Bioecology

Bioecology of common cutworms (S. litura) was
diligently documented at the crop protection section of the Don
Mariano Marcos Memorial State University-Sericulture Research
and Development Institute, primarily aimed to generate
substantial data for the formulation of control measures.
Specifically, focused on the developmental stages, behavior and
factors associated to their resurgence and geographical
distribution

Traditional models of human behavior began with an exploration of subjective experiences, manifest personality characteristics and eventually pathological classification along a continuum of dysfunction and disorder . Early models tackling the robustness of human behavior, such as Piaget's cognitive perspective, failed to consider the context in which a behavior developed, even while accounting for the roles of both nature and nurture . Erikson's stages of development did integrate social and cultural factors, but he still did not

Iphita limbata is a macropterous but flightless, phytophagous bug feeding on the seeds of Sterculia foetida. The studies on bio-ecology, activity pattern and sexual dimorphism in Iphita limbata from specified areas of Madras Christian College, Tambaram reveals that the occurrences of males were more than the females. Predominant mating behavior was found during the months of late December, January and February during which females were in mated condition. Iphita limbata prefers a relatively high humidity and an optimum temperature of 36.1°C for the population to flourish. The activity of Iphita limbata was found to be closely correlated to environment parameters especially temperature. The males are smaller than females. The reproductive organs of males consist of a pair of testis connected with paired seminal vesicle and a median ejaculatory duct; females consist of 7 pairs of teleotrohic ovarioles on either side of the alimentary canal with a spermatheca.

On December 9, 2014 approximately 94,000 gallons (78,271 Imperial gallons) of heavy furnace oil spilled into Shela River, which is considered as an important river of the Sundarbans mangrove forest ecosystems. This was the largest ever oil spill incident into the coastal mangrove forest ecosystem of Bangladesh Sundarbans. Vast number of ecologically important animals and plants populations is in great threats after this massive oil spill accident. The spread of oil and its biological effects is documented immediately. Intertidal mangroves plants, river grasses, algae, and associated invertebrates were badly covered by oil and some of them died soon after. The death of Irrawaddy Dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris), Oriental Samll-clawed Otter (Amblonyx cinereus) has been reported because of oil spill. The presence of White Rumped Vulture (Gyps bengalensis) over the Sundarbans sky also indicated the large scale death of wild fauna. The secondary effect of oil spill is always much greater than the primary effects. So, proper initiatives should be taken in long run to protect the biological communities of Sundarbans.

A lo largo de toda Sudamérica se encuentran diversas especies de cormoranes, falacrocorácidos, dentro del cual se encuentra Phalacrocorax brasilianus. Se estudió la bioecología de P. brasilianus a nivel de Sudamérica, encontrándose en la actualidad que esta especie se encuentra en preocupación menor, por el momento. Sin embargo, la fragmentación de su hábitat podría cambiar esta situación, amenazando la supervivencia de esta especie. En este trabajo se resumen los principales aspectos de la biología, comportamiento, ecología alimentaria, características morfológicas, hábitos acuáticos, distribución, estatus, manejo y conservación de P. brasilianus en Sudamérica. De acuerdo con todos los datos obtenidos, Argentina es el país con más investigaciones hechas en relación a esta especie, seguido de Brasil y Chile.

It is well known that crop coefficients are not necessarily transferrable from one location to another, for a variety of reasons. For example, the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (UN FAO) 24 publication on evapotranspiration listed ranges of midseason crop coefficients for particular crops, depending on wind speed and humidity. In the more recent UN FAO 56 publication, an equation was presented that adjusted crop coefficients for wind speed, humidity, and crop height. Climate correction is important for sharing and adjusting crop coefficient data. However, it was found that the FAO 56 equation gave inaccurate corrections for a crop having the same characteristics as the reference crop surface, and it is likely that it also will be inaccurate for other crop surfaces. Consequently, the aim of this research was to develop and test a new method to correct midseason crop coefficients for climate differences. Climate data were used from the California Irrigation Management Information System and a similar approach was used to develop standardized reference evapotranspiration equations for short and tall canopies, to develop and test the new method. The method estimates the aerodynamic resistance of crops in a base climate as an inverse function of wind speed. This function of wind speed was used in a modified Penman-Monteith equation to account for climate effects on midseason crop coefficients in nonbase climates. The methodology to account for climate data and estimate midseason crop coefficient values in a nonbase climate from base climate crop coefficients is presented in this paper.

Definition/Description
The term “ecology” (bioecology; bionomics;
environmental biology; economy of nature) is
derived from ancient Greek; oikos means “household,
house, or place to live” (Smith and Pimm
2007) and logos “speech, word, reason” (Dictionary
Merriam-Webster 2018). Ecology is focused
on the distribution and abundance of organisms,
the interactions among organisms and between
organisms and their environment, and structure
and function of ecosystems (Begon et al. 2006;
Maastik et al. 2004; Schulze et al. 2005). Ecology
includes subdisciplines such as autecology, population
ecology, chemical ecology, evolutionary
ecology, physiological ecology, plant ecology,
aquatic ecology, applied ecology, paleoecology,
community ecology, ecosystem ecology, landscape
ecology, and global ecology. It attempts to
synthesize understanding from interactions
between organisms (biotic components) and
between organisms and their physical environments
(abiotic components), and from the interplay
between both of these (Biology dictionary
2016).
An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of organisms
(plant, animal, and microorganism), their
communities, and their physical environments
(air, water, and mineral soil) interacting as a functional
unit (Maastik et al. 2004). The biotic and
abiotic components interact through nutrient
cycles and energy flows (Begon et al. 2006). Ecosystems
can be of any size but each ecosystem has
a specific, limited space (Schulze et al. 2005).
Some scientists view the entire planet as one ecosystem
(Likens 1992; Hugget 2017). The ecosystem
approach is fundamental to managing Earth’s
resources because it addresses the interactions that
link biotic systems, of which people are an integral
part, with the abiotic systems on which they
depend (Chapin et al. 2011).

This paper outlines the national approach to stormwater management in Malaysia, and evolving implementation practices by State and Local government authorities. The research focused on new concepts for the urban stormwater runoff and the water quality management based on integrated stormwater solutions. The USM Engineering campus is a pilot project for urban stormwater management strategy as an example of an ecologically sustainable development based approach to urban stormwater management.The concept is based on open and natural drainage systems integrated into multipurpose open space/environmental corridors or greenways, is the most promising approach in newly developing or urbanizing areas. This paper aims to introduce such an alternative -the "Principle of Control-at-Source". With respect to its technical implementation the term "Bio-Ecological Drainage Systems"), further in this text referred to BIOECODS) has prevailed. With this new approach, the main bulk of stormwater is stored at its source and then gradually released downstream to reduce impact on river capacity.

Myotis muricola is a widespread species covering the Malay Archipelago through the West and East of Wallace’s Line. The genetic analysis, based on partial cytochrome b gene, shows the high genetic variation within M. muricola. The phylogenetic analysis has indicated that M. muricola in the Malay Archipelago are monophyletic. Members of M. muricola Eastern are grouped together independently of M. muricola Western and both groups are distantly related. On the other hand, M. muricola Western and M. muricola Eastern are distinct species and sister taxa to M. mystacinus. Based on the high genetic distance (26.8% to 38.5%) and the Genetic Species Concept (Baker & Bradley, 2006), it can be concluded that M. muricola Western and M. muricola Eastern should be considered as two distinct species. Furthermore, two subgroups within M. muricola Western, namely Sumatra-Asian and Bornean subgroups, are recognised as distinct subspecies (with genetic distance of 5.1% to 10.8%). The evidence from the molecular data indicated M. muricola Eastern as the ancestor of M. muricola species complex in the Malay Archipelago, which had earlier diverged into the western region during the Pliocene. Meanwhile, the geographical conditions during the Pleistocene had given more chances for fauna to diversify. It was predicted that M. muricola diverged in the western part of the Malay Archipelago during the Pleistocene when the sea level dropped and produced some landbridges among the islands in Sundaland. The hypothetical dispersal routes of M. muricola are related to the ancient Sunda River systems that produced gallery forest corridors for migration and which served as Pleistocene
refuges during the migration.

Phylogeny and Phylogeography of insect bat Myotis muricola (Gray, 1846) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the West and and East of Wallace's Line Inferred from Partial MtDNA Cytochrome b Gene. Sigit Wiantoro, Ibnu Maryanto and M.T. Abdullah. 2012. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 35(2): 271-292.

Scopus Index. Voted best paper 3 September 2012.

The study was conducted between October to December 2014 in the district of Natore, Bangladesh by following visual encounter survey method. Most of the Bengal monitor (56.25%) prefer to live in the microhabitat of bushy dry land but they build their nest most of the cases adjacent to the waterbodies. They consume a vast list of prey groups as their diet but they choose grasshoppers as diet in highest proportion (24%) than the others prey species. Sometimes they consume waste vegetables and fruits matter also. Maximum feeding activity was recorded in the morning from 6:00 AM to 9:00 AM and during afternoon from 3:00 PM to 5:00 PM.

Ever since its beginnings, landscape ecology has been developing in two different directions: the bioecological and the geoecological. While the bioecological approach is focused on the relationship between organisms and their abiotic environment, the geoecological approach is based on the relationship between human society and its, primarily abiotic, environment. Therefore, the geoecological approach can be applied in planning human use of the environment in a long term sustainable manner, while the bioecological approach could represent the basis for the planning of conservational and environmental usage. The merging of these two approaches will result in a comprehensive and more holistic landscape ecology, which will thus gain the potential for coordinating interdisciplinary landscape research and a more prominent role in contributing to spatial planning. The merge will also enhance attempts to create a general theory of landscape systems.

BIOECOLOGY OF EUROPEAN BADGER (Meles meles L., 1758) AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN MUGLA (TURKEY)
European badger populations which are known to be distributed throughout the Palearctic Region are recently - not at a critical degree but - facing with a multidimensional depression due to effects like habitat fragmentation, pressure of competitive species, pollution, hunting, fire and destruction of vegetation. To prevent the populations from this negative effects, European badgers were covered by the contents of conservation efforts such as Bern Convention, United Kingdom Wildlife and Countryside Act and, Protection of Badgers Act and also in some countries (ie. Albania) this species is considered endangered.
Because there are few studies on the status of this organism in our country, its importance was seen to examine a part of the native and foreign literatures on the bioecology of European badgers. To this end, this compilation study was carried out and, information about their distribution in Mugla was collected from towns and villages such as Akyaka, Elmalı, Portakallık, Yaraş.

Hypothenemus hampei is the main coff ee pest in the Amazon and worldwide. Although coff ee cultivation exists in the State of Amazonas, there is no information regarding the behavior of this species population in this region of Brazil. Since the Amazon region is a favorable environment for H. hampei, the present study aimed to investigate this insect population in the following cultivation systems implanted in the municipality of Humaitá, Southern Amazonas: i) coff ee in native forest (CNF), ii) coff ee intercropped with cupuaçu and açaí (native Brazilian fruits) (CCA) and iii) coff ee in monoculture (MC). Also, the climatic and phenological parameters of the plant were used in relation with the population dynamics of the insect. For that, ten baited traps were installed in each fi eld for the monthly sampling of the H. hampei population from July/2018 to June/2019. The highest population abundance of the insect was observed during the coff ee fl owering season, mainly in monoculture crops, when compared to the other intercropped fi elds. The total mean value of the insect population observed in the three environments evaluated was highest in August/2018, with a recorded value of 1749. The increase in rainfall indexes occurred simultaneously with a decrease in the insect population; this coincides with the end of the fl owering season (October/2018, 161.8 mm) and the beginning of grain formation (November/2018, 234.8 mm). The lowest abundance of the insect observed in the coff ee fi elds in native forest, with an abundance of 83 (CNF), indicates that the local biodiversity disfavors the population size of the pest in the environment. These results suggest that phenological phases of conilon coff ee and the infl uence of climatic conditions can result in changes in the population dynamics of the H. hampei. Coff ee agroforestry systems are more promising to maintain this population at low levels.

Estimasi fraksi tingkat trofik jenis ikan dalam suatu perairan perlu diketahui sebagai salah satu acuan untuk mengkaji dampak perubahan yang terjadi (introduksi, penangkapan dan pence-maran) terhadap jejaring makanan komunitas ikan dan bahan pengelolaan sumber daya ikan berbasis ekosistem. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat trofik dan pemanfaatan pakan alami oleh komunitas ikan di Waduk Kedungombo. Pengambilan ikan contoh dilakukan pada bulan bulan Maret, Mei dan Juli 2012 menggunakan jaring insang percobaan (ukuran 1-4 inci dengan interval 0,5 inci) dan hasil tangkapan nelayan. Analisis data yang digunakan meli-puti indeks relatif penting hasil tangkapan, kebiasaan makanan, luas relung pakan dan tingkat trofik. Jenis ikan yang tertangkap terdiri atas 7 famili, 11 genera dan 12 spesies. Jenis ikan yang dominan tertangkap berturut-turut adalah ikan tawes (Barbonymus gonionotus), diikuti ikan abri (Hemichromis elongatus) dan ikan red devil (Amphilophus citrinellus). Analisis kebiasaan makanan dan tingkat trofik menunjukkan ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus), wader (Puntius binotatus) dan tawes tergolong herbivora. Ikan keseng (Puntius bramoides) dan red devil tergolong omnivora-herbivora. Ikan keting (Mystus nigriceps), tagih (Hemibagrus nemurus) dan petek (Parambassis siamensis) tergolong omnivora-karnivora. Ikan betutu (Oxyeleotris marmorata) dan abri tergolong karnivora/piscivora. Peran tiap jenis ikan di Waduk Kedungombo berdasarkan tingkat trofik tergolong sudah cukup lengkap.
Kata kunci: tingkat trofik, pakan alami, komunitas, Waduk Kedungombo

Hypothenemus hampei is the main coff ee pest in the Amazon and worldwide. Although coff ee cultivation exists in the State of Amazonas, there is no information regarding the behavior of this species population in this region of Brazil. Since the Amazon region is a favorable environment for H. hampei, the present study aimed to investigate this insect population in the following cultivation systems implanted in the municipality of Humaitá, Southern Amazonas: i) coff ee in native forest (CNF), ii) coff ee intercropped with cupuaçu and açaí (native Brazilian fruits) (CCA) and iii) coff ee in monoculture (MC). Also, the climatic and phenological parameters of the plant were used in relation with the population dynamics of the insect. For that, ten baited traps were installed in each fi eld for the monthly sampling of the H. hampei population from July/2018 to June/2019. The highest population abundance of the insect was observed during the coff ee fl owering season, mainly in monocultur...

The Indian species of the genus Polygraphus Erichson, 1836 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) collected from various localities of the Western Himalayan region and the species available at the National Forest Insect Collection (NFIC), Forest Research Institute, Dehradun (India) were studied and are reviewed herewith. A key to Indian species of Polygraphus is provided. Detailed bioecological field and laboratory observations of P. major including mating behaviour, gallery pattern, life cycle and seasonal history are reported.

Hypothenemus hampei is the main coff ee pest in the Amazon and worldwide. Although coff ee cultivation exists in the State of Amazonas, there is no information regarding the behavior of this species population in this region of Brazil. Since the Amazon region is a favorable environment for H. hampei, the present study aimed to investigate this insect population in the following cultivation systems implanted in the municipality of Humaitá, Southern Amazonas: i) coff ee in native forest (CNF), ii) coff ee intercropped with cupuaçu and açaí (native Brazilian fruits) (CCA) and iii) coff ee in monoculture (MC). Also, the climatic and phenological parameters of the plant were used in relation with the population dynamics of the insect. For that, ten baited traps were installed in each fi eld for the monthly sampling of the H. hampei population from July/2018 to June/2019. The highest population abundance of the insect was observed during the coff ee fl owering season, mainly in monocultur...