Civil Protection

This paper reviews a selection of target levels for safety and security in order to identify their common properties. It is accompanied by a brief investigation of several key terms used in risk management. Risk management is used as an umbrella term for the various research areas dealing with multiple hazards, impacts types and measures for dealing with them. The paper draws upon examples and experience from the wider field of disaster risk research and civil protection. A concept which identifies the common properties and content of risk management goals in general is then devised. Normative implications and challenges in applying risk management goals and the use of terminology are discussed. Finally, two main future research areas are briefly outlined: the role and responsibility of the researcher or observer; and the ways of making use of risk management goals in risk communication. This paper provides fundamental information on examples of risk management goals, common properties and risk communication as compiled for and used by certain national authorities in civil protection in Germany. However, its findings may also be useful for fellow researchers within the disaster risk, climate change, vulnerability and resilience community, and for practitioners in the field of risk, and crisis or emergency management. The future applications of these findings will be useful, especially when developing risk management goals for specific user groups and different levels of analysis.

The extreme natural phenomena do not necessarily become risks to individuals and social systems. This only happens when their manifestation threatens stability of a society or of its development resources. In fact, societies may, in their activities in the territory, interfere with the magnitude of risks and their impacts. Through the interaction between the biophysical environment and social structures, processes and sociocultural frameworks of human action, the risks may emerge and manifest themselves as disasters.
In order to ensure that citizens join the collective responsibility it is essential to make them aware about the need to take an active role in reducing the number of occurrences in the municipality and, consequently, in reducing the exposure to risks.
This article brings forward an overview of the importance of raising awareness about reducing disaster risk in Portuguese schools, as well as the results obtained in this area in the municipality of Amadora.

Un viaggio nel mondo della difesa e della protezione civile, due settori-chiave nei paesi moderni. Ma come funzionano nel nostro Paese ed, in generale nel mondo? Quali sono i modelli organizzativi adottati? Quali sono le attuali fonti di minaccia e gli scenari che potranno interessare, in un futuro non molto lontano, il nostro Paese? E, infine, come è strutturata, realmente, la Protezione civile e quali sono i suoi ambiti operativi? Sono alcune delle domande alle quali intende rispondere, in maniera semplice e pragmatica, questo testo che cerca di colmare una lacuna nel panorama informativo del settore. Il libro è diviso in due parti. Nella prima si affronta il tema della Difesa civile, sia per inquadrare il settore, sia per comprendere con maggiore consapevolezza, il comparto della Protezione civile, che sarà interamente trattato nella seconda sezione del volume. Certo tutti conoscono la Protezione Civile, un settore d'attività divenuto ormai popolare. Eppure, si tratta di una struttura che stenta ad essere inquadrata correttamente. Probabilmente le numerose attività facenti capo a questo settore, i numerosi attori coinvolti, possono trarre in inganno sulle sue reali caratteristiche, compiti e finalità. Di qui l'importanza del volume che non solo risponde ai principali quesiti di attualità ma offre uno spaccato sugli scenari possibili, o futuribili che saranno le sfide della futura Protezione Civile.

Civil Protection is an emergent activity for emergency management operating in the management cycle composed by prevention, preparation, response and recovery phases in sequence of collective risks manifestations ou probability of ocorrence due to natural or technological hazards, with low representativity of risks by intentional treaths (external/internal). This recognition is detected in the National Risk Assessment developed by Portuguese National Civil Protection Authority in 2014. In a growing complexed and polycentric society, with dispersion of western powers, internationally projected by a dissipative hegemony of the United States of America, and the resurgence of power from the continental potency, materialized by the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula by Russian Federation, can a small state like Portugal (Almeida, 2012), in the face of need to forge internationally alliances, disregard the risks posed by intentional threats of internal and/or external sources, materialized or difused by means and regular or irregular forms? And what if in the framework of international alliances, our international partners fell equaly constrained in their capacity for mutual support? Wich are the security pillars whose competences raises permanent needs for prospective efforts and maintainance of dissuasive capacity.
The present investigation, regarding the new National Authority for Civil Protection attributions, newly extended to Civil Emergency Planning, conducts a research with revision of literature, complemented by exploratory interviews under the interpretivist paradigm recurring to the inductive method, characterizing a new security paradigm that if not attended can act has generator of collective risks with derivative potential upon state security (sovereignty, geographical space and population) and civil protection activity, considered has a sectorial area of internal security, proposing a strategic prospective model, a process for strategic planning framed by its own theoric matrix, suggesting the adoption of a Global National Risk Assessment for reflection of a large spectrum of risks and treaths pending upon the Portuguese State, allowing in that sequence, the production of operational scenarios for the institutional players composing the National Security Pilars.

Scienze della comunicazione pubblica e sociale LA COMUNICAZIONE DEL RISCHIO NUCLEARE Le centrali transfrontaliere e lo scenario italiano: analisi e proposte Tesi di laurea in Comunicazione e marketing sociale Relatore: Prof.ssa Pina Lalli Correlatore: Dott. Roberto Pizzi Presentata da: Chiara Bianchini Sessione prima Anno accademico

"Society is reliant on infrastructure services, such
as information and communication technology, energy, water,
and food supply, but also on governmental, cultural, and
search and rescue organizations. The goal of project Kritis-
KAT at the Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster
Assistance in Germany is the development of generic criteria
for the identification and evaluation of infrastructures regarded
as “critical” for society. Acknowledging that full protection
against all threats and cascading effects is not possible, the
approach focuses on the impacts rather than the prevention
of threats. The development of generic criteria requires the
prioritization of infrastructures and identification of their key
characteristics for civil protection purposes, risk management
activities, and strategic proactive planning. For this purpose,
the development of a national critical infrastructure priority
inventory is based on a thorough examination of the range of
criteria typically used in similar approaches. The specific focus
of this paper is to identify and simplify essential characteristics
of infrastructure criticality. The main outcome of this study is
the development of common criteria generally applicable to a
variety of infrastructures."

This report compares and contrasts national approaches to addressing three important challenges to modern civil protection: the interdependency of modern threats/risks; austerity and the need for economic efficiency; and the changing nature of communication. Each challenge is examined in the context of an organizational response, and explored from the perspective of two countries where the challenge has been institutionally recognized. The work identified three principle results from these national comparisons of approaches to key challenges: there are no ‘best’ practices high-impact events drive system adaptations; system adaptations coincide with political and economic windows of opportunity.

Nella gestione dei disastri collegati ad eventi naturali estremi possiamo individuare il coinvolgimento di tre ambiti: scientifico, tecnico e politico. Questi, pur avendo linguaggi e tempi d’azione differenti, devono necessariamente rispondere in maniera sinergica al problema della gestione, mitigazione e comunicazione dei rischi e dei disastri, operando in un settore stretto tra l’esigenza del rigore scientifico, le necessità tecniche, una corretta gestione del territorio, la percezione del rischio e infine un’imprescindibile informazione-comunicazione con i cittadini. Nell’equilibrio tra questi tre ambiti è possibile individuare il cuore della complessità di gestione di un disastro e, allo stesso tempo, la possibile chiave d’equilibrio, in grado di attuare una efficace strategia di riduzione dei disastri. Oltre alla necessità di essere chiamati a operare insieme, l’elemento delicato che più accomuna i tre ambiti è senza dubbio il concetto di informazione-comunicazione. Sarà infatti questo, nella sua complessità, a rivestire una funzione strategica nei rapporti tra territorio, ambiente e comunità.

In questo testo si affronta il percorso storico di un'associazione che ha nelle sue peculiarità l'educazione alla protezione civile fin dalle sue origini. L'opera di ricerca ebbe inizio all'indomani dell’estate 2007, dopo una devastante estate di incendi che nulla avevano di naturale, chiara testimonianza di una regia malavitosa in grado di contrastare
lo Stato, partendo dalla conoscenza dei suoi punti deboli. Nello sdegno
e nella preoccupazione generale, mentre tutti invocavano l’intervento della Protezione
Civile, non veniva compreso che il problema, non avendo un’origine naturale
ma dolosa ed organizzata su ampia scala, doveva essere affrontato in
un’ottica più ampia, vale a dire in un contesto di Difesa Civile.
Il Capo del Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, alla fine di una lotta impari
contro il fuoco, affermò che il modo corretto di rapportarsi con l’ambiente e il
territorio, fosse quello degli Scouts. Probabilmente l’affermazione rilasciata ai
giornalisti non fu considerata degna di nota da parte della società e forse, tra
chi vi prestò attenzione, si pensò più ad una battuta o ad un immagine stereotipata
dello scout che va nei boschi a cogliere margherite. In realtà le parole del
Capo Dipartimento miravano ben oltre e avevano un significato profondo.Questo articolo va al fondo della questione nel rapporto tra scautismo protezione e difesa civile, provando a dare risposte a domande come: “perché gli Scouts hanno questa naturale
propensione a svolgere attività di protezione civile? Cosa distingue il servizio
di Protezione Civile scout da quello di altre Associazioni di Volontariato?”
Nel testo, attraverso un'indagine storica e documentale, si è scavato nelle finalità
educative, di difesa civile, ovvero negli intenti di Baden-Powell, fondatore del movimento scout.

Viaggio nel mondo della difesa e della protezione civile, due settori chiave nei paesi moderni. Come funzionano nel nostro Paese e nel mondo? Quali modelli organizzativi sono adottati?Quali scenari potranno interessare l'Italia in un futuro non troppo lontano? Com'è struttura la protezione civile in Italia, quali caratteristiche e differenze con la difesa civile?

The paper examines the new Civil Protection Code, introduced by the legislative decree 1/2018, analyzing, from a constitutional point of view, the main changes and focusing mainly on orders, directives, commissioners and on the problem of the transition from extraordinary to ordinary administration. Particular attention is therefore paid to the issue of responsibility for the adoption of the these measures and for the special administration itself, also in reference to the emergency concerning the novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
Lo scritto esamina il nuovo Codice di protezione civile, introdotto con il d.lg. 1/2018, analizzandone, nell’ottica costituzionale, le principali novità e soffermandosi soprattutto sulle ordinanze, sulle direttive, sui commissari e sul problema del passaggio dall’amministrazione straordinaria a quella ordinaria. Particolare attenzione viene dunque dedicata al tema della responsabilità per l’adozione dei provvedimenti e per la stessa gestione speciale, anche in riferimento all’emergenza del Covid-19.

STRESZCZENIE Zdaniem autora konieczna jest ściślejsza integracja systemu zarządzania kryzysowego z systemem obronnym państwa. Warto rozważyć stworzenie na poszczególnych poziomach administracji publicznej jednego, kompleksowego planu zarządzania bezpieczeństwem (odpowiednio dla każdego z poziomów, od krajowego do gminnego). Dokument taki powinien zawierać treści zawarte w aktualnie funkcjonujących planach i obowiązywałby w czasie pokoju, kryzysu i wojny. Rozważyć należy także, czy w przypadku takiego zintegrowania systemów pod względem planistycznym, właściwym jest tworzenie na wszystkich poziomach administracji publicznej odrębnych zespołów na czas pokoju, kryzysu i wojny – realizujących zadania " kryzysowe " i obronne-w praktyce wymienione zadania i tak realizowane są najczęściej przez tych samych pracowników. ABSTRACT A denser system integration of the crisis management is necessary with the defensive system of the state. It is worthwhile considering creating the civil service on individual levels one, of comprehensive plan of the safety management (appropriately for each of levels, than domestic to commune). Such a document should contain contents included in currently functioning plansand would be in force during the room, the crisis and the war. To consider he also belongs, whether in case of such integrating systems under the account creating the room, the crisis and the war on all levels of the civil service of separate teams on time is planning, due-performing tasks "critical" and defensive-objectives in practice exchanged still are most often carried out by the same employees. Słowa kluczowe: zarządzanie kryzysowe, obronność, administracja WPROWADZENIE Coraz częściej akcentowana jest potrzeba posiadania uniwersalnego systemu, który zdolny byłby do obniżenia ryzyka związanego z istniejącymi zagrożeniami i powstaniem sytuacji kryzysowej oraz wytworzenia sprawnych mechanizmów przejmowania nad nimi kontroli w drodze racjonalnie zaplanowanych działań. W Polsce rola taka jest spełniana przez system zarządzania kryzysowego, którego głównym założeniem jest zapobieganie powstawaniu sytuacji kryzysowych, przygotowanie do przejmowania nad nimi kontroli w drodze zaplanowanych działań i sprawne reagowanie w razie ich wystąpienia oraz odbudowa i przywrócenie równowagi funkcjonowania państwa i społeczeństwa.

Protection against catastrophic events, including acts of terrorism, is a central task in security policy. Civil protection is an important instrument in this context. In most countries, civil protection is organized through national and regional structures. As a result of the growing importance of urban security issues, the existing systems are coming under pressure to adapt.

The paper concerns cross-border cooperation between Poland and Ukraine in the field of internal security, i.e. at the local level, since the adoption of a Treaty on Good Neighbourhood, Friendly Relations and Cooperation between Poland and Ukraine on 18 May 1992. Joint actions in the field of cross-border cooperation between the two states are analysed. The main argument is that the major challenges in the field of cross-border cooperation between Poland and Ukraine relate to ensuring internal security and safety at the local community level.

Vom 4. bis zum 6. Juni 2018 trafen sich Behördenvertreterinnen und -vertreter aus den Bereichen Sicherheitspolitik und Bevölkerungsschutz zum vierten trilateralen Workshop D-A-CH Schutz Kritischer Infrastrukturen (SKI/KRITIS). Der diesjährige Workshop wurde durch das deutsche Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe (BBK) an dessen Amtssitz in Bonn organisiert und gemeinsam mit dem österreichischen Bundeskanzleramt, dem österreichischen Bundesministerium für Inneres (BM.I), dem schweizerischen Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz (BABS) und dem Center for Security Studies (CSS) der ETH Zürich durchgeführt. Ziel des Workshops war es, die Diskussion zu aktuellen Ansätzen und Herausforderungen beim Schutz Kritischer Infrastrukturen zu fördern und von den unterschiedlichen Erfahrungen in den drei Ländern zu profitieren. Zudem diente der Workshop dazu, den Expertenaustausch hinsichtlich internationaler Entwicklungen und grenzüberschreitender Herausforderungen fortzuführen.

Abstract -
Negli ultimi anni la minaccia del terrorismo, specialmente di matrice jihadista, si è fatta pressante anche in Europa. Sotto questo profilo, nemmeno l’Italia può considerarsi un paese “a rischio zero” e deve quindi predisporre misure adeguate per fronteggiare la minaccia. Questo fatto stimola una riflessione sul ruolo che il sistema di Protezione civile (PC) potrebbe assumere di fronte al rischio terrorismo. È del tutto evidente che la PC non è chiamata a operare in prima linea. Anche all’interno del sistema di sicurezza civile italiano, disastri antropici come il terrorismo e il rilascio intenzionale di agenti nucleari, biologici, chimici e radiologici (NBCR) ricadono innanzitutto sotto la competenza della Difesa civile. Nondimeno anche la PC, forte delle sue capacità e delle esperienze maturate sul campo, potrebbe offrire un contributo rilevante in caso di attacchi terroristici, per quanto sempre entro i limiti dei suoi compiti e delle sue competenze. Rimane da definire in che cosa possa consistere effettivamente tale contributo nel contesto attuale. Di fronte a una questione che non ha ancora ricevuto una risposta univoca, appare utile avanzare alcune considerazioni preliminari. Innanzitutto, è chiaro che eventi gravi come quelli di tipo terroristico devono essere gestiti dalle istituzioni ai massimi livelli di competenza, per evitare problemi di coordinamento e trarre il massimo beneficio dalle risorse e capacità disponibili. In questo contesto, l’intervento della PC deve essere richiesto dalle autorità competenti e non può che seguire le direttive da queste impartite, proprio per assicurare il massimo livello di coordinamento e sinergia.
Il ruolo della Protezione Civile potrebbe collocarsi prevalentemente nelle fasi della gestione del post-emergenza e, se possibile, della prevenzione. A seconda delle circostanze, la PC potrebbe essere coinvolta per svolgere una gamma di compiti specifici, come il salvataggio, lo sgombero e l’assistenza degli scampati dall’evento; il presidio degli spazi e il diradamento e sfollamento dei presenti; l’assistenza di supporto alle forze in prima linea; l’aiuto alla messa in sicurezza di edifici danneggiati. Di particolare interesse potrebbe essere la partecipazione attiva al processo di comunicazione dell’emergenza, grazie alla presenza capillare sul territorio che la PC può vantare. Queste attività di intervento presentano elementi diversi da quelli che caratterizzano l’operato tradizionale della PC e per questa ragione richiedono una formazione adeguata e mirata.
In conclusione, appare evidente che il tema del coinvolgimento della PC nell’ambito di disastri causati da attacchi terroristici merita attenzione, specialmente nella presente fase storica.

Although the relevant risks, threats and vulnerabilities of critical infrastructure and the methods for securing critical national infrastructure are similar in the EU, the single member states use individual approaches, institutions and initiatives with specific and national conations to handle this problem.
Threat analysis for the Czech Republic was carried out on the basis of a task set by The Conception of Civil Protection. Common dependencies and vulnerabilities together with existing protection strategies were gathered.
The working group set up the procedure and then in cooperation with the relevant sector specialists within principles, processes and instruments for its implementation provided step by step risk assessment of threat identification, analysis and evaluation comparing the related potential risks, theoretical understanding of phenomena, practical preventive and reactive measures, and required a national coordination and cooperation. The outcome of this is a survey of hazards types for which a type plan will be prepared.

Today, the majority of the globe’s inhabitants live in urban areas. According to all forecasts cities will continue to grow in the coming decades. At the same time, cities have become increasingly connected as a result of economic, political and cultural globalization. In the context of urban security, the growing complexity these connections bring may present a double-edged sword: cities can be both the most secure, or most dangeropus places when disaster strikes. The very characteristics of urban life – such as population concentrations, compact architectural structures, diverse socio-demographics, as well as complex, interconnected infrastructure systems – present both challenges and opportunities in terms of managing disasters in cities.

The elaboration of this work is born, with the awareness of the need for an improvement, in the form of working together, of the various civil protection agents existing in the city of Lisbon. This need is all the more pressing since it can lead to losses for the relief of people and property.
Taking, for example, cases from other national and foreign dispatch centers, I would like to highlight the lack of an Integrated Emergency Center for the city of Lisbon and the benefits that may result. In particular, the case of the Moravian-Silesian Region Emergency Center in Ostrava, Czech Republic, is presented as an example. As both countries of the European Union we can expect a more homogenous comparison.
All these areas are presented in the following work, without prejudice to the fact that other improvements may be proposed in the future, always in favor of the city of Lisbon and its population.

Key words: Lisbon; Ostrava; Comparation; Integrated Emergency Center; Civil Protection Agents

The presented text focuses on effective communication concerning the risks arising from operating chemical plants in the Czech Republic. In terms of substantive solutions to the problems, the conclusion of the article identifies and describes examples of good practice, defines proposition of effective communication and formulates a basis for communication concerning risks arising from the operation of chemical plants.
Given the need to depict an initial description of the topic, strategy of qualitative research was adopted. In the presented article the authors used explanatory and interpretative methods. The methods used for exploring the issue, in terms of explanatory methods, are the methods of analytic-synthetic and synchronous comparison. From the perspective of interpretive methods, hermeneutic approach was applied.

Certamente que todos aqueles que, como nós, desde há muito se envolveram na educação para os riscos, ao tomarem conhecimento da publicação de um referencial de educação para o risco, não poderão adoptar outra postura que não seja a de ficarem muito satisfeitos, pelo que não podemos deixar de felicitar editores, coordenadores e autores por esta iniciativa.

In der Diskussion, wie die Bevölkerung vor gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Risiken geschützt werden kann, erscheint der Begriff der Resilienz seit einiger Zeit nahezu allgegenwärtig. Gebäude sollen resilient gebaut werden, das heißt, sie sollen möglichst widerstandsfähig gegenüber Erdbeben, Hochwasser, Terrorangriffen und anderen Bedrohungen sein. Gleichermaßen sollen auch wichtige Infrastrukturen und staatliche Organisationen resilient gegenüber allen möglichen Gefahren sein. Darüber hinaus wird zunehmend auch von den BürgerInnen selbst erwartet, dass sie ihren Beitrag zur gesamtgesellschaftlichen Resilienz leisten. Ziel des Kapitels ist es zu beleuchten, welchen Beitrag Risikokommunikation zum Aufbau gesellschaftlicher Resilienz leisten kann. Hierzu wird erläutert, wie sich mit der Wende hin zur Resilienz die Erwartungen an die BürgerInnen verändert haben. Wie gezeigt wird, besitzen zumindest Teile der Bevölkerung weder die Motivation noch die Fähigkeiten, um diesen Erwartungen gerecht zu werden. Daran anknüpfend erörtert der Beitrag Herausforderungen und Chancen der Resilienzförderung mittels öffentlicher Kommunikation.

Wie hat sich der Schweizer Sicherheitsbereich seit Ende des Kalten Krieges entwickelt? Wer arbeitet heute mit wem zu welchen Gefahren? Basierend auf einer umfassenden und einzigartigen Datenerhebung kartiert dieser Beitrag die Entwicklung des gesamtschweizerischen Sicherheitsbereichs. Die Darstellung der praktischen Arbeitsteilungen, inneren und äusseren Kooperationen, beruflichen Profile und Werdegänge schafft einen analytisch differenzierten und empirisch fundierten Beitrag zu anhaltenden Diskussionen über die landesweite sicherheitspolitische Steuerung.

Since 2010, the trilateral workshop series “D-A-CH – Risk Analysis in Civil Protection” has brought together experts in the field of civil protection from Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The workshop series is jointly organized by the Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection (BABS), the German Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance (BBK), the Austrian Federal Ministry for the Interior (BM.I), and the Center for Security Studies (CSS) at the ETH Zurich. The third annual workshop took place in Schwarzenburg, near Bern, Switzerland between September 26-28, 2012. The goal of the workshop was to exchange perspectives on current issues relating to risk analysis on national and sub-national levels, as well as to share and learn from experiences made by the other partner organizations. This report summarizes the main results of the workshop.

A number of high profile crises and disasters have driven the EU to increase cooperation among its member states in the area of civil protection and to enhance its capacity to conduct civil protection operations in Europe and around the world. However, in the light of recent transboundary crises in the EU, manifested by the refugee crisis, terrorist attacks, and natural disasters, it is far from clear how effective such cooperative EU arrangements can be due to differences in the way national civil protection has been organized and due to the question of whether sufficient trust exists within and between the involved organizations. In this article, drawing from a unique study of civil protection agencies in 17 EU member states, and utilizing theories on crisis management, public administration and trust, we shed light on the factors that promote national and EU-level effectiveness in civil protection and crisis management.

There is a profound disconnect between the practice and scholarly study of security in Europe. The 2010 Internal Security Strategy added disasters such as forest fires, earthquakes, and floods to the list of European Union (EU) internal security concerns, expanding on the more traditional anxieties over militaries, border protection, and the effects of poverty. This article explores how evolving practices of disaster response, a policy area once separate from EU security discourse, have become part of the EU’s wider security provision and with what implications. Based on interviews conducted at the Directorate-General (DG) for Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (ECHO), it provides a detailed study of three EU disaster response practices – monitoring, training, and information co-ordinating – and their circulation to the wider field of EU internal security provision. It uses this case to outline that new understandings of what it means to “voluntarily co-operate” in European security projects have been radically under-theorized.

Society is reliant on infrastructure services, such as information and communication technology, energy, water, and food supply, but also on governmental, cultural, and search and rescue organizations. The goal of project Kritis-KAT at the Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance in Germany is the development of generic criteria for the identification and evaluation of infrastructures regarded as "critical" for society. Acknowledging that full protection against all threats and cascading effects is not possible, the approach focuses on the impacts rather than the prevention of threats. The development of generic criteria requires the prioritization of infrastructures and identification of their key characteristics for civil protection purposes, risk management activities, and strategic proactive planning. For this purpose, the development of a national critical infrastructure priority inventory is based on a thorough examination of the range of criteria typically used in similar approaches. The specific focus of this paper is to identify and simplify essential characteristics of infrastructure criticality. The main outcome of this study is the development of common criteria generally applicable to a variety of infrastructures.

From the 4th to 6th of December 2013, representatives of security and civil protection agencies from Germany, Austria and Switzerland came together for the third trilateral workshop on critical infrastructure protection (CIP). Together with the workshop series on risk analysis, the CIP workshops provide an established and valuable expert forum to exchange ideas on developments in the field of governmental risk analysis, on collaborations with the private sector as well as on the increasingly important topic of cyber-security. This year's  workshop was held at the Swiss Olympic House in Magglingen, organized by the Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection (FOCP), and conducted together with the Austrian Ministry of Interior Affairs (BM.I), the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) , the German Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance (BBK) and the Center for Security Studies (CSS) at the ETH Zurich. The goal of the workshop was to foster the exchange of views on current approaches and challenges in the domain of critical infrastructure protection and benefit from the different experiences in the participating countries. This report (in German language) summarizes the central topics and results of the workshop.

ITALIANO:
Il concetto di rischio, inteso come un prodotto storico e culturalmente gerarchizzato, è un’elaborazione sociale che assume significati diversi a seconda dei contesti. Per quanto inevitabilmente avvolto da indeterminatezza, nei suoi effetti concreti esso è una visione di futuro in grado di influenzare il presente: seguendo determinati princìpi, cioè, sarebbe possibile prevenire, controllare, mitigare un disastro a venire. La pianificazione emergenziale, così, diventa un orizzonte politico fatto di leggi, perimetrazioni territoriali, esercitazioni, prepardness, pedagogia della resilienza.
In questo quadro generale emerge il caso del vulcano Vesuvio in provincia di Napoli, ovvero di quello che nel 2011 è stato definito dalla rivista scientifica Nature «la bomba ad orologeria d’Europa». La certezza di una prossima eruzione unita all’incertezza sulla data e le modalità con cui questa avverrà rendono gli effetti della “catastrofe annunciata” visibili nelle pratiche e nelle politiche che già ora sono attuate dalle amministrazioni e dalle popolazioni locali. Contrariamente a quanto ripete un ricorrente stereotipo, dai dati etnografici emerge che gli abitanti dell’area vesuviana, tutt’altro che indifferenti alla minaccia vulcanica, si pongono in maniera varia e differenziata rispetto ad essa. Per l’antropologia si tratta di un case-study prezioso per riflettere sia sulla “società della prevenzione” e la “cultura del rischio”, sia sugli effetti di un’ideologia dello “sviluppo” che ha condotto ad una sovraurbanizzazione indicata come la principale fonte di vulnerabilità, non solo per un’eventuale catastrofe naturale.
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ENGLISH:
The risk concept, meant as hierarchical historical and cultural product, is a social elaboration acquiring different meanings according to the context. Even though it is inevitably characterized by indeterminacy, it is, in its practical purposes, a vision of the future affecting the present time: therefore, following certain principles it could be possible to avert, control, mitigate a future disaster. In this way the emergency planning becomes a political outlook made up of laws, territorial delimitations, emergency drills, preparedness, resilience pedagogy.
In such general picture the case of Vesuvius volcano in Naples district stands out; in 2011 the scientific journal Nature defined it as «the Europe’s ticking time-bomb». The certainty of a future eruption together with the uncertainty about the time and way in which it will take place make the effects of the “announced catastrophe” visible in the practices and policies that are currently carried out by local governments and communities. Contrary to what is repeated by a stereotype, the ethnographic data show how the inhabitants of the Vesuvius area, anything but indifferent to the volcano threat, have a various and differentiated approach to it. It is a valuable case study for anthropology to reflect upon the “prevention society”, the “risk culture” and the effects of a “development” ideology that led to an over-urbanization considered as the main vulnerability source, not only for a potential natural disaster.