Coal Mine

Two greenhouse experiments were focused on the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in planting of high-biomass crops on reclaimed spoil banks. In the first experiment, we tested the effects of different organic amendments on growth of alfalfa and on the introduced microorganisms. While growth of plants was supported in substrate with compost amendment, mycorrhizal colonization was suppressed. Lignocellulose papermill waste had no negative effects on AMF, but did not positively affect growth of plants. The mixture of these two amendments was found to be optimal in both respects, plant growth and mycorrhizal development. Decreasing doses of this mixture amendment were used in the second experiment, where the effects of microbial inoculation (assumed to compensate for reduced doses of organic matter) on growth of two high-biomass crops, hemp and reed canarygrass, were studied. Plant growth response to microbial inoculation was either positive or negative, depending on the dose of the applied amendment and plant species.

The main objective of researches was the analysis of experience of application of
technological schemes of mining of longwall panels without re-installation of the
equipment of a coal face. For conditions of the mine Taldinskaya-Zapadnaya-2
change of coal face output when mining longwall panels with a longwall turn is
shown. Sharp decline in output of a longwall at a face turn is shown. Comparison of
efficiency of mining of longwall panels with a turn of a complex and at re-installation
of a longwall is executed. Recommendations about decrease in equipment downtimes
and increase in efficiency of re-installation of the equipment of a longwall are made.

At "Debiensko" Desalination Plant salt crystallizer is supplied with untreated brine concentrated by RCC evaporation method that results in high energy consumption and huge amount of post-crystallization lye. Nanofiltration pre-treatment of coalmine brine was then considered to improve plant outcome. Desal-5L (Osmonics) nanofiltration membrane was found to be suitable for the above purpose. The rejection coefficients were found as follows (%): Ca 2+ − 68.8, Mg 2+ − 71.6, SO 4 2− − 98.0, Cl − − 11.9, that lets us to estimate the composition of NF permeate at 85% recovery to be as follows (g/L): Ca 2+ − 0.242, Mg 2+ − 0.188, SO 4 2− − 0.064, Cl − − 32.2. The performance of crystallization step was then estimated based on chemical composition of NF permeate and compared with operational data from "Debiensko" Desalination Plant. The energetic efficiency of the presently operated coal mine brine treatment system was compared with the one involving NF softening as the pretreatment for low energy VC thermal desalination in place of seeded VC (RCC presently applied). This comparison shows that unit energy consumption decreases from ca 970 kWh per 1 t of evaporated salt for untreated brine concentrated by RCC method to ca 450 kWh/t when low energy VC evaporation is applied. At the same time the amount of salt in post-crystallization lye decreases from approx. 110 kg per 1 t of evaporated salt produced to ca 50 kg.

The conventional method, splitting and stooking of a pillar, to optimise recovery of coal under built-up surface structures has limited scope for a multisection-developed thick seam under massive, immediate, roof strata and shallow depth cover. Taking advantage of the rapid increase of pillar strength with increase in its size, the conventional method to optimise recovery under built-up surface structures is replaced by widening of the existing galleries using the method called wide stall mining. The ®rst ®eld trial of the method was conducted under the geomining conditions of East Bhuggatdih colliery. Successful application of this method at East Bhuggatdih colliery provided nearly 42% coal from a multisection-developed 17 m thick coal seam without endangering the surface and subsurface structures. This paper describes the principles of wide stall mining together with the results of laboratory and ®eld investigations. # (Rajendra Singh). In India coal seams of 4.8 m thickness or higher are termed thick.

Savaş tarihinde ilk defa Çanakkale savaşlarında, hepsi aynı anda olmak üzere, havada uçaklarla, denizde savaş gemileri ile karada top tüfek ve süngülerle, denizlerin altında denizaltı gemileri ile yoğun çarpışmalar olmuştur. Fakat aynı zamanda gözden kaçan bir savaş alanı daha vardır ki oda yerin altında devam etmiştir; Lağım Savaşları.
Çanakkale Kara Savaşları, ortalama sekiz buçuk ay sürdü. 18 Mart Boğaz Savaşı'nın ardından 25 Nisan 1915 tarihinde Kumkale, Seddülbahr ve Ârıburnu bölgelerine çıkarma yapan itilaf Devletleri'ne mensup askerler, bu süreçte bu bölgelerde tutunmaya çalışmışlardır. Kumkale'de barınamayan Fransız birlikleri, iki gün sonra burayı terk ederek, takviye kuvveti olmak suretiyle, Seddülbahr bölgesindeki İngiliz birliklerine katılmışlardır. Nitekim İtilaf Devletleri'ne mensup askerler, 27 Nisan'dan itibaren, Seddülbahr ve Arıburnu bölgesinde tutunabildikleri gibi savaşın sona erdiği 9 Ocak 1916 tarihine kadar bu iki bölgede kalmayı başarabilmişler ve bu tarihte de tamamen çekilmişlerdir.
İngiliz birliklerine mensup Avustralya ve Yeni Zelanda askerlerinin yani ANZAC kuvvetlerinin 25 Nisan akşamında Arıburnu bölgesinde elde ettikleri sınırlar, savaşın sonuna kadar neredeyse hiç değişmeden kalmıştır. 26 Nisan'dan 6 Ağustos'a kadar geçen süreçte her iki taraf da çeşitli taarruzlar yapmış olsa da bulundukları yerlerden bir adım bile geriye gitmemişlerdir. Buna neden olan iki taraf kuvvetlerinin kuvvet olarak birbirine denkliğinin yanı sıra arazinin kimi yerlerdeki sarp yapısıdır. Bu bakımdan Gelibolu Yarımadasındaki sarp yamaçlarda muharebeler tıkanma noktasına gelmiştir. Çanakkale'de iki tarafın siperleri, Birinci dünya savaşının birbirlerine en yakın mesafedeki siperleri olmuştur.
Tüm bu sebeplerden dolayı, sarp yamaçlarda siper hatları oluşturulmak sureti ile tıkanan muharebeler, ilginç uygulamalara sahne olmuştur. Askerlerin siperden çıkmadan herhangi bir hedefe ateş etmesini sağlayan aynalı tüfekler, konserve kutularından yapılan el bombaları ve siperleri zarar görmeden ele geçireceği düşünülen zırhlı otomobiller siper muharebelerinde düşmandan bir adım da olsa ileri gidebilmek amacına hizmet etmiştir. İşte bu uygulamalardan biri de, gerilerde açılacak bir lağım ile düşman siperlerinin altına kadar ilerlemek ve burada patlatılacak bombalarla düşman siperinin yok olmasını sağlamak esasına dayanan lağım muharebesidir. Patlamadan sonra yapılacak bir taarruz ile siperlerin ele geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yani bir anlamda Çanakkale Savaşında Kara, Deniz ve Havadan sonra açılan 4. Cephe Lağım tünelleri olmuştur

Using robots to assist rescue personnel in mine rescue missions is an active area of research. We are going to develop a robot to send it into the mine to gather information about the environment inside a mine and to search for victims. Coal mine is a dangerous place in which many fatal factors are dangerous for human life, especially when blasts occur. Rescue persons usually don't know the actual situation of the mine tunnel under such circumstances. Therefore it can be very dangerous for rescuers to go into mine tunnels to search survivors without detecting environmental information beforehand. To solve this problem, the coal mine detect and rescue robot can be developed for assisting people to do the rescue work. The coal mine detect and rescue robot is used for detecting the explosion environment of coal mine and rescuing miners who are trapped in the underground coal mine after gas explosion. We will develop prototype of a fully autonomous robot which can be used to indicate presence of harmful gases inside a mine for mine rescue operations in case of emergencies caused by natural calamities such as explosion. Coal mine rescue robot is a kind of mobile robot. It can go into explosion environment and detect gas content. This paper designs a coal mine detect and rescue robot. It has many characters suitable to mine tunnel. It is composed of mechanical, electrical, computer, control, communication, sensor, etc. There are three major parts in constructing the robot and they are mechanical, electronic and software design. In this paper, the implementation of embedded control system based on the microprocessor is presented. The embedded control system can achieve many tasks of the robot, such as motion control, environmental information acquisition communication with the remote control system and executing complex control algorithms.

Infrastructure is the foundation on which industrialized economies are built. As global population has grown and as economies of many regions have expanded, the quantity and scale of infrastructure has increased dramatically. Although some infrastructure is used to move people and commodities, much infrastructure is also used to control natural processes or to extract natural resources. Thus, understanding environmental change necessitates understanding the role of infrastructure in the environment. We review available inventories of infrastructure and current understanding of environmental impacts for different types of infrastructure. We also examine the current status of aging infrastructure and the potential environmental impacts and benefits of infrastructure decommissioning. Finally, we briefly review policies that have facilitated or inhibited infrastructure decommissioning or environmentally oriented modifications of infrastructure operation.

The communication network in coal mine underground is the foundation of colliery distributed monitoring system and plays an important role in transferring information when the production is in gear and events happens in coal mine underground, which is the key to keep the safety information expedite. A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of an array of diverse micro-sensors, which is interconnected by a wireless communication network to provide plenty of sensing and monitoring services. It has the advantages of simple structure, flexible network, good efficiency and trustiness. Firstly, the paper brings forward a new project of the distributed monitoring system in coal mine underground based on WSN according to the analysis of special communication circumstance of coal mine underground. The WSN nodes do not need to communicate directly with the nearest high-power control tower or base station as other traditional wireless devices do, but only with their local peers. In a word, WSN forms a new kind of wireless networks with a new set of characteristics and challenges. Then the safety theories of communication of WSN in coal mine underground are dissertated and the key techniques are discussed, on the basis of which a distributed monitoring system in coal mine underground based on WSN is designed. Finally, the layout and functions of WSN of coal mine underground in the whole distributed monitoring system are mainly researched, including the peacetime datum collection and emergent application when events happens.

Opencast coal mines, a major source of airborne particulate matter (PM), is widespread in
India. The health impacts are primarily associated with the concentration and composition
of the PM inhaled. A study aimed at characterization of the airborne PM2.5 at a coal mine
was carried out during 01–07 October 2014 in the Sonepur Bazari Opencast Project in
India. Samples were collected at three different locations at the mine using PM2.5 samplers. Collected PM2.5 samples were characterized in terms of surface elemental composition
using Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The PM2.5 levels were 2–3 times of
the permissible Indian limits. Surface elemental composition analysis indicates that Fe
(∼45–70%) and C (∼30–50%) as the dominant elements amongst all elements present
in PM2.5. An average organic carbon (OC) to elemental carbon (EC) ratio of 3.5 indicated
diesel vehicle and coal smoke from stockyard as the sources, which is typical to opencast
coal mining activities. Forward air mass trajectory analysis using HYSPLIT4 model showed
that in addition to the locations nearby the mine getting affected by the PM2.5 emitted
from the mine, places as far as 200 km from the mine can also receive the traces of PM2.5.
More studies on elemental species characterization of PM2.5 in different coal mining areas
will provide better understanding of occupational health hazards to which mine workers
exposed due to inhalation of airborne PM.

Bu çalışmamızda Fransa’nın Osmanlı ülkesinde ve özellikle Zonguldak-Ereğli kömür havzasındaki Katolik Misyonerlik çalışmalarını irdelemeye çalışacağız. Assomptionistler Emmanuel D'ALZON tarafından 1845’de güney Fransa’da Nimes kentinde kurulmuş olan Katolik bir tarikattır. Assomption’un sözcük anlamı “Meryem ananın göğe Yükselişi”dir, Asompsiyon yortusu 15 Ağustos’ta yapılır.  Zonguldak’ta bu tarikata ait 2 okul ve 2 manastır olmak üzere 4 kurum bulunmaktadır. Türkiye’deki son misyonerlik kurumları 1896 yılında Karadeniz kıyısında Zonguldak‘ta kurulmuştur. Zonguldak İstanbul’a takriben 200 km uzaklıktadır. Burada İzmit’teki Assompsiyonistlerin zaman zaman ziyaret ettiği yaklaşık 50 civarında Katolik bulunmaktaydı. Ancak o sıralar bir Fransız şirketi yeni keşfedilen bir kömür yatağını işletmek için gelmişti. Fransız sermayeli Ereğli Şirketi Osmaniyesi (Societe Ottomane D'Heraclee) liman yapımı için geldiği Zonguldak’ta kömür işletmeciliğini de ele geçirdi. Yayla’dan Fenere kadar olan mahalle 1896’dan sonra Fransızlar tarafında kuruldu. 1900’lü yıllarda Fransızların yanı sıra, bir kısmı Kozlu ve Kandillide olmak üzere, Zonguldak’ta madencilikle uğraşan çok sayıda İtalyan yaşamaktadır.  Assomption tarikatı rahipleri basını ve özellikle de gazeteciliği misyonerlik faaliyetlerinin kuvvetli bir vasıtası olarak kullanmışlardır. İşte tüm bu tarihsel bilgiler ışığında Zonguldak’ta yıllarca misyonerlik yapan André-Charles-Pierre MOREEL (1872-1939) Bize o dönem yazdığı raporlar ve mektuplarla gayet ilginç bilgiler sunuyor.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Misyonerlik, Zonguldak-Ereğli Kömür Havzası, Assomptionistler, Ereğli Şirketi Osmaniyesi, André-Charles-Pierre MOREEL

The aim of this study was to provide an assessment of the environmental impact that the tailing dumps from Lupeni coal mine (Jiului Valley) have on the local environment. To achieve this goal, several field trips were organized during which observations on the area were noted and biological samples were collected (soil samples). The study was based also on laboratory and computer studies during which biological samples were analyzed and the results were processed to determine the degree of impact. The current study focused primarily on assessing the quality of the terrestrial biotic environments, by identifying the main groups of invertebrates and plant species that inhabit the anthropogenic soils and on the recent observations made on field in the affected area. The results of some preliminary studies on the stability of the waste dumps and on the quality of the aquatic biotic environments were also considered. Based on all information gathered this way, a rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM-Pastakia and Jensen, 1998) was applied. The matrix results (scores) have highlighted the differences between the various areals of the tailings deposit and the importance of the environmental reconversion of the affected terrains. The study showed that the tailing dumps have a negative impact on the environmental components, but also, in some cases, have a slightly positive impact, particularly if the consequence of their formation has effects that could be exploited for some leisure or touristic purposes. Outcomes of this study provide viable information that can be used for local environmental restoration.

Informal mining activities provide livelihoods for millions of poor in mineral-rich developing countries. Yet, they continue to remain one of the least understood areas in mineral resource management. While its poverty reduction potential is acknowledged, the heterogeneous forms of mining that come under its purview are not well discussed. This article aims to draw attention to the politics of definition by briefly introducing the reader to the nomenclature currently used to describe such mining activities. Then the article examines the nature of informality that justifies the name, and then illustrates the claim by documenting a range of informal mining practices in India with cited examples from other Asian countries. It illustrates the variations in social-economic, technical and legal characteristics, by putting such mining in a community and participatory framework. Finally, the article discusses ways to move towards sustainable development with community participation in mineral-rich areas of developing countries.

Fly ash is one of the common residues produced from combustion of coal. In past, fly ash was unconditionally released into the atmosphere. Recent concerns about environmental pollution led to prohibition of its atmospheric release and mandated the use of various mechanisms to trap it before release. Subsequently, the storage and recycling of this huge quantity of fly ash has become a new concern. Presently in Bangladesh, it is estimated that 1.3 million cubic feet of fly ash is produced per annum for dumping from thermal power plants alone, and is estimated to reach an alarming crescendo of 9.5 million cubic feet by 2018. The environmental degradation due to dumping of fly ash aggravates the situation. Together, they pose an imminent threat in a densely populated country like Bangladesh, which needs to be addressed urgently. For River bank erosion management, a huge amount of costing use in Bangladesh. If we can use fly ash geo-beg for River bank protection works we can save a huge amount of expenses.

This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material is this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this

The main objective of the executed researches was assessment of efficiency of recovering and equipment re-installation of longwalls at the applied technological schemes of mining of flat coal seams of the Kuznetsk coal basin. The analysis of the actual duration of performance of dismantling and installation works in mines of the SUEK Kuzbass company is made. It is shown that very poor state of a roof of recovery rooms is a basic reason for increase in duration of equipment downtimes. Recommendations about increase in roof stability of recovery rooms, a longwall erection are made. Economic disbenefit assessment from outages of the high-performance equipment of longwalls is executed.

Road header performance prediction plays a significant role in the successful implementation of a tunneling project; so that, there is a need for accurate prediction of the advance rate of tunneling. However, there is relatively less study on predicting the performance of such machinery by using soft computing techniques although they have some advantages over the other methods. On the other hand, often models applied for road header performance prediction neglect interaction between machine and rock mass parameters. The Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy system model, one of the most popular fuzzy models, can be applied to solve complex problems by transferring a nonlinear system into a set of linear subsystems. However, in many situations, it is not convenient to identify all the rules; so, using the fuzzy clustering techniques in which the rules are resulted from measured data can be useful and valuable. In this paper, a new model based on the geological and geotechnical site conditions is developed to predict the road header performance. The model is developed using soft computing technique that applies the concept of fuzzy logic to take into account the uncertainty and complexity derived from the interaction between rock properties and road header parameters. The prediction capabilities offered by TS fuzzy model based on subtractive clustering method are demonstrated by using field data of obtained from Tabas coal mine in Iran.

The results of the statistical analysis of seismic activity recorded in the ''Zabrze-Bielszowice'' coal mine in Poland are presented in this article. The monitoring was conducted by a small network consisting of four triaxial geophones deployed in vertical holes in the roof. For over 1000 seismic events recorded during the two month's experiment, the location of sources was realized. The seismic sources were mostly located ahead of the active face of the longwall. Since the first day of the monitoring, cluster analysis was sequentially performed for increasing number of sources. At the end of the experiment, 31 clusters were identified. They consisted of different numbers of events and were separated in space. About 40% of the events were not included in the clusters. For each large cluster, hazard analysis was separately performed. The hazard function evaluated for the largest cluster was compared with hypocenters of high energy tremors (E41000 J) recorded by the geophones in that area. For some cases, recorded tremors occurred after an abrupt decrease of hazard function, but only one of them was located in the vicinity of the appropriate cluster. We concluded that for the analyzed cluster, a correlation between evaluated hazard function and time occurrences of the high energy tremors existed. Except for one case, there is no space correlation between analyzed clusters and high energy tremors.

An actinobacterial strain, designated G4 T , isolated from a coal mine was subjected to polyphasic taxonomic characterization. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, yellow-pigmented, non-motile and non-spore-forming cocci. This organism possessed a type B peptidoglycan with diaminobutyric acid as diagnostic diamino acid. The major respiratory quinones were MK-9, MK-10 and MK-11. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 (41.6 %) and anteiso-C 17 : 0 (32.8 %). The predominant cellular polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. Cell wall sugars comprised galactose, glucose, ribose and rhamnose. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of strain G4 T showed high similarity with Agrococcus baldri (98.9 %), Agrococcus citreus (97.8 %), Agrococcus jenensis (97.3 %) and Agrococcus terreus (97.0 %). Sequence similarity with the type strains of the other species of the genus Agrococcus was less than 97.0 %. The DNA-DNA relatedness of strain G4 T with the type strains of Agrococcus baldri, Agrococcus citreus, Agrococcus jenensis and Agrococcus terreus was less than 70 %. On the basis of the physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain G4 T should be classified as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Agrococcus, for which the name Agrococcus carbonis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is G4 T (5MTCC 10213 T 5DSM 22965 T).

The aim of this study was to provide an assessment of the environmental impact that the tailing dumps from Lupeni coal mine (Jiului Valley) have on the local environment. To achieve this goal, several field trips were organized during which observations on the area were noted and biological samples were collected (soil samples). The study was based also on laboratory and computer studies during which biological samples were analyzed and the results were processed to determine the degree of impact. The current study focused primarily on assessing the quality of the terrestrial biotic environments, by identifying the main groups of invertebrates and plant species that inhabit the anthropogenic soils and on the recent observations made on field in the affected area. The results of some preliminary studies on the stability of the waste dumps and on the quality of the aquatic biotic environments were also considered. Based on all information gathered this way, a rapid impact assessment m...

A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and off-specification fly ash (FA) in remediating acid mine drainage (AMD). The pH and AMD concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) were assessed. The effects of RCA particle size on pH and AMD metal concentrations were also investigated. Results showed that RCAs were effective in neutralising the acidic pH and lowering the AMD concentrations of iron, chromium, copper and zinc. The concentrations of calcium increased, but magnesium and manganese concentrations varied in the treatment process. FA acted as an additional source of metals and increased the concentrations of iron, copper and manganese significantly. Finer RCA particles were the most effective in raising the pH and reducing the AMD concentrations of magnesium, manganese and zinc. The concentrations of calcium, iron, chromium and copper remained unaffected by the RCA particle size. In addition, geochemical modelling indicated that sorption was the leaching controlling mechanism in untreated and FA-treated AMD, whereas it was solubility-controlled leaching in RCA-treated AMD. Finally, the research reported in this study suggests the use of RCA as an effective alternative to the conventional treatment methods for AMD remediation.

The goal of our research was to assess the impact of post-mining land subsidence, caused due to underground coal mining operations, on fine root biomass and root tips count; plant available nutrient status, microbial biomass N (MBN) and N-mineralization rates of a Southern tropical dry deciduous forest of Singareni Coalfields of India. The changes were quantified in all the three (rainy, winter and summer) seasons, in slope and depression microsites of the subsided land and an adjacent undamaged forest microsite. Physico-chemical characteristics were found to be altered after subsidence, showing a positive impact of subsidence on soil moisture, bulk density, water holding capacity, organic carbon content, total N and total P. The increase in all the parameters was found in depression microsites, while in slope microsites, the values were lower. Fine root biomass and root tips count increased in the subsided depression microsites, as demonstrated by increases of 62% and 45%, respectively. Soil nitrate-N and phosphate-P concentrations were also found to be higher in depression microsite, showing an increase of 35.68% and 24.74%, respectively. Depression microsite has also shown the higher MBN value with an increase over control. Net nitrification, net N-mineralization and MBN were increased in depression microsite by 29.77%, 25.72% and 34%, respectively. There was a positive relation of microbial N with organic C, fine root biomass and root tips.

Coal handling is a complex process involving different correlated and highly dependent operations such as selecting appropriate product types, planning stockpiles, scheduling stacking and reclaiming activities and managing train loads. Planning these operations manually is time consuming and can result in non-optimized schedules as future impact of decisions may not be appropriately considered. This paper addresses the operational scheduling of the continuous coal handling problem with multiple conflicting objectives. As the problem is NP-hard in nature, an effective heuristic is presented for planning stockpiles and scheduling resources to minimize delays in production and the coal age in the stockyard. A model of stockyard operations within a coal mine is described and the problem is formulated as a Bi-Objective Optimization Problem (BOOP). The algorithm efficacy is demonstrated on different real-life data scenarios. Computational results show that the solution algorithm is effective and the coal throughput is substantially impacted by the conflicting objectives. Together, the model and the proposed heuristic, can act as a decision support system for the stockyard planner to explore the effects of alternative decisions, such as balancing age and volume of stockpiles, and minimizing conflicts due to stacker and reclaimer movements.

Coal mine disaster is a common occurrence in mines after which rescue operations are immediately needed which is a risky one. The disaster results in increased level of harmful gases like CO and CO2 resulting in decreased O2 level and high temperature. Moreover the explosion might recur, making direct human intervention impossible inside the tunnel for rescue operation. To prevent human and material loss after mine explosion, a Robot is deployed inside the tunnel, which can travel inside the tunnel to sense gas contents, temperature and transmit the signals to the control room. The robot also has a wireless camera which will transmit live video signal to monitor the status inside the tunnel and to control the movement of the robot . The robot is a conveyor belt type robot enabling it to climb up the obstacles and move across debris. The ZigBee technology is used along with RF transceivers to carry out cheap and efficient wireless communication. With the help of this mobile robot, the loss due to coal mine disaster can be reduced and efficient rescue operation can be carried out.

This study is based on field work undertaken in 2003, and builds on previous projects undertaken in Mongolia. It assesses the medium-term growth potential of Mongolia's non-fuel minerals industry, and its potential contribution to economic growth, poverty reduction, and regional development. The study evaluates the current state of the mining sector so as to identify favorable factors for development, and/or potential constraints, reviews investor perceptions, and international case studies of best practice on how to address such constraints, and, recommends options for government actions to improve industry management and the investment climate. It is stipulated mining companies have responded favorably to the need of supporting social programs that benefit the surrounding communities, by developing foundations capable of leveraging funds for community development, and social programs from sources such as private donors, and public funds. Recommendations further address the nee...

The study was carried out to analyse the environmental impacts of coal mine and coal-based thermal power plant to the surrounding environment of Barapukuria, Dinajpur. The analyses of coal, water, soil and fly ash were carried out using standard sample testing methods. This study found that coal mining industry and coal-based thermal power plant have brought some environmental and socioeconomic challenges to the adjacent areas such as soil, water and air pollution, subsidence of agricultural land and livelihood insecurity of inhabitants. The pH values, heavy metal, organic carbon and exchangeable cations of coal water treated in the farmland soil suggest that coal mining deteriorated the surrounding water and soil quality. The SO 4 2− concentration in water samples was beyond the range of World Health Organisation standard. Some physico-chemical properties such as pH, conductivity, moisture content, bulk density, unburned carbon content, specific gravity, water holding capacity, liquid and plastic limit were investigated on coal fly ash of Barapukuria thermal power plant. Air quality data provided by the Barapukuria Coal Mining Company Limited were contradictory with the result of interview with the miners and local inhabitants. However, coal potentially contributes to the development of economy of Bangladesh but coal mining deteriorates the environment by polluting air, water and soil. In general, this study includes comprehensive baseline data for decision makers to evaluate the feasibility of coal power industry at Barapukuria and the coalmine itself.

Social, environment and rural development issues are an integral part of the development challenge in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) Region. The World Bank's Sustainable Development Strategy for the region provides the conceptual framework for setting priorities, strengthening the policy and institutional frameworks for sustainable development, and addressing key environmental, social and rural development challenges through projects, programs, policy dialogue, non-lending services, and partnerships. The EASER Discussion Paper series provides a forum for discussion on good practices and policy issues within the development community and with client countries.

The main objective of researches was the analysis of experience of application of technological schemes of mining of longwall panels without re-installation of the equipment of a coal face. For conditions of the mine Taldinskaya-Zapadnaya-2 change of coal face output when mining longwall panels with a longwall turn is shown. Sharp decline in output of a longwall at a face turn is shown. Comparison of efficiency of mining of longwall panels with a turn of a complex and at re-installation of a longwall is executed. Recommendations about decrease in equipment downtimes and increase in efficiency of re-installation of the equipment of a longwall are made.

China's current strategy for the development of its coal industry is based on policies developed and implemented in accordance with the state council's detailed opinions. The highest level of government authority has thus defined principles to be followed and guidelines to be adopted in developing a sustainable, coal industry which meets the needs of the national economy. The document summarizes the rapid progress which has already been achieved within the coal industry and highlights the key issues that must be addressed as the growing economy continues to drive coal demand, thus increasing pressure on resources, the environment, and safety. The state council's proposals are fundamental and far-reaching. Once accomplished, China's coal industry will be capable of achieving sustainability. The Government has made substantial progress in addressing most of the state council's aims. However, there are a few omissions and key areas where significantly more needs to ...

Road header performance prediction plays a significant role in the successful implementation of a tunneling project; so that, there is a need for accurate prediction of the advance rate of tunneling. However, there is relatively less study on predicting the performance of such machinery by using soft computing techniques although they have some advantages over the other methods. On the other hand, often models applied for road header performance prediction neglect interaction between machine and rock mass parameters. The Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy system model, one of the most popular fuzzy models, can be applied to solve complex problems by transferring a nonlinear system into a set of linear subsystems. However, in many situations, it is not convenient to identify all the rules; so, using the fuzzy clustering techniques in which the rules are resulted from measured data can be useful and valuable. In this paper, a new model based on the geological and geotechnical site conditions is developed to predict the road header performance. The model is developed using soft computing technique that applies the concept of fuzzy logic to take into account the uncertainty and complexity derived from the interaction between rock properties and road header parameters. The prediction capabilities offered by TS fuzzy model based on subtractive clustering method are demonstrated by using field data of obtained from Tabas coal mine in Iran.

Coal handling is a complex process involving different correlated and highly dependent operations such as selecting appropriate product types, planning stockpiles, scheduling stacking and reclaiming activities and managing train loads. Planning these operations manually is time consuming and can result in non-optimized schedules as future impact of decisions may not be appropriately considered. This paper addresses the operational scheduling of the continuous coal handling problem with multiple conflicting objectives. As the problem is NP-hard in nature, an effective heuristic is presented for planning stockpiles and scheduling resources to minimize delays in production and the coal age in the stockyard. A model of stockyard operations within a coal mine is described and the problem is formulated as a Bi-Objective Optimization Problem (BOOP). The algorithm efficacy is demonstrated on different real-life data scenarios. Computational results show that the solution algorithm is effective and the coal throughput is substantially impacted by the conflicting objectives. Together, the model and the proposed heuristic, can act as a decision support system for the stockyard planner to explore the effects of alternative decisions, such as balancing age and volume of stockpiles, and minimizing conflicts due to stacker and reclaimer movements.

Overview of Mongolia's Mining Sector 1.1 The minerals industry has evolved into a truly global industry that is highly competitive, generally capital intensive, technologically complex, and risky. With few exceptions its development is dependent on and shaped by competitive global commodity markets, geological mineral endowment, and national legal, regulatory, and fiscal conditions. The industry is increasing influenced by a limited number of well-financed, technologically advanced international mining companies. These companies are highly selective, risk averse, and sensitive to changes in the investment climate. A 1991 UN/World Bank survey identified six factors used by these companies to evaluate mineral projects and potential investments: Geological prospectivity and mining tradition, Clear mining rights and title (legal/regulatory framework), Attractive and competitive fiscal conditions (fiscal legislation), Ownership and control of operations (legal/regulatory framework), Political stability and transparency of governance (institutional capacity), Availability of infrastructure. 1.2 Given the capital sums required, low probability of success, and volatile markets, governments increasingly have abandoned direct involvement in mining. Recognizing the potential of private investment, many emerging economy governments have embarked on mining sector reforms that restrict the role of the state to sector management and regulation. They have adopted legal/regulatory frameworks that provide equal access to mineral rights, security of tenure, and the freedom to exploit, market, and assign minerals. They have established globally competitive fiscal regimes, and created institutional structures that seek to ensure stability, good governance, and regulatory consistency. They generate and provide, as a public good, basic geological data to encourage interest in mining. Appropriate mining reforms, consistently applied, have attracted significant local and foreign direct investments, produced sustained growth in industrial output, export earnings and GDP, and resulted in meaningful indirect benefits in local community development, formation of SMEs, and job creation. 1.3 Mongolia, with its good geology and undoubted mineral endowment, stands to benefit by continuing to reform its mineral sector, improving its fiscal competitiveness, and encouraging private exploration and development of its vast land mass.

Fly ash is one of the common residues produced from combustion of coal. In past, fly ash was unconditionally released into the atmosphere. Recent concerns about environmental pollution led to prohibition of its atmospheric release and mandated the use of various mechanisms to trap it before release. Subsequently, the storage and recycling of this huge quantity of fly ash has become a new concern. Presently in Bangladesh, it is estimated that 1.3 million cubic feet of fly ash is produced per annum for dumping from thermal power plants alone, and is estimated to reach an alarming crescendo of 9.5 million cubic feet by 2018. The environmental degradation due to dumping of fly ash aggravates the situation. Together, they pose an imminent threat in a densely populated country like Bangladesh, which needs to be addressed urgently. For River bank erosion management, a huge amount of costing usieinvolved in Bangladesh. If we can use fly ash geo-bag for Rriver bank protection works, we can s...

Environment monitoring in coal mines is an important application of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that has commercial potential. We discuss the design of a Structure-Aware Self-Adaptive WSN system, SASA. By regulating the mesh sensor network deployment and formulating a collaborative mechanism based on a regular beacon strategy, SASA is able to rapidly detect structure variations caused by underground collapses. We further develop a sound and robust mechanism for efficiently handling queries under instable circumstances. A prototype is deployed with 27 mica2 motes in a real coal mine. We present our implementation experiences as well as the experimental results. To better evaluate the scalability and reliability of SASA, we also conduct a large-scale trace-driven simulation based on real data collected from the experiments.

W artykule zaprezentowano możliwości wykorzystania rachunku kosztów działań sterowanego czasem w górnictwie węgla kamiennego. Głównym celem artykułu jest wskazanie zalet i okoliczności stosowania rachunku kosztów działań sterowanego czasem do kalkulacji kosztów projektów inwestycyjnych realizowanych w przedsiębiorstwie górniczym. Zasadniczą przesłanką podjęcia przedmiotowych rozważań jest koniczność wdrożenia w polskich przedsiębiorstwach górniczych nowoczesnych metod z obszaru rachunkowości zarządczej, umożliwiających racjonalizację podejmowanych decyzji inwestycyjnych.

Clarence Colliery is exploring the 4FCT as a continuous haulage system. The 4FCT
(Flexible Conveyor Train) is used as a continuous conveyor between the current continuous miner unit
and the fixed boot end of the panel conveyor vs the three shuttle car system, currently in use in a
continuous miner partial pillar extraction panel at Clarence Colliery. At Clarence the base case is three
shuttle cars per continuous miner, using a cut and flit partial pillar mining method.
The Joy 4FCT has not been utilised in Australia before. The main questions are: What is a 4FCT? How
does it function? What are the benefits? How do we introduce the 4FCT safely? Why Clarence
Colliery? What else needs to change at Clarence to optimise the 4FCT
? Moving forward?
Clarence Colliery needs to meet specific subsidence, water make, geological and mine design
requirements. The 4FCT implementation offers Clarence colliery the opportunity to explore new
technology, while testing Clarence’s analysis, measurement, assessment and continuous improvement
processes.
The choice of the ‘better option’ in any analysis is not always made for monetary reasons. Often option
choice decisions are made for safety, operational ease or engineering or mine design optimisation.
Money is not the prime driver, but part of the decision making process.