Computer aided designing and automation

Our previous studies have shown that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and angiotensin II (Ang II) influence each other's action in endothelial cells. This study was designed to examine the regulation by ox-LDL of the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). In addition, we studied the effect of the HMG CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin on this interaction. Methods and results: Cultured HCAECs were incubated with ox-LDL (10-80 mg / ml) for 1-24 h. Ox-LDL increased the expression of ACE in a concentration-and time-dependent fashion. The upregulation of ACE expression in response to ox-LDL was mediated by its endothelial receptor LOX-1, since pretreatment of HCAECs with a blocking antibody to LOX-1 prevented the expression of ACE (P,0.01). Native-LDL had no significant effect on ACE expression. In this process, ox-LDL-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK p42 / 44) played an important role, since pretreatment of HCAECs with the MAPK p42 / 44 inhibitor (PD98059, 10 mM) inhibited MAPK activation and subsequently attenuated the expression of ACE (P,0.01 vs. ox-LDL alone). In other experiments, we pretreated HCAECs with simvastatin (10 mM) and then exposed the cells to ox-LDL. Simvastatin markedly attenuated ox-LDL-induced MAPK activation, and concurrently reduced ACE expression (P,0.01 vs. ox-LDL alone). Conclusions: Our observations provide direct evidence that ox-LDL via LOX-1 activation induces ACE gene expression in HCAECs, and MAPK activation plays a signal transduction role in this process. Simvastatin, which inhibits MAPK activation, also blocks ox-LDL-mediated upregulation of ACE.

The purposes of this paper are to study how entry-level 3D printers are currently being used in several shared machine shops (FabLabs, hackerspaces, etc.) and to examine the ambivalent emancipation often offered by 3D printing, when users prefer the fascinated passivity of replicating rather than the action of repairing. Based on a field study and on a large online survey, this paper offers to examine different practices with entry-level 3D printers, observed in several shared machine shops (FabLabs, hackerspaces, etc.). The recent evolution of additive manufacturing and the shift from high-end additive technologies to consumer’s entry-level 3D printing is taken as an entry point. Indeed, digital fabrication has recently received extensive media coverage and the maker movement has become a trendy subject for numerous influential publications. In the makerspaces that were taken for this field survey, 3D printers were very often used for demonstration, provoking fascination and encouraging a passive attitude. Based on both the observations and the quantitative survey, it can be discussed how the question of so-called “user-friendliness” is challenged by practices of repairing, fixing and adjusting, more than that of replicating. Indeed, it is claimed that this offers a possible meaning for 3D printing practices. In the description and analysis of the behaviours with 3D printers, this leads to privilege the idea of “disengaging” and the notion of “acting” rather than simply passively using.

Just culture is an important issue, where its implementation would affect a clear benefit to improve safety. The implementation of Just culture is closely related on how to encourage front-line officers, where front-line officers are often in direct contact with hazards and could provide key information about aviation safety problems and potential solutions. This research aims (1) To review the safety policy and reporting system, (2) To promote just culture in airside operation, and (3) To analyze the effect of promoting just culture to enhance safety culture. The research starts with early analysis using gap analysis to know the maturity of safety management system manual, and questionnaires, to evaluate the individual performance regarding to safety and just culture. Gap analysis using (CASR Part 139-08, 2015) about acceptance of implementation Aerodrome SMS while questionnaire taking 76 officer as a samples and test using Bivariate Pearson Correlation. This pre analysis results the implementation of just culture according to the organization's commitment is not stated clearly in safety policy statement and have not been promote to all employee. From the questionnaire, I found that most officers did not understand the essential of safety, have not known safety reporting system, and afraid of reporting due to blame culture. The technical solutions are by design new safety policy based on (ICAO Doc. 9859 3 rd edition, 2013), evaluate the reporting system and conduct workshop in airside operation. The result shows safety knowledge increase to 90% while the safety reporting system has increased in 84%.

This book reveals how to effectively and optimally design 3D integrated circuits (ICs). It also analyzes the design tools for 3D circuits while exploiting the benefits of 3D technology. The book begins by offering an overview of physical design challenges with respect to conventional 2D circuits, and then each chapter delivers an in-depth look at a specific physical design topic. Featuring contributions from renowned experts in their respective fields, this comprehensive reference provides a single, convenient source of cutting-edge information for those pursuing 2.5D/3D technology.

This paper explores the potential of computer automation and visualization tools for engineering models, and demonstrates an opportunity to improve Information Technology (IT) support for integration in the construction industry. The paper has two main parts. The first part discusses the current state of the art of information exchange in the construction industry, which is considered the driver for integration. The evolution of project modeling, types of integration and integration mechanisms are also discussed. The second part presents a practical application as it is currently applied to a real project, where automation tools and methods are being used to construct a full scale CAD model of a facility. Specialized software is being used to visualize the model, and to coordinate design development among disciplines and with the client. The utility of an “intelligent” 3D CAD model is enhanced by the development of a “Construction Simulation”, which is a key integration element that leverages the use of the 3D model for construction. The paper describes IT support for integration in the construction industry, a topic currently being explored by Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and Bechtel Corporation. The research methodology presents both a conceptual framework for understanding IT impacts to integration, as well as practical experience developed as a case study of an active Bechtel project.

The Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP) systems are recently developed in manufacturing engineering to provide links between Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) systems. The CAPP systems are developed by considering the different issues of computer applications in production engineering. Optimization techniques can be applied to the CAPP to increase efficiency in part production processes. The energy consumption of part production process can be analyzed and optimized using the CAPP systems in order to increase added value in the part manufacturing process. Also, artificial neural networks as well as cloud manufacturing systems can be applied to the CAPP systems to share advantages of the different CAPP systems in different industry applications. Flexible process planning systems are developed using dynamic CAPP in order to cope with product varieties in process of part production. To develop potential energy saving strategies during product design and process planning stages, the advanced CAPP systems can be used. In this paper, a review of Computer Process Planning systems (CAPP) is presented and future research works are also suggested. It has been observed that the research filed can be moved forward by reviewing and analyzing recent achievements in the published papers.

Summary
In its parallel pursuit of an increased competitivity for design offices and more pleasurable and easier workflows for designers, artificial design intelligence is a technical, intellectual, and political challenge. While human-machine cooperation has become commonplace through Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools, a more improved collaboration and better support appear possible only through an endeavor into a kind of artificial design intelligence, which is more sensitive to the human perception of affairs.

Considered as part of the broader Computational Design studies, the research program of this quest can be called Artificial / Autonomous / Automated Design (AD). The current available level of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for design is limited and a viable aim for current AD would be to develop design assistants that are capable of producing drafts for various design tasks. Thus, the overall aim of this thesis is the development of approaches, techniques, and tools towards artificial design assistants that offer a capability for generating drafts for sub-tasks within design processes. The main technology explored for this aim is Evolutionary Computation (EC), and the target design domain is architecture. The two connected research questions of the study concern, first, the investigation of the ways to develop an architectural design assistant, and secondly, the utilization of EC for the development of such assistants.

While developing approaches, techniques, and computational tools for such an assistant, the study also carries out a broad theoretical investigation into the main problems, challenges, and requirements towards such assistants on a rather overall level. Therefore, the research is shaped as a parallel investigation of three main threads interwoven along several levels, moving from a more general level to specific applications. The three research threads comprise, first, theoretical discussions and speculations with regard to both existing literature and the proposals and applications of the thesis; secondly, proposals for descriptive and prescriptive models, mappings, summary illustrations, task structures, decomposition schemes, and integratory frameworks; and finally, experimental applications of these proposals. This tripartite progression allows an evaluation of each proposal both conceptually and practically; thereby, enabling a progressive improvement of the understanding regarding the research question, while producing concrete outputs on the way. Besides theoretical and interpretative examinations, the thesis investigates its subject through a set of practical and speculative proposals, which function as both research instruments and the outputs of the study. The first main output of the study is the “design_proxy” approach (d_p), which is an integrated approach for draft making design assistants. It is an outcome of both theoretical examinations and experimental applications, and proposes an integration of, (1) flexible and relaxed task definitions and representations (instead of strict formalisms), (2) intuitive interfaces that make use of usual design media, (3) evaluation of solution proposals through their similarity to given examples, and (4) a dynamic evolutionary approach for solution generation. The design_proxy approach may be useful for AD researchers that aim at developing practical design assistants, as has been examined and demonstrated with the two applications, i.e., design_proxy.graphics and design_proxy.layout.

The second main output, the “Interleaved Evolutionary Algorithm” (IEA, or Interleaved EA) is a novel evolutionary algorithm proposed and used as the underlying generative mechanism of design_proxy-based design assistants. The Interleaved EA is a dynamic, adaptive, and multi-objective EA, in which one of the objectives leads the evolution until its fitness progression stagnates; in the sense that the settings and fitness values of this objective is used for most evolutionary decisions. In this way, the Interleaved EA enables the use of different settings and operators for each of the objectives within an overall task, which would be the same for all objectives in a regular multi-objective EA. This property gives the algorithm a modular structure, which offers an improvable method for the utilization of domain-specific knowledge for each sub-task, i.e., objective. The Interleaved EA can be used by Evolutionary Computation (EC) researchers and by practitioners who employ EC for their tasks. As a third main output, the “Architectural Stem Cells Framework” is a conceptual framework for architectural design assistants. It proposes a dynamic and multi-layered method for combining a set of design assistants for larger tasks in architectural design. The first component of the framework is a layer-based, parallel task decomposition approach, which aims at obtaining a dynamic parallelization of sub-tasks within a more complicated problem. The second component of the framework is a conception for the development mechanisms for building drafts, i.e., Architectural Stem Cells (ASC). An ASC can be conceived as a semantically marked geometric structure, which contains the information that specifies the possibilities and constraints for how an abstract building may develop from an undetailed stage to a fully developed building draft. ASCs are required for re-integrating the separated task layers of an architectural problem through solution-based development. The ASC Framework brings together many of the ideas of this thesis for a practical research agenda and it is presented to the AD researchers in architecture.

Finally, the “design_proxy.layout” (d_p.layout) is an architectural layout design assistant based on the design_proxy approach and the IEA. The system uses a relaxed problem definition (producing draft layouts) and a flexible layout representation that permits the overlapping of design units and boundaries. User interaction with the system is carried out through intuitive 2D graphics and the functional evaluations are performed by measuring the similarity of a proposal to existing layouts. Functioning in an integrated manner, these properties make the system a practicable and enjoying design assistant, which was demonstrated through two workshop cases. The d_p.layout is a versatile and robust layout design assistant that can be used by architects in their design processes.

The task of creating detailed three dimensional virtual worlds for interactive entertainment software can be simplified by using Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) techniques. CSG allows artists to combine primitive shapes, visualized through polygons, into complex and believable scenery. Constructive Volume Geometry (CVG) is a super-set of CSG that operates on volumetric data, which consists of values recorded at constant intervals in three dimensions of space. To allow volumetric data to be integrated into existing frameworks, indirect visualization is performed by constructing and visualizing polygon meshes corresponding to the implicit surfaces in the volumetric data. The Indirect CVG (ICVG) algebra, which provides constructive volume geometry operators appropriate to volumetric data that will be indirectly visualized is introduced. ICVG includes operations analogous to the union, difference, and intersection operators in the standard CVG algebra, as well as new operations. Additionally, a series of volumetric primitives well suited to indirect visualization is defined.

To convey abstract meanings with visual elements is a frequent challenge in design. A popular vehicle of abstract meanings is the connotation of physical entities. Making designs demands a good deal of this knowledge, for the sake of novelty and appropriateness. We present two automatic knowledge extraction systems, namely VRAC and CDVS, for collecting the knowledge of physical entities and their abstract connotation. VRAC discovers connotation knowledge in general purpose semantic databases. CDVS searches in a large collection of stock photos and their annotations. In the evaluation against thirty eight distinct visual representations of six abstract concepts used in past successful advertisements, both VRAC and CDVS provide a good coverage of visual representations consisting of single objects. Besides, CDVS has the potential to excel in harvesting the abstract connotation of scenes. VRAC enjoys the agility and flexibility of being entirely textual. It can communicate fluently with other automatic tools manipulating concepts, which are very likely to appear in future creative systems. Finally, we point out that the knowledge of emergent culture symbols is a necessary complement for VRAC and CDVS.

This scientific paper will cover the process of creating two 3D objects, accompanied by a brief history of 3D printing technology, designing the model in CAD software, saving in appropriate format supported by the 3D printer, features of technology and the printer, materials from which the object can be made and examples where the products created by the 3D printing process can be applied. The printing of models was made by the studio "Xtrude Design & 3D Print" in Skopje. Two 3D models have been printed. A creative model of intertwined 4 triangles in STL file format has been made, which will be transferred and printed with PLA material. The model with the heart on the stand is printed with popular FDM process also with PLA material which is biodegradable and environmentally friendly. Both models are printed on Anet A8 3D printer. Different printing times, layer thicknesses and cost price of producion we have in our research.

This article is based on research results that state that floods and droughts occur almost every year in many places in the biosphere. It happens because there is no proper water management.  Rainwater is the primary water source in life; the balance between discharge and income (recharge) is not controlled. In this article, we try to manage rainwater by inviting the whole community with yard media, where every person in the world takes refuge in the yard. Data is taken from yards in the settlement of Surabaya, as a large city on the coast located in the lowlands, densely populated (100 inhabitants / Ha), prone to flooding and intrusion of seawater. They determined the size of the yard most inhabited by most people of Surabaya, namely the size of the land < 300m2, studied 40 yards as samples. The variables studied were: the land area of the yard, the site of the building, the canopy area of the trees, the size of ornamental plant headers, the scope of grass, the location of the open section, and the percentage of coarse grains (these six variables as predictors), rainfall (determined by intensity as a standard count), and runoff of water that comes out of the yard (as criterium). Results of analysis with multiple regressions; Successive yard variables are the area of the building, the location of grass, the site of open land, the scope of the tree canopy, gauze grains above the ground, and lastly, the area of ornamental plants. The six variables contributed to the surface runoff of 61.1%; thus, planning yard patterns in the city of Surabaya or other cities should pay attention to the role of these variables.

International Conference on Automation and Engineering (AUEN 2022) is an international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and new advances and research results in the fields of Automation and Engineering. The conference will bring together researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cuttingedge development in the field. The Conference welcomes significant contributions in all major fields of the Automation in theoretical and practical aspects. Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to.

Natural load bearing structures are characterized by aspects of specialized morphology, lightweight, adaptability, and a regenerative life cycle. PolyBrick 2.0 aims to learn from and apply these characteristics in the pursuit of revitalizing ceramic load bearing structures. For this, algorithmic design processes are employed, whose physical manifestations are realized through available clay/porcelain additive manufacturing technologies (AMTs).By integrating specialized expertise across disciplines of architecture, engineering, and
material science, our team proposes an algorithmic toolset to generate PolyBrick geometries that can be applied to various architectural typologies. Additionally, comparative frameworks for digital and physical performance analyses are outlined. Responding to
increasing urgencies of material efficiency and environmental sensibility, this project strives to provide for designers a toolset for environmentally responsive, case-specific design, characterized by the embedded control qualities derived from the bone and its adaptability to specific loading conditions. Various approaches to brick tessellation and
assembly are proposed and architectural possibilities are presented.
As an outcome of this research, PolyBrick 2.0 is effectively established as a Grasshopper plug-in, “PolyBrick” to be further explored by designers.

Neste artigo é analisada e discutida a utilização de um serviço de gerência de produção em rede, tendo como suporte os serviços do protocolo MMS (Manufacturing Message Specification). O serviço de gerência de produção discutido tem como base uma proposição em vias de padronização para o padrão associado (Companion Standard). São discutidos os aspectos da implementação em rede e a elaboração das unidades do serviço do PAGP (Padrão Associado de Gerência de Produção).

As the lower arm of suspension takes up all dynamic loads on it leads to fatigue failure of the arm and it hampered the whole suspension and more prone to harm human also. This paper considers the von-misses stress analysis of the present suspension link carried out for static deflection and von-misses stress contour plot are plotted. The result shows that the maximum deflection range is 0mm to 8.22mm. And von-misses stress shows the minimum value of 0.86Mpa and the Maximum is 3752Mpa. As the max von-misses are above the yield point of material some corrective action is to be done at the point where the link is connected to the chassis. After observing the stresses produced on arm it is found that some metal thickness should be increased at the chassis connection point to avoid the failure. So the U shape bracket is implemented there and the CP element is used to again define the connectivity between the previous model and new bracket. After a change in design, the Minimum value of deformation range from 0.00 mm to maximum value of deformation is 1.925 mm. and the maximum stress developed is 736.888 Mpa. And maximum stress showed at only stress concentration area. Means change in design increases the load capacity of the arm in dynamic condition and as stress and deflection decrease so frequency also improved. And for material optimization more safer the material IS 2061 Fe 590 WA is well suitable for the suspension link, as the maximum von-misses stress is well belled the 240 Mpa but still at some region higher than the 240Mpa, so its better to select the material which has higher yield strength compared to 240 Mpa and the Material Fe 590 WA is the next suitable steel material available as per Indian Standard.

The paper examines the process of introducing the rudiments of architectural design and computation through computer modeling, rendering and digital fabrication. The scope of the paper is educational. The context of the paper is the teaching of an introductory course to Design Computing. Computational concepts from the digital modeling, rendering and fabrication techniques developed for the course, as well as the students’ response, are discussed in the paper.

The decision on sequencing of operations, tool travel and machining time calculations is done in
microplanning. After a set of processes has been selected for all the features of part, the sequencing task
begins by searching and analysing relationship between features. This is done by rule to detect geometrical
interactions and the appropriate precedence relationship in knowledge base. For deciding sequence of
operations precedence relationship among the different operations is developed using decision rules.
CNC program is generated based on the process plan of a given component. The generated CNC program
is then validated by simulation software before giving it to CNC machine.

A strategy for adaptive control and energetic optimization of aerobic fermentors was implemented, with both air flow and agitation speed as manipulated variables. This strategy is separable in its components: control, optimization, estimation. We optimized parameter’s estimation (from the usual KLa correlation) using sinusoidal excitation of air flow and agitation speed. We have implemented parameter’s estimation trough recursive least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. We carried separate essays on control, optimization and estimation algorithms. We carried our essays using an original computational simulation environment, with noise and delay generating facilities for data sampling and filtering.

Our results show the convergence and robustness of the estimation algorithm used, improved with use of both forgetting factor and KLa dead-band facilities. Control algorithm used in our work compares favorably with PID using the integrated area criteria for deviation between oxygen molarity and critical molarity (set point). Optimization algorithm clearly reduces energetic consumption, respecting critical molarity. Integration of control, optimization and adaptive algorithms was implemented, but future work is needed for stability. Methods were defined and implemented for stability improvement. We have implemented data acquisition and computer manipulation of air flow and agitation speed for actual fermentors.