Architectural Sociology

In the sociology of the city, housing, urban planning and architecture, the question of whether residents with differing income and property levels should be separated is one of the central and debatable issues. Since both strategies are possible in practice, the choice in favor of one of them depends on actual values and criteria of evaluation. The article makes an attempt to consider segregation and integration in the light of the concept of "sustainability" and its axiological toolkit. The concept of "sustainability" is extended to include social meanings. The attitude toward social spatial segregation is examined in the context of international and national sociology, architecture, and modern-day planning practice against the criterion of sustainability of urban communities. Each of these two strategies is evaluated from the opposing standpoints associated with social status and income level and related to urban communities and society as a whole. Planning actions to produce a sustainable integrated city and architectural complex are considered.

Chapter 13: Emotions in Sports Stadia1 Mike S. Schäfer and Jochen Roose The ball changed possession, moving fast from one end of the field to the other. The tension mounted; it became almost unbearable. People forgot where they were standing. They were pushed, and ...

Archaeology, as the discipline that searches to explain the development of society by means of material remains, has been avoiding the big issues involved with its research agenda. The topic of social evolution is concealed by anxiety about previous paradigmatic malpractice and the primary archaeological division of the world in culture areas still suffers from the archaic methods by which it was established. Archaeological inference of developing societies is weighed down by its choice of particularism within agency approaches and overtly reductionist due to the prevalence of statistical, classificatory and biological approaches. This book addresses these issues through a perspective on the spatial analysis of the built environment. As one of the principal properties of our dataset, as well as being the first materialisation of sociality, such spatialities are suggested to be a fundamental key for enabling an understanding of the developing social identity of places, regions and ar...

"Archaeology, as the discipline that searches to explain the development of society by means of material remains, has been avoiding the big issues involved with its research agenda. The topic of social evolution is concealed by anxiety about previous paradigmatic malpractice and the primary archaeological division of the world in culture areas still suffers from the archaic methods by which it was established. Archaeological inference of developing societies is weighed down by its choice of particularism within agency approaches and overtly reductionist due to the prevalence of statistical,
classificatory and biological approaches.

This book addresses these issues through a perspective on the spatial analysis of the built environment. As one of the principal properties of our dataset, as well as being the first materialisation of sociality, such spatialities are suggested to be a fundamental key for enabling an understanding of
the developing social identity of places, regions and areas. In order to arrive at a truly social inference of spatial datasets, archaeology’s usual analysis working from material remains towards socio-cultural interpretations needs to be inverted. The vantage point of this study consists of aprioristic social
theory. It constructs its arguments through an epistemological foundation comprising a selection of essential ideas regarding the three constitutive axes of developing societies: time, human action and human space. As it recognises the inherent position of these axes combined in the discipline of
human geography, a historical comparison of these two disciplines presents the angle from which plausible theoretical advancements can be made. The core of the book explores selected works of human geographers Allan Pred, Benno Werlen and Andreas Koch against the backdrop of theories
like structuration or systems theory, phenomenology, action theory, and to a lesser extent Actor Network Theory and autopoiesis. From this follows its own theoretical proposal called the social positioning of spatialities. On this basis hypotheses for methodological opportunities are discussed,
establishing a research agenda.

Firmly placing its efforts in current paradigmatic debates in the discipline, this study offers archaeological theorists an incentive to leave the safety of materially bound science and adapt an alternative perspective. It is an attempt to put archaeology back in the forefront of the social
theoretical debates it should contribute to."

The Dissertation is a theoretical research into the architects' understanding of what the basic social phenomena are in  Russian and foreign architectural  texts and projects. The main role of the concepts of 'man' is shown. Depending on the basic paradigms of 'man' other conceptual models are developed, the concepts of 'dwelling' and 'need', criteria of socio-architectural quality and models of professional practices. All diversity of these models can be aggregated into five paradigms of socio-architectural knowledge. Functionalist, interactionist, consumerist, environmental and phenomenological paradigms are isolated and discussed in this work.

The complexity of the relationship and interplay of social and architectural spaces raises question about the importance of a multidisciplinary approach. Sociology of architecture allows to trace the social representation within architectural space and, specially, it’s gender aspects. The basic gender categories which are masculinity and femininity reveal social collision in architectural field. One of the key fact, that gendered roles are closely related to hierarchical systems in architecture, which for the long time developed in conservative terms. This work is dedicated to historically conditioned gendered roles in architectural space.

In the context of ongoing economic and environmental crises, “social architecture” has gained traction as a description of those practices that seek to challenge the dominant professional model of capital-intensive, client-dependent architectural production. Approaching “social architecture” as a representation that contains crucial assumptions both about mainstream architectural practice and disparate strategies for its rejection, this paper draws on recent critical social science literature to analyse fieldwork with the Rural Studio, a design-build program in Alabama, USA. Exploring different understandings of “social architecture”—including as expressed by students, teachers, clients and community members—we suggest that the category is, in practice contexts, replete with tensions, rejections and uncertainties; coherence of intention or outcome can certainly not be assumed when architects attempt to deal with contradictions and crises emerging from other parts of capitalist society.

Der Beitrag untersucht das Überschneidungsfeld zwischen Architektursoziologie und Prähistorischer Archäologie und plädiert für eine programmatische Zusammenarbeit zwischen diesen Disziplinen. So sehr sich die Erkenntnisziele und Theorien überschneiden, so unterschiedlich sind die verfügbaren Methoden. Aufgrund der eingeschränkten Quellenlage in der Archäologie ist das Methodenspektrum der empirischen Sozialforschung hier nicht anwendbar.
Daher wird ein Überblick über bislang angewandte Methoden der Sozialinterpretation von Gebäuden und Siedlungen in der deutschsprachigen Urgeschichtsforschung gegeben. Fünf
Verfahrensweisen können unterschieden werden: 1. Ad-hoc-Interpretationen; 2. Untersuchungen an Gebäuden; 3. Untersuchungen der Fundverteilung; 4. Siedlungstypen und -hierarchien; 5. Analogieschlüsse. Um weg von statischen Betrachtungsweisen zu gelangen, werden zwei prozesshafte und handlungsorientierte Perspektiven skizziert. Die erste zielt darauf ab, Gebäudebiographien auf Basis archäologischer Stratigraphien zu untersuchen, was am Beispiel von Deponierungen in Pfostenlöchern illustriert wird. In der zweiten Perspektive geht es darum, Architektur nicht als Spiegel, sondern als »Medium des Sozialen« (H. Delitz) zu begreifen.
Anstatt Gesellschaften allein entlang der Achse »egalitär – hierarchisch« zu untersuchen, sollen vielmehr die Wirkungsweisen der Architektur als Mechanismen sozialer Differenzierung in den Mittelpunkt der Betrachtung gerückt werden. Als eine nützliche Untersuchungskategorie
eignet sich die Unterscheidung von »Netzwerk-orientierten« und »korporativen« Gesellschaften (nach Feinman 2000), um die unterschiedlichen Organisationsformen der ältereisenzeitlichen Gemeinschaften von Biskupin und Milejowice (beide in Polen) zu erklären.

Architects are reemphasizing their social mission and creating new forms of ‘social architecture,’ which has elsewhere been categorized as ‘activist,’ ‘humanitarian,’ ‘progressive,’ and ‘public interest.’ This present form of social architecture has roots in 1960s experimentation and has been a reaction to professionalization of the discipline and to stylistic postmodernism. It has paralleled environmental consciousness, and has become more relevant with rising inequality due to the global recession and continuing economic instability. The magnitude of social architecture’s development is impressive. A ‘social architectural’ program has been voted by the Deans of Architecture schools as the best education model in the US[1] and the work of socially engaged architects has been exhibited at MoMA in New York.[2] ‘Social architects receive national awards, teach studios in the Ivy League, and organize conferences to spread influence beyond their disciplinary boundaries.

                As new practices develop, controversies have surfaced regarding the architect’s ambiguous relationship to yielding disciplinary power. This paper will present (1) critical perspectives on social architecture, (2) ethnographic snapshots from the field, (3) a geopolitical perspective, and (4) a projectile where the ‘social’ is more radically localized alongside social movements like the Right to the City.

The article highlights the architectural and design developments in the residential architecture of the late XIX – 1st half of XX centuries, that reflect the sociallyconstructed identity of woman. Examples of gender-oriented theoretical concepts are shown, as well as models, that aimed at adaptation of the architectural environment to social change. The article considers the gender aspects of residential space, which illustrate the innovative vision of feminine identity.
Keywords: residential architecture and design of the late XIX – 1st half of XX centuries, innovative, feminine space.

Problem sosial di perkotaan seperti di kota-kota terutama, konflik sosial, kekerasan, kerusuhan sosial, vandalisme, alienasi, anomie, apatisme (ketidakpedulian) sosial, dan kriminalitas, merupakan realitas yang semakin tampak sebagai suatu kecenderungan dan menjadi prilaku keseharian masyarakat kota di Indonesia. Banyak sebab yang dapat ditunjuk sebagai pemicu terjadinya fenomena itu, misalnya faktor ekonomi, politik, sosial, dan budaya.

In this article, Michael Guggenheim analyzes architectural writing on the change of use of buildings published since the early 1970s. He shows that, in its sum, this literature fails its object because the process of change of use cannot be grasped in established architectural categories, categories that refer to fixed states. Guggenheim looks in detail at the metaphors and other figures of speech used to compensate this theoretical shortcoming. He concludes that architectural discourse needs to develop a processual view of buildings to more clearly differentiate between the three relevant perspectives—technological, semiotic, and sociological—in understanding the relationship between buildings and society.

Since the dawn of the oil era, cities in Saudi Arabia have witnessed rapid growth and profound societal changes. As a response to foreign architectural solutions and the increasing popularity of Western lifestyles, a distinct style of architecture and urban planning has emerged. Characterised by an emphasis on privacy, expressed through high enclosures, gates, blinds, and tinted windows, ‘New Islamic Urbanism’ constitutes for some an important element of piety. For others, it enables alternative ways of life, indulgence in banned social practices, and the formation of both publics and counterpublics.
Tracing the emergence of ‘New Islamic Urbanism’, this book sheds light on the changing conceptions of public and private space, in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, in the Saudi city of Jeddah. It challenges the widespread assumption that the public sphere is exclusively male in Muslim contexts such as Saudi Arabia, where women’s public visibility is limited by the veil and strict rules of gender segregation. Showing that the rigid segregation regime for which the country is known serves to constrain the movements of men and women alike, Stefan Maneval provides a nuanced account of the negotiation of public and private spaces in Saudi Arabia.

Social problems in urban areas such as social conflicts, violence, vandalism, social intolerance, negative prejudice, alienation, criminality, and more relationships based on cost-benefit transaction, are some symptoms that emerge as the implication of more weakening social capital in urban communities. In the context of urban housing, based on the initial symptoms that are easily identified, urban housing environment order, as a part of urban design in general, also experiences similar social and spatial problems. The limitation of public space in housing design, segmentation and spatial order segregation, social and spatial exclusiveness, and design that is out of cultural and local contexts seem to be the existing symptoms. The study using independent variables of urban housing environment order, architecture function, architecture performance, identity of place, and territoriality, and also a dependent variable of social capital, uses quantitative descriptive method with descriptive analysis technique, correlation, regression, contribution and difference analysis. The samples of this study are residents (head of household) of four large-middle housing environments and four small-middle housing environments in Bandung that were selected by systematic random sample technique. The study presents the findings as follows. First, in general, at large-middle and small-middle housing environments, there is a positive and significant effect of environment order, architectural function, architectural performance, identity of place, and architectural territoriality on social capital, with 34% contribution level, and the rest is determined by other factors. Second, if seen partially, of all the study variables, the variables of housing environment order and identity of place are the most important variables that contribute to social capital. On the contrary, different from the other four variables, the variable of architectural territoriality is the only variable that has negative effects on social capital. Third, there is a significant difference of housing class effect, between small-middle and large-middle group on the variants of environment order, architectural function, architectural performance, identity of place, and territoriality, as well as social capital.

In der Hochhaus-Studie wird ein endloser Zopf geflochten aus episodischen Beobachtungen, vorwiegend aus Frankreich stammen Theorieanleihen und ersten Ansätzen einer Soziologie der Kritik. Dieses Geflecht sollte auch in der Zukunft ein Stilmerkmal Potthastschen Denkens bleiben, ein Designmerkmal seiner Erzählarchitektur gewissermaßen.
In einer „Laborstudie“ der besonderen Art werden Beobachtungsepisoden zusammengetragen über das, was Architekten und Planer tun, wenn sie dem alltäglichen Geschäft des Designs in einem Hochhausprojekt nachgehen. Das Besondere dabei ist zum einen, dass eine ethnografisch angeleitete Methodik des „über die Schultern Schauens“ oder „Beschattens“, wie sie aus vielen Untersuchungen von Wissenschaftlern im Labor bekannt war, auf den außerwissenschaftlichen Kontext von Designpraktiken im Architektur-Studio übertragen wurde (vgl. Guggenheim in diesem Band). Zum anderen war diese Methodik, im Zuge einer „Heimkehr der Ethnologie“ nach Europa, in ein Studying-up zu verwandeln: in der zu betrachtende fremde Kultur stand der soziologisch-ethnografische Novize nicht mehr oder weniger hilflosen Stammesmitgliedern, sondern in vielfältiger Weise überlegenen architektonisch-urbanistischen Profis gegenüber.
Die theoretischen Anleihen kommen zumeist aus einer Auseinandersetzung mit einer damals wenig beachteten französischen Literatur, gerade im Augenblick eines beginnenden Siegeszuzugs von durchaus revolutionären und höchst irritierenden Überlegungen im Bereich der Science and technology studies (STS) um Bruno Latour und andere. Beginnend bei den Anfängen einer neuen Ethnologie um Claude Lévi-Strauss und Pierre Bourdieu werden regelmäßig Überlegungen aus dem Schriften von Bruno Latour, Luc Boltanski, Laurent Thévenot oder Michel De Certeau und deren Freunden in der STS-Forschung wie John Law oder Karin Knorr-Cetina aufgerufen – Überlegungen, die gelernten Soziologen noch einigermaßen fremd waren.
Kritik bleibt weitgehend mittelbar, in der Form von Überlegungen zu einer Soziologie der Kritik, vorgetragen. Getreu einem ethnografischen Ethos bleiben kritische Äußerungen zu zentralen Fragestellungen der Stadtsoziologie zurückgenommen und verhalten: Statt Hochhaus gut/Hochhaus schlecht zu sagen, werden die Experten des Feldes selbst belauscht. Man möchte sagen: Sollen sie, die Architekten und Planer, sich doch erst einmal selber kritisieren.

Jede Gesellschaft ist in ihrer politischen Verfasstheit auf eine je spezifische Architektur angewiesen, auf bestimmte Bautypen und die von ihr gebildeten Räume . Mehr noch: das Politische einer Gesellschaft ist vielleicht -adäquat, erschöpfend -gar nicht ohne ihre Architektur zu verstehen. Denn die Verfasstheil des Sozialen wird durch die Architektur nicht einfach nur »ausgedrückt «. Statt zu denken, dass es ein »eigentliches« Soziales gebe -die Interaktionen, die sozialen Strukturen -, für welches die Architektur und insgesamt das Symbolische nur noch die Kopie, die »Hülle« wäre, die »nichts dazu tut und nichts wegnimmt « I, hat man die Architektur vielleicht erst adäquat erfasst, wenn man sie als sozial konstitutiv versteht: erst in ihrer je bestimmten Architektur erschafft sich eine Gesellschaft als diese besrilllmre Gesellschaft mit diesen sozialen Trennungen und Hierarchien, diesellI Begehren der Subjekte, dieser Vorstellung des Guten. So könnte man es zumindest mit Cornelius Castoriadis formulieren, mit seiner Theorie der »imaginären Institution der Gesellschaft«.

The diversity of Delhi is one of a kind. A panoply of collectives inhabits it, sometimes consolidating physically in specific all-inclusive quarters throughout the city with a village-like character to them. As a matter of fact, the city includes a good number of urban villages. It is no coincidence that Meeta Mastani, one of the authors contributing to this volume and a friend living in Delhi, explained to me, while discussing the roots of this project, that only thanks to her experience of living in villages in Rajasthan can she understand the complexities of the quarter just behind the housing-complex in which her house can be found. And that en-ASTRAGALO, 27 (2020) Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike-CC BY-NC-SA Introduction to the issue, ISSN 2469-0503 * The edition of this issue as well as my introduction have been produced in the context of i) the research project Intercultural Understanding, Belonging and Value: Wittgensteinian Approaches" (PGC2018-093982-B-100) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation & Universities, and ii) a research project granted by the Andalusian government (B-HUM-459-UGR18).

Zusammenfassung In der Theiß-Region an der nördlichen Peripherie der südosteuropäischen Tellkulturen beobachten wir zwischen 5300 und 4450 v. u. Z. das Auftreten großer bevölkerungsreicher Siedlungen, die durch die Kombinationen unterschiedlicher Siedlungskomponenten, von Tells, Flachsiedlungen und Kreisgrabenanlagen gekennzeichnet sind. In diesem Beitrag ist die Entwicklung einer solchen Mehrkomponenten-Siedlung – Borđoš in der serbischen Vojvodina – rekonstruiert, basierend auf geophysikalischen Untersuchungen, Ausgrabungen, systematischen Oberflächenbegehungen und 14C-Datierungen. Zwischen 4850 und 4700 v. u. Z. wurde in Borđoš eine bereits länger existierende Tellsiedlung durch eine große Flachsiedlung ergänzt oder zeitweise ersetzt. Im Kontext ähnlicher Fundstellen aus dem Theiß-Gebiet und darüber hinaus interpretieren wir diese Dynamik als Ausdruck eines zeitweise verstärkten überregionalen Trends zu Bevölkerungsagglomeration zwischen etwa 4900 und 4700 v. u. Z. Hinsichtlich d...

Zusammenfassung In der Theiß-Region an der nördlichen Peripherie der südosteuropäischen Tellkulturen beobachten wir zwischen 5300 und 4450 v. u. Z. das Auftreten großer bevölkerungsreicher Siedlungen, die durch die Kombinationen unterschiedlicher Siedlungskomponenten, von Tells, Flachsiedlungen und Kreisgrabenanlagen gekennzeichnet sind. In diesem Beitrag ist die Entwicklung einer solchen Mehrkomponenten-Siedlung – Borđoš in der serbischen Vojvodina – rekonstruiert, basierend auf geophysikalischen Untersuchungen, Ausgrabungen, systematischen Oberflächenbegehungen und 14C-Datierungen. Zwischen 4850 und 4700 v. u. Z. wurde in Borđoš eine bereits länger existierende Tellsiedlung durch eine große Flachsiedlung ergänzt oder zeitweise ersetzt. Im Kontext ähnlicher Fundstellen aus dem Theiß-Gebiet und darüber hinaus interpretieren wir diese Dynamik als Ausdruck eines zeitweise verstärkten überregionalen Trends zu Bevölkerungsagglomeration zwischen etwa 4900 und 4700 v. u. Z. Hinsichtlich d...

This is an introductory text to the study of relations between society, architecture and residential urban  environment. Society is considered from two connected perspectives. First, as a dweller and an architect's client. Second, as a builder of its urban milieu. The first standpoint helps to introduce and discuss concepts of 'need', 'client', 'end user', and basic approaches to interpreting the human habitation in the theory of architecture - from functionalist to environmental-behavioral and phenomenological paradigms. The second perspective is helpful for discussing the social niches of professional architectural practice from market-type to municipal, and to participatory design procedures, sources of pre-design social information, architect's responsibility, make-up of 'project teams' and 'programming teams' etc. The three levels of urban environment are finally analyzed - those of urban community as a whole, neighborhood, and household - family environments.

In the Tisza region, at the northern periphery of the tell cultures, large settlements characterised by combinations of tells, flat settlements, and enclosures emerged between 5300–4450 BCE. Here, the development of one such site, Borđoš in the Serbian Vojvodina, is reconstructed based on geophysical surveys, excavations, systematic surface collections, and 14C dating. Between 4850 and 4700 BCE, the original tell site was complemented or temporarily replaced by a large flat settlement. This development is known from a number of similar sites in the region and is discussed as a trans-regional phenomenon of accelerated population agglomeration in the period between roughly 4900 and 4700 BCE. However, the two components of this phenomenon, the tell site and the connected extended flat settlement, show different development trajectories according to sub-region. In the southern part of the study area, tells represent the core of emerging large multicomponent sites. Contrastingly, in the ...

The complexity of the relationship and interplay of social and architectural spaces raises question about the importance of a multidisciplinary approach. Sociology of architecture allows to trace the social representation within architectural space and, specially, it’s gender aspects. The basic gender categories which are masculinity and femininity reveal social collision in architectural field. One of the key fact, that gendered roles are closely related to hierarchical systems in architecture, which for the long time developed in conservative terms. This work is dedicated to historically conditioned gendered roles in architectural space.

Which transformations does collective life experience, when nomadic people are systematically territorialized, settled for instance on the urban periphery of Ulan-Bator in Mongolia? Or which alterations does
society undergo in the case of the rapid and massive urbanization in Central China today? The article is based on a sociological theory which argues for the socially constitutive potential of architectural artefacts: It sees architecture not as the ‘mirror’ of a given society, but rather as a
mode of society itself. With this theoretical perspective, the article unfolds the methodological proposal of a comparative architectural sociology, contrasting four divergent architectural modes of collective existence. This comparative view, which is that of structural anthropology, aims to highlight the societal positivity of architecture (infrastructures and modes of settlement included), as well as current architectural changes of collectivities such as the urbanization of Central China, or the settlement of the Mongolian nomads. The article consists of four parts: In the first and second parts, the theoretical perspective and the comparative methodology are sketched. The third part contrasts four divergent architectural modes of collective existence, and the fourth and final part exemplarily discusses some architectural transformations.

This volume aims at shedding light on the city of Delhi and its surroundings by looking closely at the different architectures of the city. Architecture here is broadly understood. It includes places of worship and street bazaars; slums, housing developments, skyscrapers and five-star hotels; the busy street, the vehicle-jammed highway and the museum; gardens, hospitals and the sidewalk; but above all, how people live and interact with each other, creating collective habitats and surroundings, which have both hermeneutical as well as physical dimensions. In a nutshell, how the city is lived as well as interpreted.

In organization studies, office architecture is mostly seen as an instrument for control and productivity. By taking into account the temporality of architecture within labour relations, an imagined dimension of the organization’s built space comes to the fore. For a better understanding of this dimension, this chapter turns to architectural theory, especially Walter Benjamin’s Arcades Project. Using an approach grounded in discourse analysis and ethnography, the chapter presents four dimensions in which office architecture relates to the future: (1) office architecture is discursively charged with promises; (2) it produces conflicting anticipations of the future; (3) architectural aspirations have to be performed locally; and (4) office architecture stages labour’s inexhaustible potentiality. These dimensions imply that office architecture cannot be sufficiently understood only in terms of its functionality or instrumentality. Instead of simply assuring an objective technological rationalization, office architecture produces a shared imaginary of an ever more successful organization of labour.

The contribution addresses architects’ business strategies in different contexts of financialized capitalism. Specifically it asks what scope of action architects have to accomplish what their profession demands according to new professional criteria that increasingly augment the importance of finance. Research on the profession in the framework of financial capitalism demonstrates that new professional criteria put professionals under increased pressure. However, some researchers doubt that there is a trend towards downward competition. On the basis of more than 40 qualitative semi-structured interviews with architects in four different financialization contexts, i.e. Austria, Great Britain, France and the United States, I have identified differences in the architects’ scope of action in regard to financial constraints in dissimilar contexts, but also similarities. It seems that in a financialized economy the profession of the architect diversifies or disappears in the long run.

Die vor wenigen Jahren etablierte Disziplin der Architektursoziologie richtete ihren Blick bislang hauptsächlich auf moderne und postmoderne Gesellschaften. Das Ziel des vorliegenden Bandes besteht darin, eine Brücke zu vormodernen, so genannten elementaren, vernakulären oder traditionellen Architekturen zu schlagen. Dabei liegt der Fokus insbesondere auf Wohngebäuden und Siedlungskonfigurationen, durch die das AIItagsleben und die Sozialstrukturen am stärksten geprägt und repräsentiert werden. Auf dern Gebiet der Wohnarchitektur besteht großer Forschungsbedarf, da den Prestige- und Monumentalbauten bisher überproportional viel Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet wurde. Erst die gemeinsame Betrachtung von Palästen und Armenvierteln, von Ternpelanlagen und Wohnhütten ermöglicht aber einen angemessenen Zugang zur sozialen (Um-)Welt vergangener und gegenwärtiger Kulturen.
Das Buch, zu dem Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler aus Architektursoziologie, Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Mittelalterarchäologie und Ethnologie beigetragen haben, liefert eine breite Palette transdisziplinärer, kuiturvergleichender, theoretisch fundierter und empirisch abgesicherter Aufsätze zu einem neuen Forschungsfeld.