Cadastral Surveying

The cadastral units (‘Flurs’) and the agricultural branches can be studied on the documents of the conctretual survey of Szentes made between 1852 and 1854. Te detailed survey started in 1882, the documents prepared during the temporary cadastral units survey had been used till then, the changes of the coming decades were documented in these papers. Te maps and the documents serve as excellent sources about the economy and local history of Szentes.

The Temporary Cadastral Map Archive of Sopron, 1857–1860
The cadastral map archive of Sopron was founded in 1857 to keep, and copy the survey work
segments, and to prepare the maps for lithography. The map archive was temporarily placed in the
building of the 1st Survey Office, which rented a house from Károly Tibolth. Karl Rolke, 3rd grade
engineer was appointed as the manager of the map archive, however he did not get the title of
map archivist. The position of map archivist was advertised, and Anton Buttula, survey inspector
managing the technical activities of the provisory in the Sopron tax district, got the position in
1858. The problem of the permanent place of the map archive was solved in 1860, at least for 10-15
years; the halls of the archive were created in the first floor of the former tax office.

The shortcomings of analogue cadastre, consisting of paper maps and land register, have forced the improvement and upgrading of the cadastre, which can be observed in many countries. The aim of this study was to apply GIS in the creation of digital cadastre for State Residential Layout, Ondo State, Nigeria. The primary dataset used consist mainly of attribute data which were obtained from land record files of the Land Records Bureau, as well as through social survey and field verification.  The secondary dataset consist of spatial UTM coordinates of five beacons in the layout and were obtained from the Ministry of Lands. Four control points were used for georeferencing of the analogue cadastral layout plan of the study area. To confirm the positions of the beacons on site, control check operation was done using a South Total Station instrument. The geometric data were acquired by scanning the hardcopy layout plan of the area and then georeferenced and digitized to produce the spatial database. This was linked with the attribute data to create the digital cadastre in ArcGIS 9.3 software. GIS processing, manipulating, database query, analysis and displaying of the required information were performed. The results were presented as digital maps (thematic maps) and composite map showing the existing allocation patterns of parcels in the estate. The database tables showing detailed characteristics of such parcels, block and owners were presented. It was recommended that the digital cadastre created in this project should serve as a model to create a database for all landed properties in the State.

This project focuses on optimizing the structure of the conceptual database model of the Municipalidad Provincial del Callao (Peru). We propose a conceptual model oriented to the management of the data according to their nature within a cadastral context. After analyzing the existing regulations in the Peruvian framework on the cadastral theme, in relation to data management, and after knowing the physical model of the cadastral database implemented in the provincial municipality of Callao, we propose a different version of the conceptual scheme Database for the cadaster of urban properties. This work, "Towards an optimized conceptual model of the cadaster of the provincial municipality of Callao", seeks to contribute to the entity's vision of having a multi-purpose cadaster based on reliable data. This provides a tool that will help create systems that provide interoperable data. For this, a tool is provided that will assist in the creation of systems that provide interoperable data. The tool that is provided is a conceptual model for the cadaster database developed in UML, oriented to the management of data of the cadaster and making use of the terminology contemplated in the Peruvian scope. In addition, for a greater acceptance of the model, it should be mentioned that the level 1 conformity test has been passed and, in some classes, level 2 of ISO standard 19152: 2012. And it has an adaptation of the requirements and elements of quality measures described in the specifications of the subject of cadastral parcels of the INSPIRE directive. This proposal seeks to promote the evolution of the cadaster in technical aspects that favor the interoperability of reference data in this and other cadaster-generating Peruvian entities.

Zona Nilai Tanah (ZNT) merupakan  area yang menggambarkan  nilai tanah yang relatif sama. Bersamaan dengan terbitnya undang undang No.28 Tahun 2009 aturan mengenai penarikan Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB), Bea Perolehan Hak atas Tanah dan Bangunan (BPHTB) serta Pajak Penghasilan PPh atas tanah dilaksanakan oleh Pemerintah Daerah. Maka dari itu perlu dianalisis penilaian tanah untuk membentuk  peta  ZNT yang dapat  digunakan  sebagai  acuan  penarikan  pajak  daerah  sehingga  dapat meningkatkan PAD (Pendapatan Asli Daerah).
Berdasarkan  Perda  Kota  Surakarta  No.  04  Tahun  2011  tentang  Pajak  Daerah  perlu diwujudkan informasi nilai tanah, properti, ekonomi, kawasan, serta total aset pertanahan sebagai rujukan nasional untuk mewujudkan fungsi tanah bagi sebesar - besar kemakmuran. Salah satu perwujudannya adalah Peta ZNT (Zona Nilai Tanah).Zona Nilai Tanah (ZNT) merupakan  area yang menggambarkan nilai tanah yang relatif sama, sekumpulan bidang tanah di dalamnya yang batasannya bersifat imaginer ataupun nyata sesuai penggunaan tanah dan mempunyai perbedaan nilai antara yang satu dengan yang lainnya berdasarkan analisis perbandin gan harga pasar dan biaya.

Finding addresses has become a major challenge because of population growth and its corresponding effect on city expansion. The use of postcodes is essential to save time and effort in reaching a destination. This research focuses on the use of geographical coordinates to automatically generate postcodes in defining addresses. The proposed approach is based on the use of cadastral maps. The postcode label in cadastral maps is processed by using image processing tools. The proposed method has been applied on cadastral map to give postcode for each parcel. The proposed method has also been applied to the forest map to provide a code for each tree. The obtained post code can be easily integrated into navigation software, and people can use the code to reach their destination. The postcode in this system is suggested to be used alone without a need for building number or street name.

A review The 1820 Russian survey of the Khanate of Shirvan. A primary source on the demography and economy of an Iranian province prior to its annexation by Russia. (Cambridge, UK: Gibb Memorial Trust, 2016) from the June 2018 issue of the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies.

Abstract
The lengthy heritage of the Ordine Mauriziano (Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus), a dynastic order centred on the House of Savoy, has always been based on donations and legacies, but also on the extensive use of the “commend”. In fact the commendatory regime allowed continuous increase in the land holdings, in the form of concessions to the knights for the entire length of their life as a sort of pension, a typical variation of the knights orders. The commends could be of “libera collazione”, meaning that the Duke (later the Sovereign) of Savoy could use this patrimony according to his wishes, or “patronates”, of private constitution, depending on the legacies of a specific member. The second type of commend thus represented a specific capital and land administration system used often by the Order.
Concerning the commends, the Archives of the Ordine Mauriziano contain a specific font, titled Commende, including an extensive series of maps and land surveys (“cabrei”) which document the so called “minor” properties of the Order. Today, these properties have often disappeared or are indistinguishable. The Cabrei this represent an extraordinary source for the recomposition of the palimpsest of the lost rural and agricultural landscape.
Keywords:
Cabrei, Ordine Mauriziano, Commende, Misuratori e Agrimensori
Land surveys, Saints Maurice and Lazarus Order, Commends, Measurers and Surveyors.

Die Diskussion über den besonderen rechtlichen Charakter der Grenzanerkennung
bzw. Grenzfeststellung, die in Heft 2/2008 begonnen wurde, wird im folgenden Artikel aufgegriffen und fortgeführt. Die beiden Autoren beleuchten dabei die historische Entwicklung der Grenzfeststellung und die Rechtsprechung hierzu, insbesondere für das Land Brandenburg. Auf dieser Basis und den langjährigen Erfahrungen in der Praxis werden Aspekte für die Weiterentwicklung des Katasterrechts in Brandenburg aufgezeigt.

Hin und wieder trifft man im vermessungstechnischen Außendienst auf ungewöhnliche Grenzsteine. Die Verwirrung ist perfekt, wenn laut Katasternachweis an der Stelle überhaupt kein Stein stehen dürfte. Wer weiß schon, dass eine einfache Grenzpunktabmarkung vor 100 Jahren noch gar keiner Dokumentation bedurfte? Ein vermessungshistorischer Streifzug gewinnt dann plötzlich Relevanz für den richtigen Umgang mit derartigen Fundstücken.

Dopo il maggio 1797, caduta la Repubblica di Venezia, i territori veneti seguirono i diversi passaggi amministrativi tra la Francia napoleonica e l'Impero d'Austria 1 . Sino all'ottobre di quell'anno furono occupati dai francesi i quali successivamente, con il trattato di Campoformido (a pochi chilometri da Udine) del 17 ottobre 1797, cedettero tutti i territori ad oriente dell'Adige alla casa d'Asburgo. Tale situazione si mantenne sino al 1805 quando, con il trattato di Presburgo (26 dicembre 1805), stipulato a seguito della battaglia di Austerlitz, vi fu nuovamente l'assegnazione dei territori veneti al napoleonico Regno d'Italia. Dopo l'abdicazione di Napoleone a Fontainebleau il 4 aprile 1814, a cui seguì il Primo trattato di Parigi che ristabilì i confini francesi quali erano al 1 gennaio 1792, si aprirono pochi mesi dopo i lavori del Congresso di Vienna, tenutosi tra 1 Come testo di riferimento sull'argomento, benchè datato, ancora valido è l'ampio studio di Mas-siMo Petrocchi, Il tramonto della Repubblica di Venezia e l'assolutismo illuminato, Venezia 1950; Marino Berengo, La società veneta alla fine del Settecento, Firenze 1956, in particolare le pp. 88-130 per la condizione della classe rurale sullo scorcio del Settecento. Per gli eventi accaduti nei distretti di Ceneda e Serravalle si veda giovanni toMasi, Arriva il progresso!, in Ceneda e Serravalle in epoca napoleonica e austriaca, Atti del convegno, Vittorio Veneto 22 maggio 2010, a cura del Circolo Vittoriese di Ricerche Storiche, Godega di Sant'Urbano 2010, pp. 11-34.

Poursuite des travaux publiés dans RAC  I à IV. RAC V : informations supplémentaires sur la stratigraphie du sondage contre la muraille sur le flanc Ouest de la butte (RH-AM). RAC VI : synthèse de Cassel I à V : la stratigraphie du sondage et sa représentation, la séquence chronologique (RH-AM). RAC VII : documents graphiques sur la butte de Cassel : dessins du XVIIIe et du XIXe siècle (RH). RAC VIII : témoins probables de cadastres romains dans la région de Cassel (FJ).

Dextral slip at the western end of the
east-west–striking Greendale fault during
the 2010 MW7.1 Darfield earthquake trans-ferred onto a northwest-trending segment,
across an apparent transtensional zone, here
named the Waterford releasing bend. We
used detailed surface mapping, differential
analysis of pre- and postearthquake light de-tection and ranging (LiDAR), and property
boundary (cadastral) resurveying to produce
high-resolution (centimeter-scale) estimates
of coseismic ground-surface displacements
across the Waterford releasing bend. Our
results indicate that the change in orienta-tion on the Greendale fault incorporates ele-ments of a large-scale releasing bend (from
the viewpoint of westward motion on the
south side of the fault) as well as a smaller-scale restraining stepover (from the view-point of southeastward motion on the north
side of the fault). These factors result in the
Water ford releasing bend exhibiting a de-crease in displacement to near zero at the
change in strike, and the presence within
the overall releasing bend of a nested, local-ized restraining stepover with contractional
bulging. The exceptional detail of surface
deformation and kinematics obtained from
this contemporary surface-rupture event il-lustrates the value of multimethod investiga-tions. Our data provide insights into strike-slip fault bend kinematics, and into the
potentially subtle but important structures
that may be present at bends on historic and
prehistoric rupture traces.

A coordinated cadastre suits bureaucratic convenience, but surveyors and property lawyers need to remember that boundaries must be defined by the evidence on the ground; monuments and occupation. The expectations of a survey accurate cadastre are examined in the context of possession as the origin or title, and concludes that while survey technology may be able to define positions more accurately than ever, the art of defining boundaries remains a legal, not a mathematical process. The professional surveyor must continue to understand and apply the law, and not act as a technician applying the science. This article reviews and critiques the literature about the relationship between survey monuments, occupation, boundaries, measurements and coordinates, in common law jurisdictions with Torrens-style cadastres; New Zealand, Australia and Canada.

Just after the conquest of the Kokand khanate in 1876, the new Russian rulers carried out land surveying and land-tax assessment in the rich and densely populated Fergana province. These “organisation works” constituted the most consistent attempt ever to establish a cadastral system in Russian Turkestan. Differently from what would happen later, they incorporated tentative claims to bring under control the land rights of the Muslim rural population and to internalise the process of land-tax raising. In this context, Russian local officials tested alternative and partly contradictory policies, and their results served as a background experience for the Turkestan Statute of 1886.

Los catastros europeos del siglo XVIII nacieron como solución a una necesidad básicamente fiscal, convirtiéndose en instrumentos capitales para catalizar las reformas hacendísticas de los Estados Modernos. Dichas reformas tuvieron como primer y casi único objetivo aumentar los ingresos fiscales de estos estados a través de una mejor y más eficiente capacidad recaudatoria.
Para más y mejor recaudación, era necesario cambiar las bases imponibles de los tributos tradicionales -muchos y sobre muchos conceptos: comercio, movilidad, señorío…-, porque la nueva tributación descansaría básicamente sobre un único nuevo concepto fiscal: la riqueza. Y para fiscalizar la riqueza de una población mayoritariamente rural y agraria como era la moderna -con tasas todavía en el siglo XVIII del 80/85%-, los ojos del Estado debían dirigirse a la tierra, el recurso natural sobre el que el campesinado obtenía mayoritariamente sus recursos productivos. El problema para fiscalizar esta actividad residía en que los rendimientos agrarios se materializaban en frutos recolectados -sobre todo cereales- por unidad de tierra, y aquí reside el mayor problema de este cálculo fiscal, ya que ningún Estado moderno había sido capaz en tres siglos de unificar su sistema metrológico y, en consecuencia, aunque el campesino informase honradamente de los rendimientos agrarios y del tamaño de sus tierras, lo haría en medidas locales que los responsables del Catastro no comprenderían.
Así, al contrario que las averiguaciones fiscales de los siglos XVI y XVII, los Catastros del siglo XVIII incluyeron de manera obligada una cuestión que fue clave para poder traducir las declaraciones del campesinado a unidades metrológicas comprensibles por el Estado. Sin esto, las declaraciones del campesinado sería información indescifrable para el Estado, puesto que muchas voces y usos metrológicos locales solo tenían una magnitud y significado tangible en cada comunidad vecinal. Por tanto, sin esta información no había la posibilidad de calcular la riqueza agraria, y sin ella no podría definirse una nueva tributación sobre la riqueza para la gran mayoría de la sociedad.
Gracias al registro de dichas respuestas en los Catastros del siglo XVIII hoy podemos reconstruir los espacios metrológicos que (co)existían en el interior de cada Estado Moderno, los nombres de sus unidades, sus valores numéricos y sus múltiplos y submúltiplos, de lo cual se evidencia la importancia de una fuente de información metrológica muy rica y todavía por estudiar de manera sistemática.
La presente comunicación, a caballo entre la Metrología Histórica y la Cartografía Histórica, y haciendo uso de la Cartografía Histórica con base en las aplicaciones GIS, expondrá la problemática antedicha a través de los ejemplos de Castilla, Francia y Portugal en el siglo XVIII, como ejemplo de los estudios que en la actualidad vienen denominándose Humanidades Digitales.

Just after the conquest of the Kokand khanate in 1876, the new Russian rulers carried out land surveying and land-tax assessment in the rich and densely populated Fergana province. These 'organisation works' constituted the most consistent attempt ever to establish a cadastral system in Russian Turkestan. Differently from what would happen later, they incorporated tentative claims to bring under control the land rights of the Muslim rural population and to internalise the process of land-tax raising. In this context, Russian local officials tested alternative and partly contradictory policies, and their results served as a background experience for the Turkestan Statute of 1886.

The fit-for-purpose rural cadastre has been implemented for several years in the Amhara region of Ethiopia. There are no internationally accepted methodologies to evaluate the efficacy of rural cadastral systems in developing countries. In this study, an evaluation framework was designed from the literature review and used to assess the quality of the rural cadastral system. A mixed research method was applied. Data were secured from the pertinent participants, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The findings indicated that the framework developed for the quality assessment was found to be an essential tool to evaluate the efficacy of rural cadastral systems. The study identified the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the cadastral systems of the Amhara region, which underpinned the understanding of the spatial, legal, and institutional arrangements and statuses. Further, this study identified sets of indicators and good practices of the system. Keywords: Cadastre, Cadastral system, Assessment framework, Indicators, Tenure security

After the end of the Thirty Years’ War (1648), a growing number of
estates were surveyed and cartographically depicted in every German region. Estate maps, initially originating mainly from landlords, were continually produced and handed down from the mid-seventeenth century onward. The upsurge in surveying and the establishment of surveying as a profession brought cadastral surveying for tax purposes into reach.

The two modifcations of the land-tax 1875:VII. were worked out by the cadastral workshop working during the 1879–1881 parliament session. Te propositions made by the workshop were accepted at
the beginning of the session and were also signed by the Monarch (1881:XL., 1881:XLII.).