Civil Protection

In questo testo si affronta il percorso storico di un'associazione che ha nelle sue peculiarità l'educazione alla protezione civile fin dalle sue origini. L'opera di ricerca ebbe inizio all'indomani dell’estate 2007, dopo una devastante estate di incendi che nulla avevano di naturale, chiara testimonianza di una regia malavitosa in grado di contrastare
lo Stato, partendo dalla conoscenza dei suoi punti deboli. Nello sdegno
e nella preoccupazione generale, mentre tutti invocavano l’intervento della Protezione
Civile, non veniva compreso che il problema, non avendo un’origine naturale
ma dolosa ed organizzata su ampia scala, doveva essere affrontato in
un’ottica più ampia, vale a dire in un contesto di Difesa Civile.
Il Capo del Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, alla fine di una lotta impari
contro il fuoco, affermò che il modo corretto di rapportarsi con l’ambiente e il
territorio, fosse quello degli Scouts. Probabilmente l’affermazione rilasciata ai
giornalisti non fu considerata degna di nota da parte della società e forse, tra
chi vi prestò attenzione, si pensò più ad una battuta o ad un immagine stereotipata
dello scout che va nei boschi a cogliere margherite. In realtà le parole del
Capo Dipartimento miravano ben oltre e avevano un significato profondo.Questo articolo va al fondo della questione nel rapporto tra scautismo protezione e difesa civile, provando a dare risposte a domande come: “perché gli Scouts hanno questa naturale
propensione a svolgere attività di protezione civile? Cosa distingue il servizio
di Protezione Civile scout da quello di altre Associazioni di Volontariato?”
Nel testo, attraverso un'indagine storica e documentale, si è scavato nelle finalità
educative, di difesa civile, ovvero negli intenti di Baden-Powell, fondatore del movimento scout.

Представлены результаты численного и экспериментального моделирования поведения железобетонной предварительно напряженной плиты без сцепления арматуры с бетоном под воздействием стандартного пожара. Определен предел огнестойкости по несущей способности. Рассмотрены причины разрушения защитного слоя бетона. Результаты численного моделирования сопоставлены с экспериментальными данными.

Genezy obrony totalnej (total defence) należy szukać u klasyków myśli wojskowej. Carl von Clauzewitz poświęcił uwagę możliwości zaangażowania ludności cywilnej w wojnę prowadzoną przez państwo, odnotowując, że jest to potencjał, który należy umiejętnie wykorzystać. Kluczowym założeniem koncepcji obrony totalnej jest szybka i powszechna mobilizacja ludności zdolnej do walki w przypadku zaistnienia zagrożenia wojną.

Wie hat sich der Schweizer Sicherheitsbereich seit Ende des Kalten Krieges entwickelt? Wer arbeitet heute mit wem zu welchen Gefahren? Basierend auf einer umfassenden und einzigartigen Datenerhebung kartiert dieser Beitrag die Entwicklung des gesamtschweizerischen Sicherheitsbereichs. Die Darstellung der praktischen Arbeitsteilungen, inneren und äusseren Kooperationen, beruflichen Profile und Werdegänge schafft einen analytisch differenzierten und empirisch fundierten Beitrag zu anhaltenden Diskussionen über die landesweite sicherheitspolitische Steuerung.

Un viaggio nel mondo della difesa e della protezione civile, due settori-chiave nei paesi moderni. Ma come funzionano nel nostro Paese ed, in generale nel mondo? Quali sono i modelli organizzativi adottati? Quali sono le attuali fonti di minaccia e gli scenari che potranno interessare, in un futuro non molto lontano, il nostro Paese? E, infine, come è strutturata, realmente, la Protezione civile e quali sono i suoi ambiti operativi? Sono alcune delle domande alle quali intende rispondere, in maniera semplice e pragmatica, questo testo che cerca di colmare una lacuna nel panorama informativo del settore. Il libro è diviso in due parti. Nella prima si affronta il tema della Difesa civile, sia per inquadrare il settore, sia per comprendere con maggiore consapevolezza, il comparto della Protezione civile, che sarà interamente trattato nella seconda sezione del volume. Certo tutti conoscono la Protezione Civile, un settore d'attività divenuto ormai popolare. Eppure, si tratta di una struttura che stenta ad essere inquadrata correttamente. Probabilmente le numerose attività facenti capo a questo settore, i numerosi attori coinvolti, possono trarre in inganno sulle sue reali caratteristiche, compiti e finalità. Di qui l'importanza del volume che non solo risponde ai principali quesiti di attualità ma offre uno spaccato sugli scenari possibili, o futuribili che saranno le sfide della futura Protezione Civile.

Τα τελευταία χρόνια ένα ευρύ φάσμα φυσικών καταστροφών έχει γίνει μια καλά τεκμηριωμένη και απτή πραγματικότητα με τραγικές επιπτώσεις. Και ενώ υπάρχει μια πλούσια βιβλιογραφία σε σχέση με την ετοιμότητα έκτακτης ανάγκης, η αντίστοιχη σε σχέση με τα άτομα με αναπηρίες, είναι εξαιρετικά περιορισμένη. Η εργασία αυτή διερευνά τις προκλήσεις που αντιμετωπίζουν τα άτομα με αναπηρίες κατά τη διάρκεια μιας καταστροφής και εξετάζονται στρατηγικές που δύναται να αποδειχθούν αποτελεσματικές για μια κοινωνία χωρίς αποκλεισμούς.

Λέξεις-Κλειδιά: Φυσικές Καταστροφές, Άτομα με Αναπηρίες, Πολιτική Προστασία, Σχεδιασμός Έκτακτης Ανάγκης

Obrona cywilna (civil defence) to pojęcie zdefiniowane m.in. w dokumentach międzynarodowego prawa humanitarnego, tj. w I Protokole dodatkowym z 1977 roku do konwencji genewskich z 12 sierpnia 1949 roku. Celem jest ochrona przede wszystkim ludności cywilnej nie tylko w czasie konfliktów zbrojnych, lecz także w przypadku wystąpienia zagrożeń naturalnych (klęsk żywiołowych). Ponadto zwraca się uwagę na usuwanie skutków zagrożeń i pomoc ludności w przetrwaniu.

" Topic: Emergency management as a concept and platform in Kosovo, the Transport and Communications aspect. Case study, Kosovo and the aspirations for quality development and growth Context of treatment, legal-regulatory reviews and practical application. Level of treatment, initial reviews.

The elaboration of this work is born, with the awareness of the need for an improvement, in the form of working together, of the various civil protection agents existing in the city of Lisbon. This need is all the more pressing since it can lead to losses for the relief of people and property.
Taking, for example, cases from other national and foreign dispatch centers, I would like to highlight the lack of an Integrated Emergency Center for the city of Lisbon and the benefits that may result. In particular, the case of the Moravian-Silesian Region Emergency Center in Ostrava, Czech Republic, is presented as an example. As both countries of the European Union we can expect a more homogenous comparison.
All these areas are presented in the following work, without prejudice to the fact that other improvements may be proposed in the future, always in favor of the city of Lisbon and its population.

Key words: Lisbon; Ostrava; Comparation; Integrated Emergency Center; Civil Protection Agents

STRESZCZENIE Zdaniem autora konieczna jest ściślejsza integracja systemu zarządzania kryzysowego z systemem obronnym państwa. Warto rozważyć stworzenie na poszczególnych poziomach administracji publicznej jednego, kompleksowego planu zarządzania bezpieczeństwem (odpowiednio dla każdego z poziomów, od krajowego do gminnego). Dokument taki powinien zawierać treści zawarte w aktualnie funkcjonujących planach i obowiązywałby w czasie pokoju, kryzysu i wojny. Rozważyć należy także, czy w przypadku takiego zintegrowania systemów pod względem planistycznym, właściwym jest tworzenie na wszystkich poziomach administracji publicznej odrębnych zespołów na czas pokoju, kryzysu i wojny – realizujących zadania " kryzysowe " i obronne-w praktyce wymienione zadania i tak realizowane są najczęściej przez tych samych pracowników. ABSTRACT A denser system integration of the crisis management is necessary with the defensive system of the state. It is worthwhile considering creating the civil service on individual levels one, of comprehensive plan of the safety management (appropriately for each of levels, than domestic to commune). Such a document should contain contents included in currently functioning plansand would be in force during the room, the crisis and the war. To consider he also belongs, whether in case of such integrating systems under the account creating the room, the crisis and the war on all levels of the civil service of separate teams on time is planning, due-performing tasks "critical" and defensive-objectives in practice exchanged still are most often carried out by the same employees. Słowa kluczowe: zarządzanie kryzysowe, obronność, administracja WPROWADZENIE Coraz częściej akcentowana jest potrzeba posiadania uniwersalnego systemu, który zdolny byłby do obniżenia ryzyka związanego z istniejącymi zagrożeniami i powstaniem sytuacji kryzysowej oraz wytworzenia sprawnych mechanizmów przejmowania nad nimi kontroli w drodze racjonalnie zaplanowanych działań. W Polsce rola taka jest spełniana przez system zarządzania kryzysowego, którego głównym założeniem jest zapobieganie powstawaniu sytuacji kryzysowych, przygotowanie do przejmowania nad nimi kontroli w drodze zaplanowanych działań i sprawne reagowanie w razie ich wystąpienia oraz odbudowa i przywrócenie równowagi funkcjonowania państwa i społeczeństwa.

ΕΝΑΣ ΕΙΚΟΝΟΓΡΑΦΗΜΕΝΟΣ ΟΔΗΓΟΣ ΟΡΓΑΝΩΣΗΣ ΤΗΣ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗΣ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΣΙΑΣ ΣΤΟ ΕΠΙΠΕΔΟ ΤΟΥ ΔΗΜΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΛΕΠΤΟΜΕΡΕΙΣ ΟΔΗΓΙΕΣ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΔΗΜΟΤΕΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΑΝΤΙΜΕΤΩΠΙΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΦΥΣΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΤΑΣΤΡΟΦΩΝ.
AN ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO THE ORGANIZATION OF CIVIL PROTECTION AT THE LEVEL OF THE MUNICIPALITY AND DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CITIZENS ABOUT THE  NATURAL DISASTERS.

Viaggio nel mondo della difesa e della protezione civile, due settori chiave nei paesi moderni. Come funzionano nel nostro Paese e nel mondo? Quali modelli organizzativi sono adottati?Quali scenari potranno interessare l'Italia in un futuro non troppo lontano? Com'è struttura la protezione civile in Italia, quali caratteristiche e differenze con la difesa civile?

Obiectivul strategic al protecției civile constă în asigurarea continuității exercitării de către statul român a funcțiilor sale constituționale, prin creșterea rezilienței naționale în contextul producerii unor situații de protecție civilă. Obiectivul strategic se realizează prin integrarea măsurilor și acțiunilor largii majorități a instituțiilor publice centrale dar și a autorităților locale, operatorilor economici și populația.
Însușirea abordărilor conceptuale în domeniul protecției civile privite prin prisma conceptelor strategice ale NATO, UE și ONU în domeniul urgențelor civile asigură cadrul normativ necesar pentru a asigura actualul cadru legislativ privind asigurarea managementului strategic al protecției civile.
Implementarea legislației protecției civile poate constitui unul dintre elementele de analiză și cuantificare a bunei guvernanțe a țării

Responsabilitatea sistemului protecției civile în contextul implementării măsurilor NATO de răspuns la criză trebuie privită și înțeleasă ca un element fundamental al funcționării statului. Implicarea structurilor statului în acest domeniu indică nivelul de stabilitate/instabilitate a mediului de securitate național și regional.Într-un context geopolitic complex pentru România corecta abordare a problematicii protecției civile care, în ansamblu, vizează protecția populației în situații de urgență, criză sau război dar și sprijin acordat structurilor militare implicate în acțiuni militare sau de asigurare a responsabilităților Suportului Națiunii Gazdă trebuie să reprezinte o preocupare majoră a decidenților politici de cel mai înalt nivel, respectiv a forului legislativ suprem care este Parlamentul României.

Abordarea sistemică a managementului situaţiilor de urgenţă la nivel naţional este o caracteristică exclusivă a actualei concepţii privind prevenirea şi gestionarea situaţiilor de urgenţă. Inspectoratul General pentru Situaţii de Urgenţă, ca organ de specialitate din subordinea Ministerului Administraţiei şi Internelor, asigură coordonarea unitară şi permanentă a activităţilor de prevenire şi gestionare a situaţiilor de urgenţă precum şi, potrivit competenţelor legale, cooperarea şi reprezentarea la nivel naţional în domeniile protecţiei civile, apărării împotriva incendiilor şi gestionării situaţiilor de urgenţă. Obligaţiile şi acţiunile internaţionale privind integrarea euroatlantică, protecţia civilă, apărarea împotriva incendiilor şi gestionarea situaţiilor de urgenţă sunt asumate de către inspectoratul general, care îndeplineşte totodată şi funcţia de punct de contact naţional în relaţia cu organizaţiile internaţionale de profil. Totodată, inspectoratul general asigură planificarea şi mobilizarea resurselor proprii la instituirea măsurilor excepţionale prevăzute de lege, precum şi la declararea stărilor de mobilizare şi război. The systemic approach of the emergency management at national level is an exclusive feature of the current concepts regarding prevention and emergency management. The General Inspectorate for Emergency Situations as a specialized body subordinated to the Ministry of Administration and Interior, ensure a permanent and unitarian coordination of the all activity regarding prevention and emergency management and according to his legal competence cooperation and representation at national level of the civil protection, defence against fire and emergency management.

An on-line course by Agust Gudmundsson starting 14 March 2022 Agust Gudmundsson answers specific questions raised by participants, provides step-by-step solutions to numerous volcanological problems, and discusses further volcanological topics of special interests to the participants such as related to their own projects.

Nella gestione dei disastri collegati ad eventi naturali estremi possiamo individuare il coinvolgimento di tre ambiti: scientifico, tecnico e politico. Questi, pur avendo linguaggi e tempi d’azione differenti, devono necessariamente rispondere in maniera sinergica al problema della gestione, mitigazione e comunicazione dei rischi e dei disastri, operando in un settore stretto tra l’esigenza del rigore scientifico, le necessità tecniche, una corretta gestione del territorio, la percezione del rischio e infine un’imprescindibile informazione-comunicazione con i cittadini. Nell’equilibrio tra questi tre ambiti è possibile individuare il cuore della complessità di gestione di un disastro e, allo stesso tempo, la possibile chiave d’equilibrio, in grado di attuare una efficace strategia di riduzione dei disastri. Oltre alla necessità di essere chiamati a operare insieme, l’elemento delicato che più accomuna i tre ambiti è senza dubbio il concetto di informazione-comunicazione. Sarà infatti questo, nella sua complessità, a rivestire una funzione strategica nei rapporti tra territorio, ambiente e comunità.

The extreme natural phenomena do not necessarily become risks to individuals and social systems. This only happens when their manifestation threatens stability of a society or of its development resources. In fact, societies may, in their activities in the territory, interfere with the magnitude of risks and their impacts. Through the interaction between the biophysical environment and social structures, processes and sociocultural frameworks of human action, the risks may emerge and manifest themselves as disasters.
In order to ensure that citizens join the collective responsibility it is essential to make them aware about the need to take an active role in reducing the number of occurrences in the municipality and, consequently, in reducing the exposure to risks.
This article brings forward an overview of the importance of raising awareness about reducing disaster risk in Portuguese schools, as well as the results obtained in this area in the municipality of Amadora.

Η πανδημία του κορωνοϊού συνοδεύτηκε από μια πανδημία θεωριών συνωμοσίας, παραπληροφόρησης και εσφαλμένης πληροφόρησης. Σε καταστάσεις κρίσεων - όπως είναι και οι πανδημικές κρίσεις - όπου επικρατεί ο φόβος και η αγωνία και οι άνθρωποι αναζητούν γρήγορες ή/και εύκολες εξηγήσεις, αντίστοιχα φαινόμενα ήταν συχνά παρόντα. Η μελέτη αυτή εξερεύνησε τα αίτια εμφάνισης, τους παράγοντες ενίσχυσης, τα μέσα διάδοσης και τις πηγές προέλευσης τους, καθώς και τους κινδύνους ασφάλειας που απορρέουν από αυτές, ενώ αναζήτησε και τρόπους απόκρισης. Η μελέτη εστίασε ιδιαίτερα στην περίπτωση της Ελλάδας – η οποία, δεν είχε διερευνηθεί ακόμα αρκετά – εξετάζοντας την κατάσταση μέσα από πρωτογενή έρευνα - που συνδύασε ημιδομημένες συνεντεύξεις με εκπροσώπους και στελέχη θεσμικών φορέων και υπηρεσιών πρώτης γραμμής, εκπροσώπους και ειδικούς-ές εμπειρογνώμονες από τον ακαδημαϊκό-ερευνητικό χώρο και την κοινωνία των πολιτών (ποιοτική έρευνα) με διαδικτυακή έρευνα (ποσοτική έρευνα - ερωτηματολόγιο αυτόματης συμπλήρωσης) – και συγκρίνοντας την με την κατάσταση σε άλλες χώρες. Συγκεκριμένα χαρακτηριστικά, προϋπάρχουσες πεποιθήσεις και συνθήκες καθιστούν ορισμένους ανθρώπους ιδιαίτερα ευάλωτους απέναντι σε θεωρίες συνωμοσίας, παραπληροφόρηση ή εσφαλμένη πληροφόρηση για τον κορωνοϊό, ειδικότερα δε εντός μιας κατάστασης κρίσης. Συγκεκριμένοι πολιτικοί-ιδεολογικοί χώροι, εγκληματικά κυκλώματα, κυβερνήσεις και κρατικές υπηρεσίες, ΜΜΕ – και ειδικά όσον αφορά την Ελλάδα – ομάδες αρνητών του κορωνοϊού και κατά των περιοριστικών μέτρων, χρήστες και ομάδες στο διαδίκτυο και στα κοινωνικά δίκτυα, Εκκλησία αλλά και η επιστημονική κοινότητα, παίζουν βασικό ρόλο στην ανά-παραγωγή του φαινομένου. Κοινωνικά δίκτυα, ΜΜΕ στο διαδίκτυο αλλά και διαπροσωπικές επαφές είναι στην Ελλάδα τα βασικά μέσα διάδοσης. Ποικίλοι-ες κίνδυνοι και απειλές για την δημόσια υγεία, την εσωτερική και την εξωτερική/διεθνή ασφάλεια συνδέονται με ανά-παραγωγή αυτών των θεωριών, των εσφαλμένων ή των ψευδών/παραπλανητικών πληροφορίων ή ειδήσεων. Η κατάσταση στην Ελλάδα είναι μάλλον ανησυχητική και σε παρόμοια επίπεδα με άλλες χώρες του δυτικού κόσμου, εντούτοις είναι καλύτερη σε ορισμένους τομείς όπως για παράδειγμα σε επίπεδο καταναλωτικών απατών για «θαυματουργές θεραπείες» ή οργανωμένων συγκεντρώσεων αρνητών του κορωνοϊού. Η ανάγκη λήψης συγκεκριμένων μέτρων σε διάφορα επίπεδα και τομείς είναι επιτακτική.

Scienze della comunicazione pubblica e sociale LA COMUNICAZIONE DEL RISCHIO NUCLEARE Le centrali transfrontaliere e lo scenario italiano: analisi e proposte Tesi di laurea in Comunicazione e marketing sociale Relatore: Prof.ssa Pina Lalli Correlatore: Dott. Roberto Pizzi Presentata da: Chiara Bianchini Sessione prima Anno accademico

THE EMERGENCY ENTITIES ACTION IMPROVEMENT TOWARDS THE PREVENTION AND EFFECTS COUNTERING IN CASE OF OUTSTANDING EVENTS
From the beginnings of time, the social development was augmented by those individuals that have always asked questions and also tried to answer them. Knowledge always requires that the pioneers have the courage to throw a stone in the dark, in the uncertainty and unpredictable.
The fact that the states have always built response systems that would ensure the protection of their citizen isn’t something new. Still, every time, the state sought to create response structures and entities that would ensure the protection of population in those situations.
It is commonly know that the technical development comes with technological risks, which can materialize in fires, explosion, CBRN accidents, and environment pollutions a.s.o.
In this respect I want to stress the climate changes in the last 20 years, which have generated significant human and unprecedented material losses worldwide. The fact that natural and technological events go hand in hand in the field of emergency is undeniable.
Our intention (thesis coordinator and PhD student) is to approach the range of actions of the emergency structures oriented to prevent and counter surprise in case of outstanding events, as to obtain a result that will be a starting point in the specialized scientific research and that can be immediately applicable for the above mentioned structures.
Since this paperwork brings several new issues to discussion, corroborated with the author’s opinions on the subject, it can be assessed that the work comprises enough novelty elements that can be developed and certified by the entities with responsibilities in the field of emergencies.

At the end of our scientific undertaking we wish to reiterate the fact that the chosen theme: The emergency entities action improvement towards the prevention and effects countering in case of outstanding events can never be totally covered.
The field of analysis is very complex and this comes also from the context generated by the changes within the most important international entities in this domain.
Prevention of surprise and emergency response must be regarded as an important component that, by its organization and response capacity, can determine future economic benefits, prosperity and, last but not least, security for the population.
The operational planning starts from identifying an enemy, which in the field of emergency situations are the natural, technologic and biologic risks, meaning an adequate response system must be set.
To that extent the issues of response time and the endowment of emergency response teams (that “fight back” since the beginning of, during and after the emergency) are crucial.
In order to attain this we need to know the types of risk, the correct sizing and endowment, organizational flexibility, management quality, command-control-coordination infrastructure.
Taking into consideration that our scientific initiative is aimed to improve the reaction of professional emergency structures, we are proposing new concepts meant to contribute to the definition of terms, legal aspects, organizational and managerial issues and not only.
We believe it is important that three terms should be operated with in the future: event, emergency and catastrophe. The approach is determined by the existing thresholds that generate specific measures and actions.
The analysis in the area of support functions and structure missions was finalized with a draft government decision to approve the assignment of the main support functions that the ministries and other national entities ensure in the field of emergency management and prevention.
The command and control architecture of the emergency management responsible entities has three levels of response: strategic, tactical and operational, ensuring an adequate response in states of emergency.
The existence of the National Intervention Command and Coordination Centre (CNCCI)/ national Emergency Coordination Centre, and at local level of the Bucharest/County Intervention Command and Coordination Centres (CJCCI) is a specific aspect of the emergency management field.
From the study of the interinstitutional organisations and entities that are responsible in emergency management, corroborated with the aspects stressed in previous chapters, we have identified and founded the necessity that the GIES should become an AGENCY subordinated to the prime-minister.
We believe that the realization of the idea of GIES becoming an agency subordinated to the prime-minister or to the government’s general secretariat will be an element that will generate a definitive added value in many fields, but it represents a strategic decision of the political leaders.
Not least, we stressed within the thesis the main aspects regarding the emergency coordination and command centres. We have presented the proposals for the organizational structure in the perspective of the implementation of the Emergency Management Information System and a proposal for the CNCCI Emergency Planning Handbook, and also the Concept of organization and functioning of the intervention command and coordination centres.
We estimate this instrument will allow the efficient coordination of intervention actions so that in the action dynamics the surprise can be countered, that mitigation solutions can be swiftly identified in case of outstanding extent and intensity emergencies.
In the practical part we presented a scenario that would stress the theoretical aspects of the paperwork.
Finally, we wish to state once again that the approached field of discussion can never be exhausted and that by the implementation of the ideas and draft documents, Romania can render its emergency response system more efficient.

Η ανάπτυξη της παρούσης διδακτορικής διατριβής αποτελείται από δύο μέρη. Το Α Μέρος το οποίο δομείται σε επτά κεφάλαια, προσανατολίστηκε στη μελέτη και τη συστηματική αξιολόγηση του υφισταμένου ερευνητικού και θεσμικού πλαισίου σ’ ένα πεδίο διεπιστημονικής γνώσης, αλλά και ανθρώπινης εμπειρίας σε ότι αφορά στη διαχείριση των φυσικών καταστροφών, οι οποίες επιφέρουν εξαιρετικά δυσμενείς επιπτώσεις στο ανθρωπογενές σύστημα, δίνοντας ιδιαίτερη έμφαση στην εφαρμογή και τη βελτίωση της αποδοτικότητας των οργανωμένων συστημάτων Πολιτικής Προστασίας. Η έρευνα του Α μέρους της παρούσης εργασίας έχει ως αντικείμενο τη βελτιστοποίηση των διαδικασιών που άπτονται της διαχείρισης των φυσικών καταστροφών με την ανάπτυξη μιας συνθετικής μεθοδολογικής προσέγγισης, που προκύπτει από το «συγκερασμό» των γνωστικών αντικειμένων διαφόρων επιστημών. Βασικό στόχο αποτελεί η διαμόρφωση του θεωρητικού και λειτουργικού πλαισίου των φυσικών καταστροφών, συμβάλλοντας στην προαγωγή της γνώσης. Τα συμπεράσματα που εξάγονται και οι προτάσεις που δίνονται αποτελούν στην ουσία έναν οδηγό για περαιτέρω ανάπτυξη και συνεχή διάλογο των ερευνητικών ιδεών. Το Β Μέρος προσανατολίστηκε στην κατάρτιση ειδικών προδιαγραφών για την επιχειρησιακή οργάνωση και το σχεδιασμό ετοιμότητας σε τοπικό επίπεδο, όπως αυτές απορρέουν από τα ερευνητικά πορίσματα της διεθνούς βιβλιογραφίας και τις επιταγές του Ελληνικού θεσμικού πλαισίου. Εν συνεχεία, με βάση αυτές τις προδιαγραφές, εκπονήθηκε ένα ολοκληρωμένο γεωγραφικό σύστημα πληροφοριών, με στόχο την υποστήριξη του σχεδιασμού και της λήψης των αποφάσεων των τοπικών αρχών. Έναυσμα γι’ αυτήν την προσπάθεια αποτέλεσαν τo έντονο ερευνητικό ενδιαφέρον που παρατηρείται τα τελευταία χρόνια και οι συστάσεις της διεθνούς βιβλιογραφίας για τη διαχείριση της πολυθεματικής πληροφορίας και της πολυπλοκότητας των συσχετισμών που παράγεται στη διαχείριση των φυσικών καταστροφών, με τη χρήση των πληροφοριακών συστημάτων.


The development of this thesis consists of two parts. Part A is structured into seven chapters, oriented in the study and systematic evaluation of existing research and institutional framework in an interdisciplinary field of knowledge and human experience regarding in the management of natural disasters, which cause extremely unfavourable impact in the anthropogenic system, with particular emphasis on implementing and improving the efficiency of organized systems of Civil Protection. The survey of the first part of this paper is intended to optimize processes related to the management of natural disasters by developing a synthetic methodology approach, derived from the "blending" of different science subjects. Basic objective is the formulation of the theoretical and operational framework of natural disasters, contributing to the advancement of knowledge. The conclusions which are reached and recommendations which are given are essentially a guide for further development and continuous dialogue between research ideas. Part B oriented in the preparation of specific requirements for the operational organization and preparedness at the local level, such as they are resulted from the research findings of international literature and the requirements of the Greek legal framework. Subsequently, based on these specifications, is developed an geographic information system to support planning and decision-making by local authorities. Trigger for this effort was the intense research interest over the last years and the recommendations of the international literature about the management of multidisciplinary information and complexity of the correlations which are produced in managing natural disasters.

Civil Protection is an emergent activity for emergency management operating in the management cycle composed by prevention, preparation, response and recovery phases in sequence of collective risks manifestations ou probability of ocorrence due to natural or technological hazards, with low representativity of risks by intentional treaths (external/internal). This recognition is detected in the National Risk Assessment developed by Portuguese National Civil Protection Authority in 2014. In a growing complexed and polycentric society, with dispersion of western powers, internationally projected by a dissipative hegemony of the United States of America, and the resurgence of power from the continental potency, materialized by the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula by Russian Federation, can a small state like Portugal (Almeida, 2012), in the face of need to forge internationally alliances, disregard the risks posed by intentional threats of internal and/or external sources, materialized or difused by means and regular or irregular forms? And what if in the framework of international alliances, our international partners fell equaly constrained in their capacity for mutual support? Wich are the security pillars whose competences raises permanent needs for prospective efforts and maintainance of dissuasive capacity.
The present investigation, regarding the new National Authority for Civil Protection attributions, newly extended to Civil Emergency Planning, conducts a research with revision of literature, complemented by exploratory interviews under the interpretivist paradigm recurring to the inductive method, characterizing a new security paradigm that if not attended can act has generator of collective risks with derivative potential upon state security (sovereignty, geographical space and population) and civil protection activity, considered has a sectorial area of internal security, proposing a strategic prospective model, a process for strategic planning framed by its own theoric matrix, suggesting the adoption of a Global National Risk Assessment for reflection of a large spectrum of risks and treaths pending upon the Portuguese State, allowing in that sequence, the production of operational scenarios for the institutional players composing the National Security Pilars.

"Society is reliant on infrastructure services, such
as information and communication technology, energy, water,
and food supply, but also on governmental, cultural, and
search and rescue organizations. The goal of project Kritis-
KAT at the Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster
Assistance in Germany is the development of generic criteria
for the identification and evaluation of infrastructures regarded
as “critical” for society. Acknowledging that full protection
against all threats and cascading effects is not possible, the
approach focuses on the impacts rather than the prevention
of threats. The development of generic criteria requires the
prioritization of infrastructures and identification of their key
characteristics for civil protection purposes, risk management
activities, and strategic proactive planning. For this purpose,
the development of a national critical infrastructure priority
inventory is based on a thorough examination of the range of
criteria typically used in similar approaches. The specific focus
of this paper is to identify and simplify essential characteristics
of infrastructure criticality. The main outcome of this study is
the development of common criteria generally applicable to a
variety of infrastructures."

Objective: This paper attempts to prove that an effective model of protecting civilians from consequences of hazards ensuing from natural events considered as natural disasters, as well as risks arising from civilisational development in the reality of a global world, is the civil security engineering system based on achievements of many scientific disciplines related to the humanities, social sciences and technical sciences. This objective is justified by the thesis that stipulates that civil security engineering is an interdisciplinary measure of numerous entities in a modern state, the task of which is ensuring security for the society as regards the protection of life and health, property and the environment as fundamental conditions for the existence of the nation.
Introduction: The contemporary reality, in which the 21st century society is functioning, creates diverse hazards for human life and health, property and the environment. Hence it is the obligation of the state to seek new effective methods that would allow combatting the consequences of such hazards. Many of those methods and tools are comprised by security engineering with civil protection engineering distinguished as a specialist discipline, which comprises means, methods and ways of organising effective protection of the society, human life and health as well as civilisational and cultural
achievements of the society. Methodology: The basic method adopted in preparing this article was a review of source materials related to hazards to the society resulting from natural phenomena and industrial environment, followed by preparing conclusions and a presentation of the complete reasoning in relation to the subject of the present article.
Conclusions: Civil protection is one of the most crucial challenges for the state security system in the context of all-encompassing globalisation, which is conducive to the generation of new hazards, especially those that result from the development of modern technologies. But also in the sphere of natural hazards we are faced with new events, i.a., due to climate change, such as extreme weather conditions, changes to annual precipitation, melting of icebergs,
rise of the water level in seas and oceans, or the recent spread of epidemic hazards, which may be caused by diverse viruses, such as the current coronavirus outbreak. To be effective, the civil protection system has to be organised in a way that ensures it is capable of coping with all challenges; it needs to be able to use knowledge from many scientific fields and domains, and furthermore it also has to be an interdisciplinary system characterised not only by social knowledge, but in the first place technical know-how, and that is why we can speak of civil protection engineering. Key words: civil protection, natural and technical hazards, rules for civil protection, safety engineering, civil security engineering, civil protection engineering Type of article: review article

This report compares and contrasts national approaches to addressing three important challenges to modern civil protection: the interdependency of modern threats/risks; austerity and the need for economic efficiency; and the changing nature of communication. Each challenge is examined in the context of an organizational response, and explored from the perspective of two countries where the challenge has been institutionally recognized. The work identified three principle results from these national comparisons of approaches to key challenges: there are no ‘best’ practices high-impact events drive system adaptations; system adaptations coincide with political and economic windows of opportunity.

Due to Zimbabwe's vulnerability to extreme weather disasters caused by climate change the study sought to analyse the disaster response and management system in Zimbabwe on the occurrence of such disasters. The objectives of the study were to explore the effectiveness of the Zimbabwe Civil Protection Unit (ZCPU) disaster response and management systems against climate change in Zimbabwe; to identify the mechanisms in place for disaster

Certamente que todos aqueles que, como nós, desde há muito se envolveram na educação para os riscos, ao tomarem conhecimento da publicação de um referencial de educação para o risco, não poderão adoptar outra postura que não seja a de ficarem muito satisfeitos, pelo que não podemos deixar de felicitar editores, coordenadores e autores por esta iniciativa.

insegnanti sono consapevoli del fatto che, in termini generali, gli studenti accrescono
l'apprendimento se hanno modo di riscontrare visivamente l'importanza dei contenuti esposti in
classe. In particolare, il loro interesse viene stimolato nel momento in cui essi ne comprendono la
relazione diretta con la realtà della vita quotidiana. Al fine di raggiungere come massimo
obbiettivo l'acquisizione delle conoscenze da parte dello studente è importante adottare una
combinazione di metodi di insegnamento e creare un ambiente scolastico che sia il più possibile
stimolante ed interattivo. Gli studenti apprendono in molti modi differenti, alcuni prediligendo
l'aspetto visivo come video, tabelle, grafici ed immagini mentre altri si focalizzano su quello
uditivo o cinestetico. Gli insegnanti pertanto dovranno saper organizzare attività che si conformino
a tale differenti stili e che permettano a tutti gli studenti delle loro classi di ottenere i mgliori
risultati.

The paper examines the new Civil Protection Code, introduced by the legislative decree 1/2018, analyzing, from a constitutional point of view, the main changes and focusing mainly on orders, directives, commissioners and on the problem of the transition from extraordinary to ordinary administration. Particular attention is therefore paid to the issue of responsibility for the adoption of the these measures and for the special administration itself, also in reference to the emergency concerning the novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
Lo scritto esamina il nuovo Codice di protezione civile, introdotto con il d.lg. 1/2018, analizzandone, nell’ottica costituzionale, le principali novità e soffermandosi soprattutto sulle ordinanze, sulle direttive, sui commissari e sul problema del passaggio dall’amministrazione straordinaria a quella ordinaria. Particolare attenzione viene dunque dedicata al tema della responsabilità per l’adozione dei provvedimenti e per la stessa gestione speciale, anche in riferimento all’emergenza del Covid-19.

The European Union's policy in the scope of internal security: Determinants - implementation - challenges in the second decade of the XXIst century

Tematyka książki dotyczy polityki Unii Europejskiej w zakresie bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego, uwarunkowań tej polityki, jej realizacji oraz wyzwań i zagrożeń w drugiej dekadzie XXI w. Zwalczanie różnych form przestępczości, w tym cyberprzestępczości, terroryzmu, wzmacnianie ochrony granic, troska o ochronę ludności i niwelowanie skutków klęsk żywiołowych i katastrof naturalnych oraz tych wywołanych działalnością człowieka i awariami przemysłowymi to główne problemy z zakresu bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego, z którymi stara się zmierzyć Unia Europejska. Poruszane w publikacji zagadnienia to niewątpliwie fascynujący obszar badań i analiz nie tylko dla naukowców, lecz także dla licznej grupy praktyków. Adresatami prezentowanej książki są zatem ci Czytelnicy, którym omawiane kwestie są bliskie i stanowią przedmiot ich zainteresowań naukowych bądź zawodowych. Książka skierowana jest również do wszystkich tych, którzy pragną poszerzać swoją wiedzę na temat zmian zachodzących w Unii Europejskiej w odniesieniu do problematyki bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego.