus-based studies are of paramount value to shed some light on the qualitative and quantitative linguistic analysis whose extension is getting prevalent in the realm of language learning and teaching especially by making grammar subservient to lexis. Concordance as a vibrant technique for corpus-based studies elucidates some of the previously-ignored features of language learning which have colossal implications for language teaching. This study accentuates on this technique and delves extensively into myriad of applications of ELT situation and its associated prerequisites and conditions. It is done via providing tangible procedure-based strategies and analyzing pitfalls attributed to concordance applications through which the language learning is thought to be facilitated and teachers paves the way for achieving the intended objectives.

La construction de barrage hydro-agricole demeure une nécessité absolue dans un contexte de sécheresse persistante au Burkina Faso. Le futur barrage de Samendéni devant contenir 1 milliard de mètres cube d'eau se situe dans des formations constituées de grès très fins reposant en concordance sur des sédiments fins très altérés. Le site se situe à quelques centaines de mètres d'un accident majeur, faille décrochante dextre de près de 60 km. Les mesures électriques et électromagnétiques Max-Min ont mis en évidence deux intrusions de dolérites, de nombreuses failles qui recoupent la digue. Les failles les plus incisives sont celles qui mettent en contact les intrusions de dolérites et leur encaissant. L'existence des failles pose un problème d'étanchéité et de stabilité de la digue. De plus, la mise en eau de l'ouvrage pourrait faire rejouer la faille décrochante située en amont (séisme induit).

The scattered literature on Spearman's footrule and Gini's gamma is surveyed. The following topics are covered: finite-sample moments and asymptotic distribution under independence; large-sample distribution under arbitrary alternatives; asymptotic relative efficiency for testing independence; consistent asymptotic variance estimation through the jackknife; multivariate generalisations and uses. Complementary results and an extensive bibliography are provided, along with several original illustrations.

The aim of this article was to assess the validity of the emotional and developmental components of the Koppitz human figure drawing test. 2420 children's drawings available in a database resulting from a previous cross sectional study designed to determine the prevalence of neurological diseases in children between 0 and 12 years old in Bogota schools were evaluated. They were scored using the criteria proposed by Koppitz, and classified into 16 groups according to age, gender, and presence/absence of learning or attention problems. The overall results were then compared with the normative study to assess whether descriptive parameters of the two populations were significantly different. There were no significant differences associated with presence/absence of learning and attention disorders or school attended within the overall sample. An Interrater reliability test has been made to assure the homogeneity of scoring by the evaluator team. There were significant differences be...

The study was conducted to evaluate the technical and clinical performance of the VITROS ® Immunodiagnostic Products 25-OH Vitamin D Total Assay, and compare it with the performance of five marketed automated assays and a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry reference method (LC-MS/MS). Methods: Three hundred patient serum samples were used to compare the correlation of the VITROS ® 25-OH Vitamin D Total Assay with both the other immunoassays and the LC-MS/MS method, using Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman analyses. Concordance of the diagnosis of vitamin D status was calculated to test the agreement between the different assays. In addition, samples containing vitamin D2 were used to test the assay ' s ability to detect the D2 form of the vitamin. Results and conclusions: These results from the VITROS ® 25-OH Vitamin D Total Assay generally correlated well with those from most of the marketed immunoassays. Cross-reactivity of the D2 form was calculated as being close to 100%. Additionally, we found substantial variability in performance amongst the various assays, which suggests the need for optimisation and recalibration of commercial methods.

Аннотация В статье обсуждаются сначала главные цели, теория, методы и данные, лежащие в основе научного проекта, посвященного изучению украинского конфликта как поля сражения конфликтующих дискурсов. Этот проект охватывает четыре страны (UKR, RU, PL, CZ), четыре типа дискурсов (правительственные сообщения, парламентские и телевизионные дебаты, статьи и репортажи из отдельных газет) и покрывает период с ноября 2013 по февраль 2015 г. После обсуждения основных черт, а также разных недостатков тнз. "теории аппроксимизации", предлагаемой в работах П. Чилтона и П. Цапа, представляется лексико-статистический корпусный анализ, разработанный с помощью программы AntConc. Здесь приводится частотный рэнкинг важнейших ключевых слов в межнациональном сопоставлении. В следующей главе прослеживается судьба отдельных слов-таких, как война, гражданская война и их коллокаций; затем следует попытка объяснения полученных результатов. В последнем разделе рассматриваются два типа аналогичной аргументации: сравнения и метафоры. Аргументация посредством исторических параллелей, употребляемых конфликтующими странами, получает критическую оценку. Разбор политических метафор связан главным образом с метафорами еды; примеры подвергаются контекстуальному анализу вместе с метонимиями и блендами, построенными по принципу совмещения ментальных пространств.

Öz Farklı asırların edebî yükünü taşıyan klasik şiirleri yorumlamak, klasik edebiyat çalışmalarına katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu sebeple TEBDİZ (Tarih ve Edebiyat Metinleri Bağlamlı Dizini ve İşlevsel Sözlüğü) adıyla klasik şiirin mana dünyasını ortak bir platformda toplayan elektronik bir sistem geliştirilmiştir. Sisteme 16. yüzyıl şairi, Vardar Yeniceli Hayretî'nin Mehmet Çavuşoğlu ve M. Ali Tanyeri tarafından tenkitli metin olarak yayımladıkları divanı; transkriptli metin olarak yüklenmiş, divanda bulunan şiirlerin kelimeleri de devrin zihniyetine ve şairin sanat anlayışına bağlı olarak anlamlandırılmıştır. Anlamlandırılan kelimeler TEBDİZ bilgisayar altyapısı sayesinde bağlamlı dizin hâline getirilmiştir. Nihaî olarak bu çalışmada Hayretî'nin literatürdeki hayatı ve sanatıyla ilgili bilgiler, Hayretî Divanı'ndan elde edilen bağlamlı dizin müşterekinde yorumlanmış ve şairin edebî şahsiyetinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu yönüyle bu çalışmanın bağlam bakımından tespitleri, pek çok edebî malzemeyi barındırmakta; inceleme ve değerlendirmeleri de Hayretî'nin sanatına ve üslubuna dair özgün bilgileri içermektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Hayretî, Vardar Yenicesi, bağlamlı dizin, sözlük, TEBDİZ.

This LIA International Conference and Cultural Events 2015 proceeding elaborates how a freeware concordancer named  AntConc facilitates teaching and learning of grammar to 21st century learners and it suggests some activities to encourage students' self-discovery and induction of grammar structure

News-media unequivocally shape political discourse and thought. Broadcast-media have the largest audience for any single news source and sources of political or politically oriented material (Pew 2012). Crawford says, “It is a truism that no human institution is more potent for the good or the evil of society, than the press” (1969 p. vii). The prevalence of corporate control of huge sectors of the market is unparalleled in other forms of publication (Lazere 1987). Therefore these media entities mold human discourse and political life globally on an incomparable scale.
This thesis uses an interdisciplinary approach to overview major problems in journalism and how they are manifested; especially the psychological phenomena in play and employed by writers of news media. The following questions are addressed: (1)How are theories of propaganda and public opinion/relations actuated through the media (purposefully or not)? (2)How can journalists’ interpretation of current events affect our judgments? (3)How do the choices of wording affect the general public? (4)What premises are assumed (entailed or presupposed) by wording in news? (5) Can common abuses in journalism be attributed to conscious motivations?
This thesis examines the discourse and implications in coverage of the Iraq war in CNN’s coverage. The analysis focuses on how news agencies construct the war. The applicability of accepted propaganda models as related to Iraq war coverage will be tested. The history of propaganda and public relations are covered for context; how is propaganda actuated through language behavior?
A concordance analysis is used to chart word frequency, finding a markedly different frequency per million in a data-set using News Night with Aaron Brown and Breaking News Reports from March of 2003. Specific modals and other words indicating speculation are charted, showing problematic coverage.

In 2014, Armed Forces & Society published Ali’s work, ‘Contradiction of Concordance Theory: Failure to Understand Military intervention in Pakistan.’’ Shortly thereafter in 2015, Schiff, the author of concordance theory, defended her theory with ‘‘Concordance Theory in Pakistan: Response to Zulfiqar Ali.’’ To this, Ali (2016) reiterated his position with, “Pakistan, Military Coup and Concordance: Four Objections to Schiff”. In response to Ali’s ideas (2014, 2016), this articles argues that Ali’s accounts lack not only theoretical and methodological rigor but also suffers from empirical fallacies and factual errors. Thus, he has failed to understand military intervention in Pakistan.

Sheekada “Rooxaan” (1973) waxa ay ka mid tahay qoraallada loo doortey in ay ka mid noqdaan mashruuca weeleynta Suugaanta Afka Soomaaliga iyo ereyadiisa. Tixraaca qoraalku waa “Shire J. Axmed, Rooxaan, Wasaaradda Hiddaha iyo Tacliinta Sare, Xamar, 1973”.

Barmaamijka Weeleynta Suugaanta Afka Soomaaliga iyo Ereyadiisa waa barmaamij cilmi-baadhiseed oo lagu dhisayo kaydka ereyga Afka Soomaaliga. Waa weel ay ku kaydsan yihiin ereyada Af Soomaaliga, rogaanroggooda, abtirintooda, abla'ablaynta qaybta hadalka, sida erey kasta loogu adeegsado hadalka: tix iyo tiraab, cilmiga iyo madaddaalada, afka dowliga iyo kan cilmi barashada, sheekada male-awaalka ah, curisyada, suugaanta qoran iyo ta laga dhawaajiyo, tu hore u kaydsan qoraal ahaan iyo kuwa hadda isla barmaamijkan loo qoro ba (tus: maansoyahanno laga dhagaysto suugaantooda oo laga qoro).

1) [email protected], (2) [email protected] RESUMEN Conocer la flora de un territorio ocupa un lugar destacado a la hora de abordar la conservación del medio natural. Con este objetivo se ha realizado un estudio de la flora vascular del Parque Nacional de Monfragüe y Área de Influencia (aproximadamente 150.000 Ha). Como resultado se han catalogado 1.404 taxones de plantas vasculares, destacándose en este trabajo las especies protegidas y niveles de endemismos para el área de Monfragüe. Los taxones pertenecen a 112 familias. Las mejor representadas son Poaceae, Fabaceae y Asteraceae, que constituyendo el 2,7% de las familias acumulan el 31,7% de los taxones.

Hayretî, 16. yüzyılda Vardar Yenicesi’nde doğmuş bir şairdir. Vardar Yenicesi, dönemin edebî zirvesini yaşayan İstanbul’dan uzakta farklı bir kültürü, yaşayışı ve edebî iklimi sınırlarında diri tutan ve mahallî özellikleri barındıran bir merkezdir. Burada doğan Hayretî; insan tabiatına hoş gelen, lirik ve sade gazelleri, hayalle yüklü üslubu ile yetiştiği coğrafyanın alem isimlerinden olmuştur.
Bu veriler neticesinde Ankara Milli Kütüphane 06 Mil YzA 485 nolu mecmuanın 108a varağında tespit edilen gazel şair Hayretî’ye ait olup olmadığı tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. 108a’da bulunan gazel ile Hayretî üslubunun nesnel kriterler çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi maksadıyla (Tarlan 2004), (Çavuşoğlu 1971), (Kurnaz 2012) ve (Şenödeyici 2011)’in şiir tahlili çalışmaları örnek alınarak şekil, âhenk ve mana ölçütleri çerçevesinde mukayese yapılmıştır. Ayrıca bu çalışmada Mehmed Çavuşoğlu ile M. Ali Tanyeri tarafından yayımlanan Hayretî Dîvânı esas kabul edilerek çalışma süreci devam eden Hayretî Dîvânı Sözlüğü (Bağlamlı Dizin ve İşlevsel Sözlük) isimli doktora tezinin bağlamlı dizininden faydalanılmıştır. Ayrıca TEBDİZ adı verilen bağlamlı dizin altyapısından sağlanan verilerden istifade edilmiştir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Hayretî, üslup, bağlamlı dizin, işlevsel sözlük, bilinmeyen gazel.

Sono rigorosamente vietati la riproduzione, la traduzione, l'adattamento, anche parziale o per estratti, per qualsiasi uso e con qualsiasi mezzo efettuati, compresi la copia fotostatica, il microilm, la memorizzazione elettronica, ecc., senza la preventiva autorizzazione scritta della Fabrizio Serra • Editore ® , Pisa • Roma, un marchio della Accademia editoriale ® , Pisa • Roma. Ogni abuso sarà perseguito a norma di legge.

Rilevata la mancanza di bibliografia critica sul tema, l’Autore esplora la presenza di Sbarbaro nella poesia di Pavese. Dal generico influsso decadente delle liriche giovanili all’esordio di Lavorare stanca, l’indagine – condotta con l’ausilio di strumenti di lessicografia e critica testuale – rintraccia un cambiamento ed un ispessimento qualitativo nella ricezione pavesiana di Pianissimo.
Given the lack of studies on this subject, the Author proves the presence of Sbarbaro in Pavese’s poetry throughout the iuvenilia and his first published work, Lavorare stanca. In this investigation – carried out via lexicografical and critical tools – the Author identifies a change and a deepening in Pavese’s reception of Pianissimo.

This is a complete concordance of Dīvān-e Ghālib, the Urdu works of Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan Ghālib (1796-1869), the preeminent Indian Urdu and Persian poet known for his ghazals. The ghazal, a traditional genre of Arabic, Persian, Urdu poetry is comprised of independent two line poems called shi‘rs that follow a rhyme and are in one meter. This concordance—a complete index—is a digitally compiled work that uses his traditional divan, known in Urdu as muravvaj dīvān¬, as a reference point. This divan has two hundred and thirty four ghazals in total. The ghazals, however, are not traditionally numbered but they follow the same traditional sequence in all editions of the muravvaj dīvān¬.

Here I use Professor Frances Pritchett’s numbering of the ghazals and its individual shi‘rs as found on her web project on Ghālib, ‘A Desertful of Roses’,  where each ghazal is numbered from 1-234 and each shi‘r of the ghazal is numbered from 1-. Every reference in the concordance thus is composed of a ghazal number and a shi‘r number. This is how a sample entry looks like: [word]: {ghazal no., shi‘r no.}…: [frequency of the word in corpus]. For example, ābād: {101,9}, {145,1}, {182,2}: 3. The word ābād appears 3 times in the corpus, in shi‘r 9 of ghazal 101, shi‘r 1 of ghazal 145, and shi‘r 2 of ghazal 182. The textual corpus I use to compile the concordance is also borrowed from Pritchett’s web project, and is in the Roman transliteration system used for the project. I owe much gratitude to her for making the text available publicly.

Finally, it must be mentioned that this is the first research/reference tool of its kind for Urdu, the first known concordance for any Urdu text, and is part of a larger project of compiling similar concordances for other canonical Urdu works, such as the complete works of Mir Taqi Mir (d. 1810), Muhammad Iqbal (d. 1938), and Faiz Ahmad Faiz (d. 1984) amongst others. One hopes to make this, and other concordances, available dynamically on a web site very soon, in addition to the textual versions. This piece has not been published, and is being made available publicly for the first time in this format.
For citation, the Columbia University's Academic Commons reference can be used: http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/catalog/ac:179692 . The item also has a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) Number and a permanent link: http://dx.doi.org/10.7916/D8FB51NB

Urbanization causes fragmentation creating "islands" of natural habitat. The resulting fragmented landscapes represent a challenge for migratory and resident species because of decreased connectivity among fragments. We examined the effects of urbanization on avifauna communities in remnant and restored parks in the greater St. Louis area (St. Louis), Missouri and Illinois, USA. St. Louis is located along the Mississippi flyway, a significant North American migratory bird route, and ranks second among the most sprawl-threatened large cities. We compiled bird assemblages for 20 parks and used multiple linear regressions and Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to analyze seven potential predictors of species richness for breeding, migratory and wintering species: area, habitat diversity, external development within 1 km and 5 km buffers, internal developed areas, road length, and presence of water bodies. The best predictors of resident bird (i.e., breeding and wintering) species richness was park area and external developed area within 5 km, a surrogate for isolation. We suspect that the high species richness in parks in heavily urbanized areas is explained by the parks' relatively large size and the funneling of species to two large parks within the most urbanized areas of St. Louis. For migratory species, the best predictors were habitat diversity and developed area within the park. As development continues to transform natural habitat along important avian migratory flyways, urban planning that includes large, diverse natural areas within urbanized landscapes is key to conserving local and migratory avifauna diversity.

This is a complete concordance of Dīvān-e Ghālib, the Urdu works of Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan Ghālib (1796-1869), the preeminent Indian Urdu and Persian poet known for his ghazals. The ghazal, a traditional genre of Arabic, Persian, Urdu poetry is comprised of independent two line poems called shi'rs that follow a rhyme and are in one meter. This concordance-a complete index-is a digitally compiled work that uses his traditional divan, known in Urdu as muravvaj dīvān, as a reference point. This divan has two hundred and thirty four ghazals in total. The ghazals, however, are not traditionally numbered but they follow the same traditional sequence in all editions of the muravvaj dīvān.

Introduction: although histopathological diagnosis remains the gold standard; good clinical impression is potentially a key diagnostic tool in rural resource-limited settings. Thus, good concordance between clinical impression and histopathological diagnosis is thus a very crucial diagnostic oral pathology tool in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).



Methods: this retrospective study was performed at the Oral pathology and Oral diagnoses units of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC), Osun state. Clinicopathological reports of all biopsies between the period of 2008-2017 were retrieved and analyzed. Descriptive analysis of data was done using Stata 14. Frequency of oral lesions and rates of accurate clinical diagnoses were evaluated for lesional sites and clinician's qualification/specialization.



Results: in 592 biopsied cases, the mean age was 36.1years with higher female predilection (54.4%). Odontogenic tumors (OTs) were the most prevalent category of lesions (25.3%, n=149), followed by reactive lesions (12%, n=71). Absolute concordance was recorded for 54.6% (k=0.5) of the cases; with highest concordance observed in fibro-osseous lesions (65.6%, k=0.43), and least in pulp/periapical lesions (3.5%). Concordance was higher in females (59.5%, k=0.53) than males (48.3%, k=0.44). Oral medicine specialists had the highest concordance index (62.5%, k=0.59).



Conclusion: the findings in this research indicate that, on a general note, the degree of concordance between clinical and histopathological diagnosis is poor. Hence, improvement in diagnostic skills (irrespective of clinical specialty) is important to improve treatment outcomes, particularly in LMICs. Continuous personnel training and utilization of advanced diagnostic techniques can potentially help bridge the diagnostic gaps.

The Semi-structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism (SSADDA) is a diagnostic instrument developed for studies of the genetics of substance use and associated disorders. The SSADDA provides more detailed coverage of specific drug use disorders, particularly cocaine and opioid dependence, than existing psychiatric diagnostic instruments. A computerized version of the SSADDA was developed to permit direct entry of subject responses by the interviewer. This study examines the diagnostic reliability of the SSADDA for substance use disorders and for other DSM-IV disorders that are commonly associated with substance use disorders. Methods: Two hundred and ninety-three subjects (mean age = 39 yr, 52.2% women) were interviewed twice over a 2-week period in two sub-studies examining the inter-rater (n = 173) or test-retest reliability (n = 120) of the SSADDA. The κ statistic and Yule's Y were used to measure reliability. Results: The reliability of most substance dependence diagnoses was good to excellent, although the reliability of substance abuse diagnoses was substantially lower. The reliability of the associated psychiatric diagnoses varied from fair to excellent. Conclusions: The SSADDA yields reliable diagnoses for a variety of psychiatric disorders, including alcohol and drug dependence. Although developed for use in genetic studies, its broad and detailed coverage of disorders and computer-assisted format will allow it to be used in a variety of applications requiring careful diagnostic assessment.

Konkordancijski rječnik ćiriličnih natpisa srednjovjekovne Bosne predstavlja popis leksičkog fonda epigrafskog žanra bosanske pismenosti. Korpus za ovaj rječnik čini oko 320 natpisa, što je dalo oko 4.450 pojavnica. Rječnikom su obuhvaćeni natpisi od Humačke ploče (XI st.), pa sve do onih rijetkih primjera ove pismenosti iz XVII i XVIII stoljeća. Ovako prezentirana epigrafska građa olakšava rekonstrukciju onih dijelova natpisa koji su danas iz različitih razloga teško čitljivi ili razumljivi.

Knowledge of technical vocabulary has become increasingly important over the last few decades along with the advances in various subject disciplines. ESP teachers and book authors need to know what words are considered technical vocabulary when creating ESP learning materials. LSP lexicographers need to know how to determine technical vocabulary when deciding the entries for LSP dictionaries. This paper examines four methods which have been used for determining technical vocabulary. These four methods are called vocabulary classifications, keyword analysis, term extraction, and systematic classifications. A financial text taken from the Chartered Financial Analyst book is used to analyze the merits and demerits of each method. Realizing the problems with those four methods, this paper rounds up with a proposal called a hybrid method for determining technical vocabulary. This hybrid method does not only present a better way to determine technical vocabulary but also expand the concept of words in order to obtain a more comprehensive coverage of the items that constitute technical vocabulary.

I compiled this concordance in 1982, using the (then) new Oxford Concordance Programme. It was created on the basis of a scanned edition of Kemp Smith's translation, which Susan Hockey of the Oxford Computing Centre kindly assisted me in producing. In those days, sanners were huge, complex machines and highly inaccurate, so I had to proofread the entire text (twice!) before it was accurate enough to compile the concordance. The etext was (and, as far as I know, still is) stored in the Oxford Text Archive, as one of the first academic texts that was converted into "machine readable" form. In the late 1980s I made the Concordance available to Kant scholars on 8 sheets of microfiche, as it was too long to produce in a printed format.  Nowadays etexts are so commonplace that a physical concordance of this type is no longer as useful a tool as it once was. However, I am uploading it here at the request of several interested scholars and perhaps also for historical interest.

(EN): The weak point, the weakness: the heel of God: the man: the pleasure in smashing his penis on the rock: this seems to be the relic of a toothless, who lost his teeth biting the rock: not being able to deny his naturalness, founded a way of ‘desirexplaining’ it: that the sex it’s the weakness of the nature: being this his relation with the serpent: the of that who feels, and the of that who eats: because indeed, teeth hasn’t the man.


(PT): O ponto fraco, a fraqueza: o calcanhar de Deus: o homem: o prazer em esmagar seu pênis na pedra:  essa parece ser a relíquia de um desdentado, que perdeu seus dentes mordendo a pedra:  Não podendo negar sua naturalidade, arrumou um jeito de ‘desejexplicá-la’ : que o sexo é a fraqueza da natureza:  sendo essa a sua relação com a serpente: o daquele que sente, e o daquele que come:  porque de fato, dentes não tem o homem..

Computer based corpora which have been statistically analyzed have lead to the recognition of frequent lexical sequences (also known as multiword expressions, prefabricated chunks or collocations -in a loose use of the term-as a very important component of language production.

"This research was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of applying corpora and consequently blank filling with collocations drills to teaching listening to medical ESP students to develop their near-micro listening skills. Analyses of authentic medical listening texts and various corpora-based listening activities were used to collect data.

(See paper: Near-Micro: Philosophy, Theory, & Application, for further details on near-micro listening skills.)"

Approaching a collocation in a text may constitute a challenge to English language learners due to syntactic, semantic and phonological factors. The understanding of a collocation, like the understanding of the larger text it belongs to, necessitates the use of macro and micro processing. In this paper, near-micro processing is described as the method of approaching collocations in a text. Collocation-based activities help learners develop their near-micro processing skills and raise their metacognition of approaching collocations in an attempt to help them produce more natural, native-like English. Lexicon-based vocabulary and listening activities can be generated from word concordances that come from general and specialized corpora. Such activities help learners become more aware of the syntactic, semantic and phonological aspects of collocations. Consequently, encountering collocations may become less problematic and less comprehension-hindering.

According to Cappelen (2012), analytic philosophers have traditionally used two arguments to defend the role of intuitions in philosophy. On the one hand, The Argument from Philosophical Practice claims that analytic philosophers rely on intuitions when defending their theories. On the other hand, The Argument from Intuition Talk contends that intuitions must play a prominent role in analytic philosophy because analytic philosophers use intuition talk profusely. Cappelen (2012) identifies three questions to be considered when assessing the Argument from Intuition Talk: a quantitative question, a centrality question, and an interpretative question. The available studies have mainly focused on the quantitative and interpretative questions. In this paper, I examine the centrality question, taking as a case study the literature on taste disagreementsa topic that has received significant attention in the philosophy of language in the last fifteen years. To this end, I first build a corpus with the most relevant works in the area and then examine the centrality of intuition talk. The results show that the use of intuition talk is central in the literature on taste disagreements, and that intuitions are taken as evidence in favor of a given theory if the theory can account for them.

Background: The number of nurses able to independently prescribe medicines in England is increasing. Patient adherence to prescribed medicines remains a significant problem [Department of Health, 2000. Pharmacy in the Future: Implementing the NHS Plan. A Programme for Pharmacy in the NHS. Stationary Office, London]. Concordancea partnership approach to medicine consultations-is advocated as an effective solution [Medicines Partnership, 2003. Project Evaluation Toolkit. Medicines Partnership, London]. Objectives: To investigate whether nurses were practising the principles of concordance within their prescribing interactions. Design: Phase (i) postal questionnaire survey. Phase (ii): case studies of practice. Settings: Phase (i) primary and secondary care trusts throughout England in which nurse prescribers were practicing. Phase (ii) six general practice settings; one community midwifery service; one specialist community palliative care service; one secondary care ophthalmology unit; one NHS walk-in centre. Participants: Phase (i) a random sample of 246 nurses registered as independent nurse prescribers with the Nursing and Midwifery Council in 2002/2003. Phase (ii) purposively selected sample of 14 nurse prescribers who participated in Phase (i) of the study; a total of 208 purposively selected patients completed self-administered questionnaires. Methods: Phase (i) postal questionnaires. Phase (ii) structured non-participant observation of 118 nurse prescribing consultations; 115 post-consultation patient questionnaires; 93-patient postal questionnaires. Results: 99% of the nurses in the national survey stated they were practising the principles of concordance. The majority of patients surveyed also reported experiencing concordance in practice. Observation of practice revealed that although some principles of concordance were regularly integrated into nurses' practice, other principles were less often in evidence. Some evidence from both observation of practice and patient questionnaires suggested that a professionally determined 'compliance' agenda may still be partially operating in practice. Conclusions: Most nurses believe they are practicing concordance in their prescribing consultations. The majority of patients also reported that they had experienced some of the principles of concordance in practice. Observation of ARTICLE IN PRESS www.elsevier.com/locate/ijnurstu 0020-7489/$ -see front matter r practice highlighted that the shift from a professionally determined compliance agenda to the integration of concordance into nurses' prescribing consultations had not yet taken place. r

Because species names play an important role in scientific communication, it is more important that species be understood to be taxa than that they be equated with functional ecological or evolutionary entities. Although most biologists would agree that taxa are composed of organisms that share a unique common history, 2 major challenges remain in developing a species-as-taxa concept. First, grouping: in the face of genealogical discordance at all levels in the taxonomic hierarchy, how can we understand the nature of taxa? Second, ranking: what criteria should be used to designate certain taxa in a nested series as being species? The grouping problem can be solved by viewing taxa as exclusive groups of organismssets of organisms that form a clade for a plurality of the genome (more than any conflicting set). However, no single objective criterion of species rank can be proposed. Instead, the species rank should be assigned by practitioners based on the semisubjective application of a set of species-ranking criteria. Although these criteria can be designed to yield species taxa that approximately match the ecological, evolutionary, and morphological entities that taxonomists have traditionally associated with the species rank, such a correspondence cannot be enforced without undermining the assumption that species are taxa. The challenge and art of monography is to use genealogical and other kinds of data to assign all organisms to one and only one species-ranked taxon. Various implications of the species-as-ranked-taxa view are discussed, including the synchronic nature of taxa, fossil species, the treatment of hybrids, and species nomenclature. I conclude that, although challenges remain, adopting the view that species are ranked taxa will facilitate a much-needed revolution in taxonomy that will allow it to better serve the biodiversity informatic needs of the 21st century.

In many educational institutions in Turkey, including universities, state schools, and private schools, a common problem in grammar teaching is the lack of authenticity due to the wide use of rule-based teaching. Consequently, some teachers prefer to adopt a deductive teaching approach with more explanation for grammar structures and less use of examples from various contexts. This case may sometimes end up with a traditional English lesson with mechanical exercises, as students call it, “Ali goes to cinema” kind of exercises, and it is not uncommon for students to complain about the frequency of encountering the same examples given on certain grammar topics, examples that often fail to be attuned with current real life situations, which obviously limits their productive skills by its failure to stimulate their ability to think of similar simple sentences. In order to overcome this, we propose a technique based on Data-Driven Language Learning with particular regard to corpus linguistics, and we consider the learner as research workers constructing their language themselves, and learning with less language description, hence they are expected to succeed in integrating meaning and form more. In this respect, the purpose of this article is to provide some insight into modern practices of teaching English language, and specifically to show a model lesson for grammar teaching from a critical perspective towards currently used English grammar books and textbooks. It will provide a brief and practical introduction to easily accessible concordances which can be utilized to assign the learner a constructive role by supplying him/her with input from real-life contexts, while touching on the principle of awareness with a few suggestions by using our data in our classes. It will also provide a brief outline of how online and offline programs can be easily adapted for grammar teaching and to generate authentic in-class materials.

Script concordance test (SCT) is a case based assessment format of clinical reasoning in which questions are nested into several cases. Recent results using Q4 format suggest that nested questions contribute more to reliability of measure than cases. The present study aims at documenting variance components associated with SCT cases and nested questions and to determine what are the optimal number and combinations of cases and nested questions. Data from SCT in three different fields are presented. G study and D study methodology are used to estimate variance component and to determine optimal number and combinations of cases and questions. Questions nested into cases contributed a large amount of score variance (more than 70%). D studies with varying samples show that, depending on the reliability of the test, an optimal number of 2-4 questions nested into 15-25 cases represents the best combination. Nested questions contribute to a significant portion of score variance, with the implication that formulation of up to 5 questions per case is an efficient way to optimize the reliability of SCT scores.

This article, focuses on the importance and necessity of contextual dictionary and concordance in dialect researches. The context is briefly an environment in which an item occurs and it carries tremendous importance in disambiguation of meanings. Contextual Dictionaries and concordances are prepared by considering the context of word. While contextual dictionary brings out the semantic richness in the words, concordance helps to understsand the function of words and affixes in a context. So in dictionaries and indexes prepared for dialects the context should be taken into account. This approach provides bringing out of semantic and functional richness in dialects. These studies giving the frequency rates of words contributes to dictionary of Turkey Turkish dialects and Turkish’s vocabulary.

This paper aims to investigate the constraints on dependence measures based on the concept of concordance when discrete random variables are involved. The main technical argument consists in a continuous extension of integer-valued random variables by convolution with unit support kernels. r

Scheldeman, X., Willemen, L., Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge, G., Romeijn-Peeter, E., Restrepo, M.T., Romero Motoche J., Jiménez, D., Lobo, M.., Medina, C.I,. Reyes, C., Rodríguez, D., Ocampo, J.A., Van Damme,  P.,  Goetgebeur,  P. 2007. Distribution, diversity and environmental adaptation of highland papayas (Vasconcellea spp.) in tropical and subtropical America. Biodiversity and Conservation, 16(6):1867-1884.

Vasconcellea species, often referred to as highland papayas, consist of a group of fruit species that are closely related to the common papaya (Carica papaya). The genus deserves special attention as a number of species show potential as raw material in the tropical fruit industry, fresh o in processed products, or as genetic resources in papaya breeding programs. Some species show a very restricted distribution and are included in the IUCN Red List. This study on Vasconcellea distribution and diversity compiled collection data from five Vasconcellea projects and retrieved data from 62 herbaria, resulting in a total of 1,553 georeferenced collection sites, in 16 countries, including all 21 currently known Vasconcellea species. Spatial analysis of species richness clearly shows that Ecuador, Colombia and Peru are areas of high Vasconcellea diversity. Combination of species occurrence data with climatic data delimitates the potential distribution of each species and allows the modeling of potential richness at continent level. Based on these modeled richness maps, Ecuador appears to be the country with the highest potential Vasconcellea diversity. Despite differences in sampling densities, its neighboring countries, Peru and Colombia, possess high modeled species richness as well. A combination of observed richness maps and modeled potential richness maps makes it possible to identify important collection gaps. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of climate data at the collection sites allows us to define climatic preferences and adaptability of the different Vasconcellea species and to compare them with those of the common papaya.

Ocampo, J., Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge, G., Restrepo, M.T., Jarvis, A. Salazar, M.H., Caetano, C.M. 2007. Diversity of Colombian Passifloraceae: biogeography and an updated list for conservation. Biota Colombiana 8 (1): 1-45.
The list of Colombian Passifloraceae was revised, using 3.930 records from literature, herbaria, and field observations. It includes 167 species, 165 of them native, which is equivalent to 27% of the family. Our list includes more details on species distribution and presents 26 species new to Colombia. Passiflora is the most important genus, with 162 species, whose center of diversity is in the Ecuadorian and Colombian Andes. Inside Colombia, the highest diversity is concentrated in the Andean region, which houses 81% of the species, particularly in the departments of Antioquia, Valle del Cauca, Cundinamarca, Quindío, Risaralda, and Caldas. The highest number of species is found at between 1000 and 2000 m above sea level and the most common thrive in disturbed habitats, such as roadsides, cultivated plots, and secondary forests. Most of the 58 endemic species are found at between 1500 to 2500 m and belong mainly to subgenera Tacsonia and Decaloba. Forty-two species produce an edible fruit, and nine are commercially cultivated. Among the species reported, 70% are threatened to some degree and three are considered extinct. Colombia may still house many unknown species in poorly explored departments, but more information about Passiflora diversity and distribution is needed to develop its economic potential. The conservation of this threatened species along with its habitat is essential and urgent. Because of the species’ multiple ecological interactions with many organisms, both aspects can be combined using Passifloraceae as an indicator of biodiversity in the Andean region.

Whereas prior academic studies of the Hainish Cycle have been primarily produced by means of textual analysis, I demonstrate that a concordance analysis of its six novels reveals significant, yet heretofore overlooked, ecological aspects of Le Guin's series. As becomes apparent, snow imagery literalises the Hainish Cycle's New Wave moves from technological, to biological and sociological concerns, emphasising the series' significant challenge to the technophilic assumptions and eschatological foundations of the preceding Golden Age. Accordingly, this article demonstrates the primacy of the datum of snow within the narratives of the Hainish Cycle novels, and delineates its important contribution to the series' SFnal dialectic on aggregate.

This paper investigates the empirical characteristics of business cycles and the extent of cyclical comovement in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, using nonhydrocarbon GDP (excluding crude oil and natural gas sectors) and constituents of aggregate demand during the period 1990~2010. Although hydrocarbons still account for an overwhelming share of export earnings and fiscal revenues in the GCC countries leading to a higher degree of business cycle synchronicity at an aggregate level, this is driven largely by external factors influencing the price of crude oil and natural gas. By applying the Christiano-Fitzgerald asymmetric band-pass filter and a mean corrected concordance index, the results show that low level of synchronization in nonhydrocarbon business cycles across the GCC economies and a decline in the degree of synchronicity in the 2000s if Kuwait is excluded from the sample. It is partly because of divergent fiscal policies. The GCC countries do not appear to efficiently coordinate policies, let alone forming an optimal currency area.