Caravans

Se sintetizan los resultados de las excavaciones de rescate del sitio Mina Las Turquesas (Sal 25), localizado al interior de la actual mina cuprífera de CODELCO-Chile, en El Salvador, al norte de la Región de Atacama. Los trabajos arqueológicos permitieron confirmar la presencia de un centro artesanal de explotación y manufactura lapidaria de turquesa, en un contexto de mineros caravaneros. Por su parte, los análisis de los materiales recuperados, constataron ocupaciones atacameñas desde el período Formativo hasta el período Histórico, junto con una significativa presencia de grupos pertenecientes al Complejo Cultural Ánimas durante el período Medio local. Palabras Claves: mina Las Turquesas, centro artesanal, grupos mineros caravaneros, Región de Atacama, cronología cerámica. ABSTRACT The results of rescue excavations carried out at the Mina Las Turquesas (MLT) site located contiguous to a copper mine pertaining to the El Salvador Division of the Chilean National Copper Company (CODELCO) in the Atacama Region, are presented. The archaeological investigations confirm the presence of a specialized turquoise workshop inhabited by miner-caravaneer groups. Among recovered evidence, pottery sherds have shown to be especially important in terms of establishing Atacameña group´s settlement of the site from the pre-Hispanic Formative period until historic times, together with other local Copiapó valley groups during the Middle Period.

“Long-range desert travel by donkey or camel was a daring venture in the ancient world, and losing your way could prove just as fatal as losing your waterskin ...” Recent exploration has revealed an amazing network of ancient roads and paths crossing the forbidding Saharan desert. This evidence broadens scientific horizons and launches a fascinating new field of archaeological research.

İnsanlık tarihinin başlangıcından bu yana barınma en önemli ihtiyaçlardan biri olmuştur. Kişi ve topluluklar yaşamak için farklı alternatifler geliştirmiş; coğrafi konum, iklim, yaşam standardı gibi kriterler göre farklı materyal ve formlarda barınma mekânları oluşturmuşlardır. Başlarda mağara, ağaç kovuğu gibi doğal objeler akabinde de hayvan derisi ve bitkilerden üretilen materyallerden oluşturulan çadırlarda barınılmıştır. Bu şekilde yaşayan göçebe ve yarı göçebe topluluklardan bu yana hareket ederek yaşam devam etmiştir. Zamanla dönem imkân ve gereksinimleri sebebi ile yerleşik düzene geçen ve akabinde ayak uyduran birey ve toplumlar bile sonrasında meslek, seyahat ya da kişisel ihtiyaçlar sebebi ile hareket halinde olmayı arzu etmişlerdir. Modern ve yerleşik toplumların başlarda kendilerinden farklı gördükleri ancak bir yandan da öykünmeye devam ettikleri 'çingene arabaları' ile başlayıp imkânlar doğrultusunda gelişen ve değişen mobil konaklama sağlayan karavan tipi araçlar ve farklı ihtiyaçlar sebebi ile hayatlarını mobil mekânlarda geçiren kullanıcılar günümüz dünyasında giderek artmakta ve dikkat çeken bir yaşam tarzını oluşturmaktadırlar. Bu çalışma kapsamında mobil yaşam ve karavan kültüründen bahsedilmiş, karavan tipi mobil araçların teknik özellikleri hakkında bilgi verilmiş ve ülkemiz mevzuatına göre tasarlanıp inşa edilmiş ticari araçlardan dönüştürülmüş mobil mekânlar ile ülkemiz ve dünyada hizmet veren karavan parkları; yerleşim planlaması, iç mekân donatı tefrişatı, yaşamsal aktivitelerin şekillenişi kriterlerine göre analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarında; küçük alanlarda tam zamanlı yaşamaya yönelik birimler olan karavanların tasarım sürecinin de diğer tüm yaşama alanlarının tasarımları kadar önem arz ettiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca aynı nitelikli tasarım ihtiyacı karavanların konaklayacağı parkların tasarımı için de önem arz ettiği de tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: İç Mekân Tasarımı, Mobil Mekân, Karavan, Karavan Kültürü, Karavan Parkı

Sabemos que a lo largo del Período Arcaico los cazadores establecieron las primeras rutas de tránsito interregional del sur andino. Este sistema vial inicial, con sus sendas, lugares de descanso y marcas en el paisaje, fue creciendo orgánicamente, al ritmo de los cambios en la vida social, sumando al tráfico las llamas cargueras primero, luego los europeos y sus animales y, eventualmente, los vehículos con ruedas. A lo largo de este proceso hubo sólo dos episodios de planificación y construcción de caminos a gran escala, el primero implementado por el Tawantinsuyu entre los siglos XV y XVI, el segundo por los Estados Nacionales a partir del siglo XIX (Sanhueza este volumen). ¿Cómo abordar el estudio de esta red –en gran medida informal– y sus relaciones con la historia de los pueblos que la recorrieron en distintas épocas?
En un artículo anterior (Nielsen 1997a) sostuvimos que los lugares de descanso de viajeros –denominados jaranas entre los llameros quechua-hablantes del altiplano sur boliviano– tenían gran potencial para una investigación de este tipo. Aquí continuamos este argumento, sirviéndonos para ello de un conjunto de sitios de descanso registrados a lo largo de la cordillera Occidental, sobre las principales rutas que comunican el desierto de Atacama con el altiplano de Lípez. Poniendo énfasis en el análisis de los conjuntos cerámicos de superficie, discutimos algunas posibilidades que ofrecen estos sitios para identificar tendencias temporales y espaciales “de grano grueso” en la configuración del tráfico caravanero o para investigar quiénes pudieron estar involucrados en dicha actividad.

Соколов И.А. Торговцы чаем, сахаром и кофе [лимитированное издание] [Текст, изображения] / Соколов Иван Алексеевич. – М., 2017. – Том I. – 498 с.: илл. - ISBN 978-5-9973-4479-5 – (Серия «Русский чай»).
Sokolov I.A. Traders: tea, sugar & coffee.  [Limited edition] [text, images] / Sokolov Ivan Alexeevich. - Moscow, 2017. - Vol. I. - 498 p. - ISBN 978-5-9973-4479-5 - (Series «Russian Tea»).

Queda hecho el depósito que marca la ley 11.723. Ninguna parte de esta publicación, incluido el diseño de tapa, puede ser reproducida, almacenada o transmitida por ningún medio, ya sea electrónico, químico, mecánico, óptico, de grabación o por fotocopia sin autorización previa. www.editorialbrujas.com.ar [email protected] Tel/fax: (0351) 4606044 / 4691616-Pasaje España 1485 Córdoba -Argentina. Nuñez Atencio, Lautaro En ruta : arqueología, historia y etnografía del tráfico surandino / Lautaro Nuñez Atencio y Axel E. Nielsen ; edición literaria a cargo de Lautaro Nuñez Atencio y Axel E. Nielsen. -1a ed. -Córdoba :

The Wadi el-Hol is an ensemble of rock inscription sites and caravansary deposits near the mid-point of the Farshut Road, roughly equidistant between ancient Thebes and Hiw. The rock inscriptions range in date between the Predynastic and Coptic Periods, with the majority belonging to the Middle Kingdom. Most inscriptions record names and titles, but others are longer and of more unusual content, including literary texts and references to religious celebrations in the deep desert. Archaeological remains include Predynastic burials of the Tasian culture and debris mounds that represent the detritus of caravans and travelers along the Farshut Road. The largest deposit includes a continuous stratigraphic record of ceramic and organic material from the late Middle Kingdom through the Persian Period.

Resumen En este artículo se presenta la secuencia ocupacional alfarera de la Mina Las Turquesas, emplazada en El Salvador, comuna de Diego de Almagro, discutiendo sus aportes al conocimiento de la minería lapidaria prehispánica y sobre las probables interrelaciones entre las manifestaciones culturales alfareras circumpuneñas y del valle de Copiapó, caracterizando sus particulares ocupaciones interno-dales dentro del desierto de Atacama. Igualmente, se postulan vin-culaciones de este sitio con rutas camineras locales y con el Qhapaq Ñan longitudinal. También se entregan fechados absolutos inéditos de la Mina Las Turquesas y del oasis de Finca de Chañaral, para discutir determinadas interacciones sociales. Finalmente, y en base al sitio Mina Las Turquesas, se plantean las singularidades socio-culturales de la zona en estudio (comuna de Diego de Almagro), ubicada en el Desierto Meridional de Atacama. Palabras claves: Minería no metalífera – interacciones culturales – redes caravaneras – prehistoria alfarera. Abstract This article presents the occupational pottery sequence of the Las Turquesas Mine, located in El Salvador, Diego de Almagro commune , discussing its contributions to the knowledge of the pre-hispanic lapidary mining and the probable interrelations between the cultural manifestations pottery circumpuneña and of the Copiapo valley, with the purpose to characterize its particular intermodal occupations within the Atacama Desert. Likewise, linkages of this site are posited with local road routes and the longitudinal Qhapaq Ñan. There is also unpublished absolute dated from the Las Tur-quesas Mine and Finca of Chañaral oasis, to discuss certain social interactions. Finally, based on the site Las Turquesas Mine, as an analytical focal point, the sociocultural singularities of the area under study (Diego de Almagro commune), located in the Southern Atacama Desert, are proposed.

Si se entiende al paisaje como el conjunto de relaciones
entre la gente y los lugares que brindan la estructura espacial
a la experiencia y la acción (Thomas 2012: 182), y
a la práctica como su locus de reproducción, cabe pensar
que los sistemas viales pueden ser fructíferamente investigados
como paisajes (Trombold 1991). Un proyecto
así tomaría como punto de partida el análisis de las
actividades y de la cultura material asociada a los viajes
y al tráfico, y, a partir de allí, buscaría identificar los
principios generativos que dan cuenta de las relaciones
entre los viajeros y los lugares que habitan a lo largo de
las travesías. Este artículo se propone contribuir a esta
labor combinando observaciones etnoarqueológicas
sobre los viajes de caravanas llameras actuales con evidencias
arqueológicas de vialidad antigua en los Andes
del sur.

RESUMEN

Este trabajo pone énfasis en la necesidad de expandir los estudios de interacción interregional mediante la consideración sistemática de la arqueología de los espacios “vacíos” o escasamente poblados que se interponen entre las regiones densamente ocupadas o nodos en las redes de interacción. La importancia de este tipo de investigación, denominado “internodal,” se argumenta primero en función de una perspectiva teórica que privilegia el rol de los agentes y sus negociaciones en la comprensión del cambio social. Se presentan luego algunas tácticas para el estudio de los vestigios del tráfico interregional en los internodos. Por último se ejemplifican algunas posibilidades de este enfoque mediante la discusión de casos del área fronteriza Boliviana-Argentina.

Palabras claves: interacción interregional – tráfico – caravanas – enfoque internodal – teoría de la agencia.


ABSTRACT

This paper puts emphasis on the need of expanding interregional interaction studies through the systematic consideration of the archaeology of “empty” or lightly settled spaces interposed between the densely occupied regions or “nodes” of interaction networks. The importance of this kind of research, called “internodal,” is argued firstly with reference to a theoretical perspective that highlights the role of agents and their negociations in understanding social change. Then some tactics for the regional study of interregional traffic in the internodes are presented. Finally, the possibilities of this approach are exemplified through de discussion of case studies from the frontier area between Bolivia and Argentina.

Key words: interregional interaction – traffic – caravans – internodal approach – agency theory.

ARAM 27 (2015), 45-54

The oasis settlement of Palmyra in modern Syria was turned into a major commercial centre by the caravan trade across the Syro-Mesopotamian steppe during the three first centuries AD. The rise of this trade route depended on the political situation along the Euphrates as well as on the agency of the Palmyrene elite, but would never have been possible without the use of Camelus dromedarius – the one-humped camel. This paper aims to explore the significance of the camel for the caravan trade across the Syrian steppe. What influence did the qualities and limitations of the pack animal have on travel times, travel seasons, capacity, infrastructure, and caravan size. The final question we must answer concerns the nature of the relationship between Palmyra and her neighbours on the steppe. Answers are sought in ancient epigraphic, iconographic, literary and archaeological material, but also through the comparative study of early modern travel descriptions and military handbooks of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Situated in the heart of the Vilcabamba cordillera in Peru, some 150 km northwest of Cuzco, the ancient Inca state
capital, Choqek’iraw or Choquequirao (“the golden cradle” in Quechua), is one of the most beautiful achievements of
Inca architecture, and one of the very few pre-Hispanic sites displaying large wall mosaics, the only one known from
Inca times. This article will attempt to demonstrate that the figures represented on the walls convey cosmological significance
and are laid out following textile principles. After describing the site and its geo-cultural setting, the mosaics’ main
characteristics will be examined in detail, in an attempt to grasp their meaning. Finally, the author suggests that some of
the scenes depicted could have been inspired by pre-Columbian myths and could be linked to astronomical concepts.

The slave trade in nineteenth-century Central Asia involved hundreds of thousands of slaves, predominantly Persian Shīʿites, and stopping the trade was alleged to be a major motivating factor in the Russian conquest of the region. Nevertheless, Central Asian slavery remains little-studied and little-understood. In this article I will argue, first, that the region's slave trade was characterized by decentralized trade networks and by abundant inter-nomadic trade; and, second, that Russian efforts to end the slave trade by decree and through military force in the 1860s and 70s were not as successful as has often been assumed. *

The notion of standardization in pottery production has been used as an indicator of ceramic specialization. Yet, this notion and the assumptions behind it are still largely untested ethnographically. This paper attempts to identify some factors that affect the standardization of ceramic vessel shapes in Ticul, Yucatan, Mexico. A sample of 448 ethnographic vessels of three shapes were measured and analyzed statistically. Interpretation of these analyses within the ethnographic context of the workshop industry in Ticul provides insight into the factors associated with variability in dimensional uniformity as a function of market, technique, and the potter's own views of variability. In caution, we suggest that the coefficient of variation should not supplant the use of the standard deviation as an expression of standardization.

Se describe el único fardo funerario conocido del Cementerio Las Turquesas y se revalúa junto a su contexto cultural, vinculándolos con el sitio Mina Las Turquesas, recientemente excavado. Este conjunto de evidencias posibilita incorporar a la localidad a una esfera de interacción atacameña, de gran significación económica y ritual, desarrollada fundamentalmente durante el Período Intermedio Tardío.

Recreational vehicle (RV) manufacturers have traditionally been viewed as having no direct effect on caravanning experiences beyond their role as the suppliers of the vehicles. Drawing on the theoretical approach known as service-dominant logic, this paper suggests that RV manufacturers play an active role in the co-creation of tourism experiences. This study adopted the framework developed by Storbacka, K., Brodie, R. J., P., Böhmann, T., Maglio P. P., & Nenonen, S. [(2016). Actor engagement as a microfoundation for value co-creation. Journal of Business Research, 69(1), 3008–3017] that considers engagement as a microfoundation of value co-creation to investigate value co-creation in this context. A template analysis of the data collected from in-depth interviews with all Italian motorhome manufacturers revealed themes relating to five issues: engaging actors, engaging platforms, actors’ dispositions, engagement properties and resource integration patterns. The theoretical and managerial implications of these findings are discussed.

This article discusses the sources and symptoms of uncertainty and risk that accompanied East African caravan trade in the nineteenth century, and the trust-building measures that minimized them. The author addresses long-distance trade of goods imported from Europe, India and the United States, as well as African products that were exported abroad, such as ivory and copal. Findings are interpreted in the context of the historical events that ensued in the region in the second half of the nineteenth century, including the centralization of the Sultanate of Zanzibar, development of mainland agriculture, penetration of the African interior by Muslim culture, and destabilization of the interior in conjunction with the emergence of stronger political structures. This work relies on late-nineteenth-century Swahili texts, including accounts by caravan participants , western travel accounts, archival documents from the homes of merchants established in Zanzibar, and consular sources.

Caravanas, migrantes y desplazados: experiencias y debates en torno a las formas contemporáneas de movilidad humana 145 Iberoforum. Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Iberoamericana.

Se ofrece una reflexión basada en la experiencia de dos adolescentes de 17 y 15 años de edad que, viajando con la caravana centroamericana, fueron detenidos a finales de 2018 por agentes del Instituto Nacional de Migración (INM) y trasladados a un albergue gubernamental en la ciudad de Hermosillo. El texto busca cumplir dos objetivos centrales: el primero, dar cuenta de sus experiencias de movilidad como parte de la segunda gran caravana migrante que transitó por México en 2018, así como de las distintas estrategias de protección, socialización, comunicación y resistencia que les fue posible desarrollar como miembros del éxodo migrante. Con ello se busca reflexionar sobre lo que las caravanas nos permiten aprender acerca de la capacidad y la participación de los adolescentes en estas nuevas estrategias de movilidad, las cuales revelan importantes arenas para el ejercicio de la agencia y la solidaridad colectiva. En segunda instancia, se busca ofrecer una reflexión sobre las implicaciones y el papel que académicas, activistas y miembros de la sociedad civil jugamos al establecer un proceso colaborativo para defender el derecho a migrar de estos dos adolescentes. Palabras clave: niñez y adolescencia migrante, adolescentes migrantes no acompañados, detención de adolescentes migrantes, derecho a migrar, agencia.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar algunas aportaciones de mayor relevancia en el campo de estudio de las caravanas de migrantes. Para el logro de este objetivo se hace un repaso histórico de las diferentes caravanas de migrantes y se analizan cuatro discusiones clave para entender este fenómeno: 1) las caravanas como forma de movilidad, 2) como movimiento social, 3) la politización de estas marchas por parte de actores gubernamentales y 4) la visibilidad mediática de las caravanas y su presencia en redes sociales. Asimismo, se destaca cómo estos ejes pueden robustecerse con el estudio de las nuevas caravanas de migrantes y el análisis comparativo de las marchas.

Caravan stations are ready outposts of empire, serving both the needs of caravanners for shelter, supplies, and security en route and, by so doing, ensuring that trade supports political objectives. In this chapter, I present data from my ongoing research at the site of Pataraya and throughout the headwater valleys of the Nasca River on the western Andean slope in the southern portion of the Peruvian province of Ayacucho. The data suggest that the site served as a way station for caravans and other travelers and, as such, was also an outpost of Wari imperialism and an institution in its governance.

La topografía de los Andes presenta limitaciones naturales para la existencia y el cultivo de ciertas plantas y, consecuentemente, muestra una variedad de productos específicos según los diferentes niveles altitudinales y climáticos. Esta es una de la causas principales para la alta movilidad de sus habitantes y el desarrollo de sistemas
transversales para complementar los recursos inexistentes en la región, habitada por diferentes poblaciones andinas. Uno de los sistemas prehispánicos para el acceso a diversos bienes era el intercambio interregional o trueque mediante caravanas de llamas. Esta tradición sigue vigente en lugares remotos de los Andes de Bolivia y nos
ha servido como objeto de estudio etnográfico con el fin de obtener analogías para comprender el tráfico de la Prehistoria. El acompañamiento de una caravana actual nos deja indagar sobre la organización y la materialidad de los viajes con llamas. De manera etnoarqueológica se pudo tener un acercamiento a los procesos cuyas
prácticas provocan consecuencias materiales útiles para una posible
investigación del tráfico en el pasado.

Although second homes are usually conceptualised as permanent structures within the context of the temporary mobility of their owners and visitors; caravans and motor homes are mobile structures and can travel with their users. However, in many cases caravans occupy a permanent or semi-permanent location and may be precursors to a more traditional second home or may serve that function as well. The paper therefore provides a typology of caravans and motor homes as second homes as a means of contextualising the different life courses of both the caravan and the owner with respect to a second home, amenity and retirement. The legal context is also discussed as this provides an additional dimension with respect to how caravans are used as a second home. The typology provides insights into how notions of permanent and temporary space are legally enacted, together with the rights that provides. The different ways in which caravans are utilised as a second home is also illustrated via the results of interviews. It is concluded that the role of caravans in particular need to be better understood within in terms of the life course of second homing and while they may be for some a relatively cheap permanent or second home for others they represent a significant stage in developing a non-mobile second home.

When the prospected and spotted Roman sites in the central eastern areas of Jebel Bishri near Ash-Shujiri are added, the seasons 2005 and 2006 resulted in the discovery of 50 sites. Of the 50 sites, 34 sites belonged to the systematically surveyed stretch covering 7.5 km at the northeastern edge on the Euphrates side between the villages of Ayyash and El Kharita. The others were Tell Tibne, Tell Kharita and the possible graveyard J 22: they were studied as separate entities. The categories of the 34 sites and their numbers are presented as a column chart below (Table 1). Most of the sites were open accumulated ones on old fluvial terraces at the mountain edge. Of the finds recovered at the terraces and edges the majority date from the Palaeolithic era, whereas some sites provide Bronze Age and Roman pottery. In the graveyard categories there are cairn/tumulus tombs, clay bulb type tombs and Islamic graves. The first two grave types generally offered Early Bronze Age and Middle Bronze Age pottery. What strikes the eye here is the scarcity of ancient structural remains at the edges facing the Euphrates. However, one has to take into account the fact that we passed the village of Ayyash that provides a tell and the Roman fort of Qreiye which have been under the study of a German mission. In the years 2000-2004 surveys concentrated on Tar al-Sbai: the western edge and Nadra in the central eastern area of the steppe had provided more visible ancient structures than the edges at the Euphrates. The reason for the scarcity of the visible structural remains at the edge of the Euphrates seems to be due to flooding and sedimentation that have buried possible structures, but also rebuilding at old sites which hinders studies at courtyards of private houses. However, as expected the variety of the types of the sites on the Euphrates side of Jebel Bishri is more manifold than on the mountain as the ridges along the river are providing different degrees of mobility and sedentism from hunter-gatherer sites to semi-sedentary and sedentary types of sites including monumental structures.

This article argues that the Quraysh Tribe prevailed over other tribes in Arabia and then declined with the Prophet's time due to the developments in the caravan activities in the region. As a result of the research, some political and economic developments in and around Arabia since the fifth century Gregorian and some steps were taken by the notables of the Quraysh Tribe positively affected the caravan activities and accordingly brought the rise of the tribe. This rise of the Quraysh began to decline after the Prophet had to migrate to Medina due to the problems he encountered in the process of conveying the revelation. Because Muslims soon tried to control the caravans and caravan routes, which were the lifeblood of the Quraysh and they succeeded in this regard. This situation caused the Quraysh to display an increasingly aggressive attitude and therefore brought wars with it. As a result, Muslims' suppression and seizure of caravan activities caused the decline of Quraysh in the administrative and economic fields in Arabia.

INTRODUCTION
Caravans were essential parts of transportation
and economics from ancient times to industrial revolution.
Robbing caravans is perceived as a kind of heroism and
bravery in the industrial societies, In addition, it refers to
becoming famous among people. For instance, Köroglu, a
hero in Turkish folktales, acquired his fame robbing caravans.
Bay Püreoğlu, one of the figurs in the Dede Korkut stories,
become ‘Bamsı Beyrek’ because of saving a caravan in their
country. Caravans were a miracle of richness as rivers in whichgold and silver travel. Also, caravans were source of richness in the stories of ‘Ali Baba and Forty Thieves’. Caravan
journeys with camels were both talked about in folktales and
a sign of new facts. Caravan was a convoy in which people
follow each other towards the end of a route. Also, it was a
migration towards life after death. Caravans were dedicated
lifetimes to mysticism, an ummah that people rigorously
engaged in the same beliefs. Teamster of the caravan was
a prophet or sheik. Not acting accordance with him meant
deviation from religion. Caravan trade was the profession
of Prophete Muhammed and because of rescuing Prophete
Yusuf, it was the symbol of liberation according to Judaism,
Christianity and Islam. People in the caravan were delivering
news from lover and relatives. Lastly, because of the features
mentioned above, caravans were notably important in the
social and commercial life of Middle-East societies. Because,
they had had a monopoly on communication between cities
and economical activities until trains became widespread.It would be a mistake not to mention about beasts of burden here especially camels. These animals have taken partin our social lifes with their metaphorical descriptives suchas thistle (deve dikeni), stubbornness of camels (deve inadı), as big as a camel (deve gibi büyük), make camel jump over
the ditch (deveye hendek atlatmak) and enriched our idioms.
Thanks to this, we had the chance to learn several interesting
knowledge about camels and the other beasts of burden.
Tavernier Seyahatnamesi, one of the sources we used
in the study, is coming at the first rankings among other sources
since it includes quite enough and elaborative informations
regarding the main topic. In fact, the writer of the ‘Osmanlı
Tarih Deyimleri ve Terimleri Sözlüğü’ Mehmet Zeki Pakalın,
took almost all informations to construct the word of ‘Kervan’
from this source and this confirms the importance of the study.
Suriaya Faroqhi’s studies who has a remarkable place
among other historians with her studies based on social
and commercial life guided us when we had difficulty to
concentrate on writing. Her studies have useful informations
regarding camel caravans and commercial roads however she
denies this with her naive explanations. In accordance with
her explanations, it was concluded that related documents
were generally focused on caravan thefts, goods and stuff,
account books which include mostly taxes imposed from
merchants as a result of observations and investigations in
archives. However, other archieve documents are rather
related to number of camels and ways of benefit from them. As stated before by her, thanks to failings and complaints in kadi recordings and (Mühime defterleri) , the situation regarding caravan transportations and caravan thefts would be described more clearly. At last, Ufuk Gülsoy who showed his courtesy by sharing his datas, and his valuable suggestions has made it easier to contribute and motivate us while working on the study. Our study aims only to give information those who interested in the topic and trigger their curiosity. To get more and detailed informations, it is advised here that researchers should view Ottoman Empire archieves and focus on the transcripts of journeys at that time.

A morphological analysis of Palmyra city must be accompanied by a morphological examination of its immediate neighborhood: the hills or mountains that dominate her on the west and north (South Palmyrides and North Palmyrides), the saline depression (sabkhat al Mouh) on the southeast and the large flat steppe expanses descending slowly towards the Euphrates on the east. the city limits were defined in this context and so were the tracks that led to the city, crossing or bypassing it. A morphological study of Palmyra’s urban environment (obstacles and lines of least effort) provides grounds for a reconstruction, taking into consideration recognizable archeological traces and tracks left by caravans, the military and less specifically identified travelers. special attention was devoted to tracking meeting places, which define by their grouping areas where caravans unloaded their cargo in a peri-urban zone that we propose to call a caravanoport.

Keywords: Palmyra, steppe, geomorphology, urban environment, caravan tracks

Parte do dossiê "Diálogos transatlânticos: relações e dinâmicas entre Portugal, África e América (séculos XVII a XIX)", disponível em: https://periodicos.ufjf.br/index.php/facesdeclio/issue/view/1446
Resumo: Durante os séculos XVI a XIX, o que hoje chamamos de Angola foi a principal região de origem de pessoas escravizadas e levadas para as Américas. Com a proibição legal desse comércio pelos portugueses a partir de 1836, ocorreram profundas transformações sociais no interior do continente, na chamada zona atlântica. Diante dessas transformações, nesse texto analisaremos os relatos diários de um comerciante do interior, um sertanejo, que procurava se adaptar a esses novos contextos, organizando caravanas de longa distância para levar ao litoral gêneros coloniais, principalmente marfim e cera, vindos de centenas de quilômetros do interior. Assim procuraremos apontar as várias estratégias dos diversos agentes envolvidos nessa rede comercial, cujo centro era o reino centro-africano do Bié.

Se presentan los resultados de un análisis morfo-funcional de los artefactos y ecofactos de madera recuperados de la Mina Las Turquesas en El Salvador, Región de Atacama. El sitio en cuestión es de carácter minero-residencial, orientado a la explotación lapidaria de la turquesa entre el 500 AC al 1.650 DC. Sobre la base del análisis de los restos de madera recuperados en este sitio, se plantean sus contribuciones en el referido estudio arqueológico, como también la necesidad de ampliar e incorporar dentro del registro tradicional de los sitios arqueológicos, esta clase de evidencias, generalmente subvaloradas en términos informativos. Palabras claves: artefactos de madera, herramientas mineras, turquesa, región de Atacama.

Queda hecho el depósito que marca la ley 11.723. Ninguna parte de esta publicación, incluido el diseño de tapa, puede ser reproducida, almacenada o transmitida por ningún medio, ya sea electrónico, químico, mecánico, óptico, de grabación o por fotocopia sin autorización previa. www.editorialbrujas.com.ar [email protected] Tel/fax: (0351) 4606044 / 4609261-Pasaje España 1485 Córdoba -Argentina. Miembros de la CÁMARA ARGENTINA DEL LIBRO Producción y circulación prehispánicas de bienes en el sur andino / Carlos Aschero ... [et.al.] ; dirigido por Axel E. Nielsen. -1a ed. -Córdoba : Brujas, 2007. 460 p. ; 25x17 cm. -(Colección Historia social precolombina / Axel E. Nielsen)

With over 2 decades' history in the industry, The STT Group is a family business with its bases in rural Lincolnshire-just on the outskirts of Boston. Supplying a wide variety of small and large fifth wheel caravans in the UK, with various floorplans and multiple slide-outs, The STT Group was the first dealership in the UK to offer IVA (Individual Vehicle Approval).

The Finnish mission has identified and recorded all together ca. 150 sites in the region of Jebel Bishri so far. 73 were found during the year 2000 field survey, and 77 in the years 2003-2004 during the prospections and field surveys. According to our experimental field surveys, tombs, mainly cairns/tumuli, and curvilinear stone enclosures, including corrals and megalithic circles, form the majority of the site types in inner desert-steppe and steppe regions of Jebel Bishri. From those the tombs and cemeteries clearly form the largest category. The tombs as well as complexes with large stone enclosures and tombs of megalithic nature indicate ritual ideas that did not directly have to be associated with animal husbandry. However, they typically belong to the pastoral technocomplex of the Greater Southwest Asian Arid Zone extending to the Negev and Sinai (cf. Zarins 1992). There were clear indications that high places, such as hilltops and mountain edges, were preferred for burying deceased in cairns/tumuli all over Jebel Bishri. For cairn burials, especially during the Bronze Age, high places have been globally preferred. Landscape, visibility and beliefs in heights seem to have affected in the choice of locations around Jebel Bishri, but also the territorial tribal marking by graves have to be taken into account. In this instance it is relevant to remind that Tar al-Sbai is nowadays the border zone of two Bedouin tribes, and tombs bearing the signs of the Feda"an tribe were allocated at the edge to mark the border of the Sba"a and the Feda"an tribes.

The globalizing of trade, cultural transfers, and the spread of merchant networks were important features of the early modern world. This chapter examines the issue of how cultures of voting were adopted and reinterpreted by newcomers from outside Europe. It focuses on the Armenian Diaspora in the Kingdom of Poland. Two phenomena – the elections of a mayor in the autonomous Armenian communities and of Armenian caravanbashi – are of particular interest. Both offices – of the mayor and of the caravanbashi – are placed in a broader context of voting practices in the Polish kingdom and of transcultural trade between East-Central Europe and the Middle East. The study of elections within a foreign commercial community will contribute to a better understanding of how the same group of people responded to the different challenges – that is integration of Armenians within Catholic-dominated cities and participation in long-distance trade in the Ottoman Empire. It also gives a unique insight on how traditional and adopted voting practices coexisted in one community. Finally, particular attention is given to the religious context of voting.