Bioecology

The objective of the research was to study the biology of insect pollinator Elaeidobius kamerunicus after 33 years introduction in North Sumatera. The research was conducted at Indonesian Oil Palm Resesarch Institute (IOPRI), Marihat from March to May 2016. It was done by using descriptive method. The results showed that life cycle is 9-22 (+ 12.25) days; eggs 1-2 (+ 1.01) days, first instar larvae 1-2 (+ 1.05) days, second instar larvae 1-2 (+ 1.06) days, third instar larvae 2-11 (+ 4.75) days and pupae 2-3 (+ 2.35) days. Age of males 31-61 (+ 52.53) days longer than females 29-55 (+ 37.87) days.

The Imperial Cormorant (Phalacrocorax atriceps) is a endemic seabird of Patagonia. Despite being one of the most abundant seabird species of channels and fjords of southern Chile, little is known of its breeding distribution and population. Through a review of literature and unpublished data, this work presents a list of nesting sites of the Imperial Cormorant on the Chilean coast and makes a diagnosis of their population status. Our review identified 42 colonies along the Chilean coast, from Santa Maria Island (37ºS) to the islands of Diego Ramirez (56ºS). Colony sizes range from 50 to 8,000 pairs, but the type of information collected in several cases does not allow a reliable population estimate for Chile. We recommend increasing the efforts in the development of research projects focusing on the distribution and abundance of nesting sites of this and other seabird species in southern Chile. Manuscrito recibido el 01 de diciembre de 2009, aceptado el 30 de junio de 2010. Editor a...

This paper includes two Accepted Poster Presentations for the International Society for Contemplative Research Conference, in June, 2024, Padua, Italy:
Embracing Apophatic Philosophy: A Path Towards Beneficial Personal and Societal Transformation and Embracing Apophatic Philosophy: A Non-Dualist Path Towards Enlightened Personal and Societal Transformation, plus a brief description and review of my latest published book, “Non-Duality: What the World Needs Now”, 2024, by Rodger R Ricketts, Psy.D.

Resumen. La búsqueda de modelos alternativos de capacitación y difusión para productores alrededor del tema de manejo integrado de plagas se encuentra en las agendas de centros de investigación e instituciones de educación superior. Este estudio comparó dos modelos de capacitación y difusión del manejo integrado de la broca del café Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), conocidos como modelo institucional y modelo participativo, con respecto a su impacto sobre la infestación de la plaga, los costos de ejecución de cada modelo y los conocimientos adquiridos por los productores. El modelo institucional se caracterizó porque las decisiones fueron tomadas por el personal técnico, mientras que en el modelo participativo fueron tomadas con el acuerdo de los productores. El estudio se realizó de 1998 a 2001 en parcelas con manejo integrado de la broca (MIB) y sin él, con participación de productores de café de Chiapas, México. Las tácticas que integraron el MIB fueron control manual (recolección de frutos perforados) y biológico (Beauveria bassiana y Cephalonomia stephanoderis). Los resultados indicaron que, independientemente del modelo de capacitación y difusión utilizado, la infestación de la plaga fue significativamente menor en las parcelas con MIB que en las parcelas sin MIB, aunque esta diferencia se observó a partir del segundo año. El costo de los modelos fue similar al final del estudio; sin embargo, al inicio la ejecución del modelo participativo fue más costosa. Los conocimientos de los productores sobre el MIB y la difusión del MIB a nivel intra y extra familiar se incrementaron significativamente bajo el modelo participativo. Los bajos precios internacionales del café (<US$ 1,20 el kilogramo del café pergamino) durante 2000 y 2001 limitaron la capacidad financiera del productor para implementar el MIB. Palabras clave: broca del café, manejo integrado de plagas, control biológico, café, investigación participativa. AbstRAct. Integrated pest management of Hypothenemus hampei under two training and extension models in mexico. The quest for alternative training and extension models on integrated pest management for farmers is on the agenda of research institutions and universities. We compared two training and extension models of integrated management of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), known as Institutional and Participatory Models, and their impact on borer infestation, implementation costs and knowledge acquired by farmers. The institutional model involved decision-making by the technical staff whilst in the participative model decision-making was done in agreement with farmers. The study was conducted from 1998 to 2001 in coffee plots with and without integrated management of H. hampei belonging to smallholder farmers of Chiapas, Mexico. H. hampei management was integrated with cultural control (collection of remaining berries after harvest) and biological control (Beauveria bassiana and Cephalonomia stephanoderis). Results showed that, regardless of the training and extension model used, H. hampei infestation was significantly lower in plots with H. hampei management than without, although the difference was observed only in the second year. Both models had similar costs at the end of the study; however, the participative model was more expensive at the beginning. Farmers' knowledge of H. hampei management and extension at the intra and inter family level increased significantly when the participatory model was implemented. The farmers' capacity to implement H. hampei management was considerably reduced by low international coffee prices (<US$ 1.20 per kilogram of parchment coffee) during 2000 and 2001.

RESUMEN.-A lo largo de la costa de Argentina nidifican cinco especies de cormoranes: el Cormorán Imperial (Phalacrocorax atriceps), el Cormorán Cuello Negro (Phalacrocorax magellanicus), el Cormorán Gris (Phalacrocorax gaimardi), el Biguá (Phalacrocorax olivaceus) y el Guanay (Phalacrocorax bougainvillii). En este trabajo se resume el estado del conocimiento actual, incluyendo información inédita, sobre los principales aspectos de la biología, la ecología, la abundancia y la distribución de las poblaciones de cormoranes en la costa argentina. Además, se presenta un análisis sobre los efectos y conflictos que las principales actividades humanas (transporte de petróleo, explotación guanera, turismo e interacciones con pesquerías) tienen sobre este grupo de aves marinas en la Patagonia argentina. Una serie de recomendaciones sobre estudios futuros para mejorar el manejo y la conservación de estas especies es presentada como conclusión del trabajo.

I det naturfaglige udviklingsprojekt QUEST har naturfagslaerere fra 43 skoler i fem kommuner vekslet mellem at deltage i kursusdage og praesentere og afprove ideer med kolleger i fagteam pa egen skole. I artiklen fokuseres saerligt pa udbyttet af fagteamsamarbejdet. Kvantitative data fra sporgeskemaundersogelser viser overvejende tilfredshed med forlob og udbytte, men kvalitative data fra fagteammoder og interviews pa udvalgte caseskoler viser ogsa at der er forskel pa hvilke ideer til indhold og struktur der er taget op pa den enkelte skole. I artiklen identificeres nogle hhv. fremmende og haemmende faktorer for samarbejde og implementering, og det diskuteres hvordan en institutionalisering af forandringsprocesserne bedst kan understottes. In the natural sciences development project QUEST teachers from 43 schools in five municipalities have alternated between taking part in training days and presenting and testing ideas with colleagues in subject teams in their own school. This art...

Anisakidae nematodes have a wide host and geographic distribution. Species of the genus Contracaecum parasitize aquatic organisms such as piscivorous birds and mammals as their definitive hosts. Several Contracaecum species have been reported parasitizing Phalacrocoracidae in South America. The aim of this work is to highlight phylogenetic relationships between Contracaecum species parasitizing shags based on both molecular markers and the papillae pattern arrangement on the male tail. Some Contracaecum specimens parasitizing Red-legged cormorants from the Ría Deseado (RD), and other nematodes parasitizing eight dead Neotropic cormorants from San Miguel del Monte lagoon (SMML), Argentina, were collected and analyzed. An integrative analysis allowed us to recognize Contracaecum chubutensis parasitizing Phalacrocorax gaimardi, and Contracaecum australe parasitic in Phalacrocorax brasilianus. According to obtained mtDNAcox2, ITS1, ITS2, and SSrRNA isolates, Contracaecum sp. parasitizin...

Fil: Garbin, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico la Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y de Vectores (i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Cs.naturales y Museo. Laboratorio de Quimica Ambiental y Biogeoquimica; Argentina

The genus Haemagogus (Diptera: Culicidae) comprises 28 species and four formally undescribed forms, which are broadly distributed throughout the Americas. Several species are considered of medical importance as they are responsible for transmitting the yellow fever virus (YFV) and other arboviruses. In Brazil, these species primarily inhabit areas of dense gallery forests. In this book, the nine species reported for Brazil are reviewed in terms of their geographical distribution, adult and immature biology, and medical importance, emphasizing their involvement in
the transmission of the YFV and other arboviruses, as well as the potential role of Haemagogus species in the transmission of the dengue virus (DENV). Among the species identified as potential YFV transmitters, Hg. janthinomys stands out as the primary vector in the Americas. This vector competence is reinforced by its geographical distribution, which coincides with the endemic areas of the disease. Vast Neotropical regions, especially the Amazon and Northeast Brazil, need further research on Haemagogus and other sylvatic mosquitoes. The possible role of mosquitoes from this genus in the transmission of pathogens that cause arboviral diseases, such as Dengue, Yellow Fever, and Mayaro, needs to be further explored. Therefore, studies on the ecobiology and medical importance of Haemagogus and other sylvatic mosquitoes are fundamental. Experimental infection research, such as that conducted with Ae. aegypti and YFV should also be developed withc Haemagogus spp. and DENV. In this regard, the information obtained in this book is presented in the form of articles addressing the following aspects: ecology, biology and morphology of the genus Haemagogus.

The coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is one of the major insect pests of coffee worldwide. The present study was designed to assess the level of infestation of coffee berries at different developmental stages across different altitudes and coffee management systems. The experiment was carried out at three locations in southwestern Ethiopia under two coffee management systems and four coffee berry development stages with three replications. Results of the study showed significantly highest proportion of damaged berries (37.5%), number of holes per berry (10.88) and number of adult CBB per berry (7.55) on dried leftover berries at low-altitude study sites. On the other hand, the lowest mean percent damaged berries, number of holes per berry and number of adults were recorded at mid-and high-altitude study sites. The study also showed that, CBB caused significantly highest damage in plantation coffee management system than garden coffee. Results of this study highlight proper harvesting at red ripe stage in order to minimise incidence of CBB. It is also important to design integrated management strategies to mitigate CBB damage especially in lowland plantation coffee production systems.

Acraea terpsicore L. (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae) merupakan salah satu jenis kupu-kupu yang memiliki sebaran terbanyak di Universitas Sriwijaya Indralaya, dan larvanya ditemukan dapat memakan tanaman inang Piriqueta racemosa (Passifloraceae). Kajian bioekologi kupu-kupu A. terpiscore perlu dilakukan sebagai upaya konservasi dan pengendalian tanaman pengganggu. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui lama hidup dan perilaku makan pada A. terpsicore pada tanaman P. racemosa. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Rumah Kupu-Kupu Jurusan Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Sriwijaya Indralaya, Sumatera Selatan. Penelitian lama hidup dan perilaku makan stadia pradewasa (larva) A. terpsicore pada tanaman inang P. racemosa dilakukan menggunakan metode deskriptif dan observasi dan pengamatan perilaku makan menggunakan metode visual recording yang meliputi: deskripsi morfologi setiap stadia, lama waktu perkembangan setiap stadia, dan perilaku makan larva. Hasil penelitian lama hidup kupu-kupu A. terpsicore dari telur sampai ke imago berlangsung selama 34-44 hari dengan rata-rata 38,12 ± 2,34 hari, dengan angka kelulusan hidup sebesar 40%. Perilaku makan larva A. terpsicore pada tanaman inang P. racemosa sangat bervariasi antar instarnya, rata-rata frekuensi makan tertinggi terjadi pada pagi, dan terendah pada pada bagian tanaman tertentu yang memiliki tesktur lembut. Sedangkan larva instar 3, 4, dan 5 akan bersifat soliter dan tersebar pada bagian-bagian tanaman P. racemosa. Posisi tubuh larva ketika makan dominan menghadap arah gravitasi bumi.

Na cultura da mandioca Manihot esculenta as brocas da haste da mandioca Sternocoelus spp. embora sejam consideradas pragas secundárias, se constituem em problema fitossanitário em algumas áreas produtoras. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar o potencial do fungo entomopatogênico Beauveria bassiana no controle biológico de adultos de Sternocoelus spp. por meio do seu uso integrado com a armadilha CNPMF de forma a contribuir para a supressão da população da praga e fornecer alternativa aos agrotóxicos com segurança aos agricultores e ambiente com baixo custo. Como resultado, constatou-se que a aplicação integrada de B. bassiana causou infecção nos adultos atraídos na armadilha CNPMF entre 9% até 24%, sendo a média de 19% de mortalidade de adultos. Conclui-se que este método de controle integrado é alternativa de baixo custo para o controle biológico da broca da haste da mandioca fornecendo segurança ao agricultor familiar e ambiente.

Pengamatan rutin dilakukan untuk mengetahui atau mendeteksi jenis dan kepadatan OPT sehingga dapat menentukan kapan dan bagaimana pengendalian harus dilakukan. Pengamatan rutin merupakan langkah awal sebagai dasar untuk menentukan perlu tidaknya dilakukan tindakan pengendalian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kepadatan populasi kutudaun dan intensitas penyakit belang pada tanaman kacang tanah sebagai langkah awal penentuan teknik pengendalian OPT dalam penerapan PHT. Pengamatan dilakukan sebanyak 6 kali dengan interval pengamatan 7 hari pada pertanaman kacang tanah berumur ±60 hari. Pengambilan sampel tanaman dilakukan dengan teknik simple random sampling dengan cara mengambil 50 sampel tanaman. Parameter yang diamati adalah kepadatan dan kelimpahan populasi hama serta kejadian dan keparahan penyakit belang. Kepadatan dan kelimpahan populasi hama kutudaun di awal pengamatan mencapai 287 ekor tetapi menurun pada pengamatan minggu berikutnya akibat pengaruh cuaca dan musuh ala...

This study aimed (1) to determine the diversities and activities of tortoise beetles on fence kale plants (Ipomea carnea) in Madiun and (2) to analyze their ecological effects on the environment. This research was conducted from January up to September 2014 in the Madiun town. The method used was the location tracer of fence kale plants and identification as well as observation on the activities of tortoise beetles. The data were analyzed descriptively. The results revealed that (1) there were two kinds of tortoise beetles on the fence kale plants-Aspidomorpha sanctaecrucis Fabricius and Aspidomorpha miliaris Fabricius, whose activities became pests on the fence kale plants. The activities of Aspidomorpha sanctaecrucis Fabricius were more dominant; and ecologically the tortoise beetles as pests of leaves inhibited the growth and development of the fence kale plants only, but not the other plants around them. And, parasitic symbiosis occurred between the tortoise beetles and the fence kale plants

Resumo: O Biguá (Nannopterum brasilianus; Suliformes, Phalacrocoracidae) é uma ave de hábitos aquáticos continentais e litorâneos, utilizando estes ambientes para reprodução e suprir suas necessidades alimentares. É uma espécie de dieta principalmente piscívora, mas o conhecimento sobre a identificação das espécies que constituem a sua dieta ainda é escasso. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar e identificar os itens presentes na dieta de N. brasilianus no litoral médio do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Entre os anos de 2007 a 2014 foram realizados esforços amostrais mensais na região costeira, coletando carcaças de N. brasilianus entre os municípios de Balneário Pinhal e Mostardas, RS. No total foram encontradas 20 carcaças e coletados os estômagos. Em laboratório os estômagos foram abertos e analisados quanto aos seus conteúdos. Os itens foram separados inicialmente por categorias: Actinopterygii, Cephalopoda, Insecta, parasitas e fragmentos de rochas. Actinopterygii foram encontrados com maior frequência, em 85% das amostras, tendo sido identificadas seis espécies e um espécime não identificado do gênero Odontesthes. Duas das espécies de Actinopterygii, Cynoscion jamaicensis e Genidens genidens, são os primeiros registros para a dieta de N. brasilianus, assim como uma espécie de Cephalopoda, Doryteuthis plei,e fragmentos de Hemiptera. A espécie com a maior frequência de ocorrência foi Micropogonias furnieri (FO = 45%). Os itens aqui reportados ampliam o conhecimento sobre a dieta de N. brasilianus na região Neotropical. Palavras-chave: ave aquática; Biguá; Suliformes. DIET OF Nannopterum brasilianus (AVES: PHALACROCORACIDAE), SOUTHERN BRAZIL. The Neotropic cormorant (Nannopterum brasilianus; Suliformes, Phalacrocoracidae) is an aquatic bird species with continental and coastal habits, which occurs throughout the Neotropical Region. Its diet is mainly piscivorous and there is little information regarding the identification of prey species in Brazil. The goal of this study is to analyze and describe prey items in the diet of N. brasilianus from the mid coast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Between 2007 and 2014 a coastal transect between the cities Balneário Pinhal and Mostardas was monthly surveyed for carcasses. Twenty dead specimens were found and their stomachs were removed. In laboratory stomachs were opened and their content sorted in taxonomic categories: Actinopterygii, Cephalopoda, Insecta, parasites, and rock fragments. Actinopterygii showed the highest

Lalat buah (Bactrocera carambolae) merupakan hama yang sangat merugikan pada komoditas hortikultura. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan jenis essens buah yang ditambahkan pada metil eugenol yang tertinggi dalam menarik lalat buah, untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan essens jambu pada metil eugenol terhadap jumlah tangkapan lalat buah pada pertanaman jambu biji, dan berapa konsentrasi essens yang menghasilkan jumlah tangkapan lalat buah paling banyak. Penelitian secara in vitro dilakukan di Laboratorium Vapor Heat Treatment, Balai Peramalan Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan, Jatisari, Jawa Barat dari bulan Februari 2015 hingga Juni 2015 dan di kebun jambu biji Desa Leuwiseeng, Kecamatan Panyingkiran, Kabupaten Majalengka sejak bulan November 2015 sampai dengan Maret 2016. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa metil eugenol yang ditambah essens belimbing dan jeruk berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan hasil tangkapan lalat buah betina, tetapi tidak untuk lalat buah jantan. Perlakuan terting...

Un espécimen de biguá (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) estando bajo condiciones de manejo clínico, luego de ser rescatado en estado de debilidad, experimentó una marcada mejoría general para luego sufrir un cambio abrupto hacia una evolución desfavorable hasta desenlace fatal en el curso de pocas horas debido a una falla renal aguda. El análisis de resultados de los estudios clínicos y de los hallazgos histopatológicos post mortem demostraron la presencia de una gran carga de nematodes gastrointestinales y de severa afección renal por Eimeriorinos. Estos últimos resultaron ser los causales de un extensivo daño renal suficiente para causar la falla renal aguda y considerarse la causa primaria de muerte. A lo largo de este trabajo se obtuvo una visión general de la patogenia y manifestaciones clínicas de la coccidiosis renal aviar, escasamente documentadas anteriormente. Este hallazgo coccidial nunca antes reportado en esta especie implica una alta probabilidad de registro de una nueva esp...

Damage to coffee beans which is stored in storehouse due to insect pests can reduce its quality through a decrease in coffee weight and its quality, consequently causing the price of coffee beans decrease because they have low quality. The purpose of the study was to identify the damaged condition of the Libtukom coffee and to find out the cause of the damage to the stored coffee been. This research was carried out in Mekar Jaya Village,

Whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) plays an important role as pest in many horticultural plants (fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants). The aim of this research was to study whiteflies diversity in horticultural plants on different altitude. Whitefly samples were collected from its host plants in five areas of West Java Bogor, Sukabumi, Cianjur, Bandung, and Garut. The places were grouped into three altitude categories: lowland, midland, and highland. Number of whitefly species and individual were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Tukey (α = 0.05), while the correlation between altitude and whiteflies species number described in linear regression. Species diversity was measured by two types of index (Shannon and Simpson). The highest number of whitefly individual was found in vegetables (121.80). However, the highest number of whitefly species was found in fruits (2.44 species). According to the altitude, the highest number of whitefly species was found i...

A participatory project was conducted with small-scale coffee growers from Quindío Department, Colombia. In 34 coffee lots in three municipalities, growers implemented an integrated management programme against the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari, based on improved cultural harvesting and sanitation practices (to remove breeding habitats) and releases of exotic parasitoids. Growers released over 10 million Cephalonomia stephanoderis and 5 million Prorops nasuta (both Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) over 2 years. Populations of the CBB declined from a range of 7-14% infested berries (Quimbaya), 10-13% (Montenegro) and 15-48% (Buenavista) prior to the integrated pest management programme, to an average of 2.1^0.2% infested berries in Químbaya, 3.5^0.2% in Montenegro and 2.8^2.1% in Buenavista, over the following 25 months. Damage to parchment coffee similarly declined during this period. Six months after the final release of parasitoids had been made, we found both parasitoid species established in all three municipalities. However, P. nasuta were recovered more frequently (in 71.4% of lots where they were previously released) compared with C. stephanoderis (recovered in 30.8% of release lots). Average parasitism rates remained low, i.e. 3.7% for P. nasuta and 2.9% for C. stephanoderis. This low rate was probably due to the frequent manual removal of mature berries containing developing parasitoid larvae. In addition, the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was observed on average on 9.5% adult CBB in Montenegro, compared with mean infection rates of 4.3 and 4.4% in Quimbaya and Buenavista, respectively. Cultural harvesting and sanitation is an important component of CBB control, although it may limit the impact of the pest's parasitoids.

Lalat buah merupakan salah satu  hama utama yang merugikan bagi petani sekaligus mengancam sentra produksi buah yang dapat menyerang tanaman salah satunya mangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui waktu aktivitas lalat buah terhadap atraktan ekstrak daun kemangi dengan ekstrak daun cengkeh. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei 2016 di kebun mangga Desa Sidamukti Kabupaten Majalengka. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen desain penelitian Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) yang terdiri atas tiga perlakuan dan 10 kali ulangan. Sampel lalat buah ditangkap dengan menggunakan perangkap Steiner (botol bekas air mineral) yang diberi zat pemikat metil eugenol dari ekstrak daun kemangi dengan cengkeh. Pengamatan untuk kajian waktu aktivitas harian dilakukan  pada pagi hari (06.00 – 08.00 WIB), siang hari (11.00 – 13.00 WIB), dan sore hari (16.00 – 18.00 WIB) selama 18 hari. Parameter penelitian adalah jumlah lalat buah yang terperangkap pada pagi, siang, dan sore. Analisis data ...

The Role of parasitoid in controlling the population of fruit flies (Bactrocera dorsalis Complex.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) who attacked mangoes (Mangifera indica L) in Buleleng Regency. Thisresearch was conducted with the aim of knowing the role of parasitoids in controlling the population of fruit flies (Bactrocera dorsalis Complex.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on mango plants (Mangifera indica L.) in Buleleng Regency. Field research was carried out at the Buleleng mango plantations while laboratory research was carried out at the Integrated Pest Management and Plant Disease Laboratory from April to July 2019.Field research was carried out at  the Buleleng mango plantations while laboratory research was carried out at the Integrated Pest Management laboratory and  was  carried out  from  April  to  July 2019.  Determination of the location of sampling  is  done  diagonally  and  fruits  infested  larvae  was  taken  purposively. The results showed that there were three species of fruit f...

Salah satu permasalahan pada produksi kakao di Indonesia adalah rusaknya buah akibat serangan hama Helopeltis sp. Serangan Helopeltis sp. dapat menurunkan produksi kakao hingga 50%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas penyelubungan buah kakao menggunakan kantung plastik yang berbeda ukuran terhadap serangan hama Helopeltis sp. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kebun rakyat di Desa Way Laga Kecamatan Panjang Bandar Lampung pada bulan April September 2014. Perlakuan terdiri atas penyelubungan buah dengan kantung plastik berukuran sedang (30 cm x 15 cm,P1), penyelubungan buah dengan kantung plastik berukuran besar (35 cm x 20 cm, P2), dan tanpa penyelubungan buah atau kontrol (P0), dengan 30 ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyelubungan buah kakao menggunakan kantung plastik efektif mengurangi keterjadian dan keparahan serangan Helopeltis sp. Namun efektivitas penggunaan kantung plastik berukuran relatif besar (35 cm x 20 cm) tampak tidak berbeda dengan efekt...

Diversity and abundance of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephtritidae) in a range of land use systems in Sumberjaya, West Lampung. Fruit fly inventory from seven land use systems in Sumberjaya area, West Lampung, using fruit incubation and lure trap methods resulted in four species of fruit flies, i.e. Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis, B. (B.) umbrosa, B. (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae, dan B. (Afrodacus) furvus. B. dorsalis was the most common fruit flies in the area while the least found was B. (A) furvus. The abundance of fruit flies was positively correlated with the weight of cempedak fruit (Artocarpus polyphema, Moraceae) and of the watery roseapple fruit (Syzygium aqueum, Myrtaceae).

Previous studies showed that the anophelines, vectors of human malaria, had densities especially high on the banks of the large rivers flowing through the rain forest in the South of Cameroon. In order to establish if these mosquitoes enter or not into the forest, samplings were performed with CDC light traps placed in houses distant of less than 200 m from the banks of the Sanaga river and in houses at 1.5 km from this river. In houses at less than 200 m from the bank, the mean densities of Anopheles nili and An. gambiae were respectively 40 and 5 times higher than at 1.5 km. Thus the rain forest constitute a significant obstacle for the dispersion of anophelines. Therefore confining of anophelines at the immediate surroundings of the river permits to explain why anopheline densities are such important at low distances of the river and not in the rest of the forest.

Previous studies showed that the anophelines, vectors of human malaria, had densities especially high on the banks of the large rivers flowing through the rain forest in the South of Cameroon. In order to establish if these mosquitoes enter or not into the forest, samplings were performed with CDC light traps placed in houses distant of less than 200 m from the banks of the Sanaga river and in houses at 1.5 km from this river. In houses at less than 200 m from the bank, the mean densities of Anopheles nili and An. gambiae were respectively 40 and 5 times higher than at 1.5 km. Thus the rain forest constitute a significant obstacle for the dispersion of anophelines. Therefore confining of anophelines at the immediate surroundings of the river permits to explain why anopheline densities are such important at low distances of the river and not in the rest of the forest.

This research aims to determine species of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) the attacking orange plantion Rambah Samo District Rokan Hulu Regency. Study was conducted in March to May 2018, using a survey method with technique sampling purposive sampling. The research found 6 species with a total of 236 individuals. The species is Bactrocera umbrosa, B. Carambolae, B. Papayea, B. dorsalis, B. caudata and B. albistrigata. Fruit fly species most widely found was B. carambolae the total number of 80 individiuals, whereas B. umbrosa total number of 24 individual, B. Papayea total number 48 individual, B. dorsalis total number of 7 individual, B. caudata total number of 74 individual, B. albistrigata total number of 3 individual.

This research aims to determine species of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) the attacking orange plantion Rambah Samo District Rokan Hulu Regency. Study was conducted in March to May 2018, using a survey method with technique sampling purposive sampling. The research found 6 species with a total of 236 individuals. The species is Bactrocera umbrosa, B. Carambolae, B. Papayea, B. dorsalis, B. caudata and B. albistrigata. Fruit fly species most widely found was B. carambolae the total number of 80 individiuals, whereas B. umbrosa total number of 24 individual, B. Papayea total number 48 individual, B. dorsalis total number of 7 individual, B. caudata total number of 74 individual, B. albistrigata total number of 3 individual.

Previous studies showed that the anophelines, vectors of human malaria, had densities especially high on the banks of the large rivers flowing through the rain forest in the South of Cameroon. In order to establish if these mosquitoes enter or not into the forest, samplings were performed with CDC light traps placed in houses distant of less than 200 m from the banks of the Sanaga river and in houses at 1.5 km from this river. In houses at less than 200 m from the bank, the mean densities of Anopheles nili and An. gambiae were respectively 40 and 5 times higher than at 1.5 km. Thus the rain forest constitute a significant obstacle for the dispersion of anophelines. Therefore confining of anophelines at the immediate surroundings of the river permits to explain why anopheline densities are such important at low distances of the river and not in the rest of the forest.

Previous studies showed that the anophelines, vectors of human malaria, had densities especially high on the banks of the large rivers flowing through the rain forest in the South of Cameroon. In order to establish if these mosquitoes enter or not into the forest, samplings were performed with CDC light traps placed in houses distant of less than 200 m from the banks of the Sanaga river and in houses at 1.5 km from this river. In houses at less than 200 m from the bank, the mean densities of Anopheles nili and An. gambiae were respectively 40 and 5 times higher than at 1.5 km. Thus the rain forest constitute a significant obstacle for the dispersion of anophelines. Therefore confining of anophelines at the immediate surroundings of the river permits to explain why anopheline densities are such important at low distances of the river and not in the rest of the forest.

Artiklen praesenterer udviklede designprincipper for praksisopgaver i matematik, der potentielt kan bidrage til optimal laering og til mulige vedvarende aendringer i praksis samt understøtte laerernes aktive konstruktionsproces og deres dialogiske behandling af et stof i en bestemt kontekst. Principperne har fokus på praksiserfaringer som centrale i udførelsen af opgaven, og på at laereprocessen i praksis er i centrum. Artiklen bidrager med et eksempel på anvendelse af de udviklede designprincipper.

Hypoteser om samarbejde Hypoteser om kompetencer Empiri Samarbejde og undervisningens kvalitet Samarbejde og laererens udvikling Konflikter i samarbejdet Laerernes samarbejde med skoleledelsen Perspektiver Kapitel 3: Skolen er for alle-men mere for nogle end for andre Om reproduktion og chanceulighed i folkeskolen 2019 Metode Del 1: Social baggrund og skolefaglige praestationer Del 2: Køn og skolefaglige praestationer Del 3: Kulturbaggrund og skolefaglige praestationer Konklusion om reproduktion og chanceulighed i folkeskolen 2019 Efterord Referencer Bilag 1: Reliabilitetsanalyser Bilag 2: Analyserede spørgsmål/svar Bilag 3: Interviewguide til laererinterviewundersøgelse 5 Forord 'Udfordringer og succeser i skoleudvikling-Når tallene taler' er den sidste faelles laeringsrapport i det store skoleudviklingsprojekt Program for Laeringsledelse, der siden 2015 har vaeret støttet af A. P. Møller og Hustru Chastine McKinney Møllers Fond til almene Formaal. Projektet afsluttes april 2020 med bl.a. denne laeringsrapport. Programmet har vaeret et taet samarbejde mellem 13 danske kommuners skolechefer og forvaltningsansatte, skoleledelser, laerere og paedagoger ved disse kommuners ca. 240 skoler, forskere ved Aalborg Universitets Institut for Kultur og Laering samt COK-Center for Offentlig Kompetenceudvikling. Med fondsstøtten har et sådant storskalaprogram både kunnet kompetenceudvikle en stor gruppe af den danske folkeskoles laerere og skoleledelser samt tilknyttede forvaltningspersoner og kunnet opbygge en stor viden om, hvad kommende forbedringstiltag i folkeskolen bør tage fat på og hvordan. Denne rapport indeholder analyser af projektets data, som er interessante for en bred kreds, både forskere, der arbejder med skoleforskning, og alle praktikere i og omkring den danske folkeskole. 'Rapporten vil desuden senere blive suppleret med e-bøger, hvor projektets kvantitative data bearbejdes yderligere, perspektiveres internationalt samt kombineres med interviewdata med skolechefer og skoleledere. Efter dette forord følger et meget komprimeret resumé af rapportens vigtigste fund. Vi håber med dette at have vakt interesse hos alle

The crop coefficient (K c) values of rice paddy are important for estimating accurate rice crop evapotranspiration (ET c), water transfers planning, efficient irrigation management, and hydrological studies. In this study, ET c was measured and a generalized K c curve was calculated for paddy rice in the Sacramento Valley, California. Field experiments were conducted in three rice paddy fields during the 2011-2013 growing seasons. Surface renewal analysis, after calibration using eddy covariance method, was applied to obtain sensible heat flux values from high-frequency temperature readings; latent heat flux densities were characterized by the residual of the energy balance method. The results revealed that there is considerable variability in rice water use both spatially and temporally. The average 3-year measured seasonal ET c of the experimental fields ranged from 690 to 762 mm in Butte County and from 681 to 813 mm in the Colusa County. A mean daily seasonal ET c of 5.3 mm d −1 and midseason ET c of 5.8 mm d −1 was observed. The rice K c values were lower than those commonly used to estimate rice ET c during the midseason and were greater than expected during early growth before canopy closure. For a typical growing season of 145 days, the K c values were estimated as 1.10, 1.00, and 0.80 for the initial-growth, midseason, and late-season stages, respectively. The generalized K c curve is quite accurate for practical application and enables growers to determine rice crop water use in a reliable, usable, and affordable format. The proposed K c information can be used to refine the estimates of rice consumptive water use in the Sacramento Valley for the purpose of water transfers to water-short areas of the State. These K c values are likely applicable to other locations having similar climate to the Sacramento Valley in California.

Subterranean termite Coptotermes sp. is one of the important pests that pose a threat to agriculture. Coconut shell liquid smoke is the result of a pyrolysis distillation process. The content of compounds in liquid smoke includes phenolic compounds, carboxylic acids, and carbonyls. The objective of the study was to determine the effective concentration of coconut shell liquid smoke to control the subterranean termite Coptotermes sp. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments, 1 treatment (control), and 4 replications. Subterranean termites used were 300 subterranean termites, each treatment filled with 15 termites (12 workers and 3 soldiers). The research data was calculated to obtain the total mortality percentage of Coptotermes sp. on the last observation. Data were analyzed using Sidik Ragam (ANOVA). If the concentration of the treatment shows a significant effect, then proceed with the 5% LSD (Least Significant Difference) test. Control of the Coptote...

Definition/Description
The term “ecology” (bioecology; bionomics; environmental biology; economy of nature) is derived from ancient Greek; oikos means “household, house, or place to live” (Smith and Pimm 2007) and logos “speech, word, reason” (Dictionary Merriam-Webster 2018). Ecology is focused on the distribution and abundance of organisms, the interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment, and structure and function of ecosystems (Begon et al. 2006; Maastik et al. 2004; Schulze et al. 2005). Ecology includes subdisciplines such as autecology, population ecology, chemical ecology, evolutionary ecology, physiological ecology, plant ecology, aquatic ecology, applied ecology, paleoecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, landscape ecology, and global ecology. It attempts to synthesize understanding from interactions between organisms (biotic components) and between organisms and their physical environments (abiotic components), and from the interplay between both of these (Biology dictionary 2016).
An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of organisms (plant, animal, and microorganism), their communities, and their physical environments (air, water, and mineral soil) interacting as a functional unit (Maastik et al. 2004). The biotic and abiotic components interact through nutrient cycles and energy flows (Begon et al. 2006). Ecosystems can be of any size but each ecosystem has a specific, limited space (Schulze et al. 2005). Some scientists view the entire planet as one ecosystem (Likens 1992; Hugget 2017). The ecosystem approach is fundamental to managing Earth’s resources because it addresses the interactions that link biotic systems, of which people are an integral part, with the abiotic systems on which they depend (Chapin et al. 2011).

The sugarbeet root maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis Röder (Diptera: Ulidiidae), is native to North America. However, its primary crop host, sugarbeet, Beta vulgaris L., was introduced to the continent from Europe in the late 19th century. This field and greenhouse research was conducted to compare the relative attractiveness of eight cultivated and wild plant species for oviposition by T. myopaeformis, and the suitability of these potential host plants for larval development to elucidate the potential native and current host range of this pest. Results indicated that females preferred ovipositing in soil immediately adjacent to or on the following plant species: sugarbeet; spinach, Spinacia olerocea L.; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L.; redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L.; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.; and to a lesser extent, spear saltbush, Atriplex patula L. Larval survival was greatest on spinach, sugarbeet, and spear saltbush, which all belong to the family Chenopodiaceae. Larval survival on these plants suggests that T. myopaeformis could have exploited wild chenopodiaceous plants or others within the order Caryophyllales before sugarbeet was introduced to North America. Low larval survival on common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and Palmer amaranth suggests that these species are suboptimal hosts, despite demonstrated attractiveness for oviposition. A general lack of oviposition preference by T. myopaeformis females was observed for sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., and common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. These results provide insights regarding the successful and somewhat rapid host preference shift by this insect to sugarbeet after cultivation of the crop began in the continent.

Foraging strategies o f the Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in the Ebro River (N Spain).-During four consecutive winters (1991-95) individual and social foraging bouts of cormorants were studied in the main feeding areas of the Ebro River (Navarra, N Spain). Cormorant utilized two foraging strategies during winter in the river: in groups or alone. The mean group size was of 78.7 I 53.3 individuals. The main prey were: the French nase (Chondrostoma toxostoma) in number and the Barbel (Barbus graellsii) in biomass, with great monthly variation. Social fishing allowed shorter dives, higher feeding success and larger prey than solitary foraging.

Phenology and Population Dynamics of the Coffee Berry Borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr.) in Relation to the Phenological Stages of the Berry ABSTRACT-The population dynamics of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) was studied in Paula Cândido, Minas Gerais State, Brazil (20 0 S; 660 m high; 1391 mm rain/year; 18 0 C average temperature), from November 1992 to May 1993. The following aspects were assessed weekly: phenologycal development of the fruits (small green, green, beginning maturation, mature,and dry); the number of fruits infested at each developmental stage; and the number of individuals of the borer at each developmental stage (egg, larvae, prepupa, pupa, and adults) present in infested berries. At least three complete generations of the borer were found during fruit development. A rigth skewed preference function of fruit age describes the attack of the fruits by the borer. After infestation the borer started ovipositing as fruits started maturing. Results suggest that control measures should be taken between the end of one growing season, after harvesting, and the beginning of fruit maturation in the next growing season, targeting adults before oviposition begins.