Aerial Photogrammetry

The approach of using an airborne laser scanning for DTM generation has made great progress recently. However, it is not always clear the reliability and the quality of the geometry that characterise the generated DTM. Thus, a special test was conducted to assess the quality and the reliability of the generated DTM via an airborne laser scanning system. To perform this test, an airborne laser scanner aligned with an airborne digital camera was mounted on a Helicopter (TopEye AB system). The test was performed in Italy and the flying height was about 200 meter. An overlap percentage of 50% were maintained between two successive images. The digital camera is a Hasselblad camera with 2Kx3K resolution. An INS/GPS system is integrated and used for position and orientation determination. A series of tests were done to check the DTM quality. The main approach used is based on comparing it to the DTM generated from the digital aerial photogrammetry (automatic and semi-automatic matching app...

Analyses of skeletal and external morphology of spinner dolphins killed in the yellowfin tuna purse-seine fishery in the eastern tropical Pacific led to the description of two subspecies of spinners from this region, the eastern spinner dolphin and the Central American spinner dolphin (Perrin 1990). However, when we examined lengths of spinner dolphins taken from vertical aerial photographs from the same area, we found three unique morphotypes. Two of these forms correspond, at least in average length and distribution, to the existing subspecies. The third form is intermediate in length between the two recognized subspecies and is found along the edge of the continental shelf north of Cab0 Corrientes, Mexico. We provisionally call this form the "Tres Marias spinner dolphin." Our results demonstrate the value of a mix of fishery and fishery-independent data in studies of stock structure of impacted species.

The occurrence of ground subsidence and its development are important issues focusing on a study above the Gunung Bijih Timur (GBT), Intermediate Ore Zone (IOZ) and Depth Ore Zone (DOZ) block caving at PT Freeport Copper & Gold mining, Papua, Indonesia. Geologically, the hosted rock is the lower Waripi Formation of the Tertiary New Guinea Limestone Group which trending to N30 o E/50-55 degrees northeast. Furthermore, the Waripi Formation also consists of sandy dolomite, silty to sandy limestone and highly fragmented rock that controlled by faults and joints. These geological factors will make any influences with the development of subsidence. The main structural trend in this area is west-northwest (WNW), this trend can be found in the steeply dipping Ertsberg 1 Fault, Ertsberg 2 Fault, Ertsberg 3 Fault and the Ertsberg 4 Fault that distribute from north to south. This paper describes the relationship between geological condition and subsidence development above three levels of block caving mining. The surface topographic change in vicinity of mining has been detected using Geographic Information System (GIS) and aerial photogrammetry. The analytical aerial triangulation method is performed to develop a multi temporal Digital Elevation Model (DEM) by calculating the tie points ground coordinates. The geological conditions such as effect of faults, steep topography and type of lithology are analyzed using GIS to study the occurrence of topographic change such as progressing surface subsidence and sedimentation area. The GIS analysis emphasizes the subsidence occurrence and the governing role of the geological structure in defining the development of asymmetry distribution of subsidence.

We would like to invite you to join this exciting new project as a chapter contributor. Since this is a textbook, a great deal of this chapter entails a survey on the topic under the paradigm of cyber-physical systems, what can be done onboard and remotely, the distributed nature of the system and some exercises on futurology (anticipating trends can shed some light on upcoming designs). IET will bring great visibility to your work. You are welcome to suggest another topic/chapter title if you feel it would be more suitable. Each chapter should be around 20-25 pages each and can be submitted as a Word or Latex File. The IET will send you additional information (formatting, permission form, etc.) with the contributor's agreement once you have agreed to contribute to the book. Visit http:// www.theiet.org/resources/author-hub/books/index.cfm to get all information you need as a contributor to an IET research-level book. Each book is expected to have a total number of 500 printed pages (based on approximately 550 words per page with a 20% allowance for figures and tables). We have included a tentative schedule and list of topics below. If this is something you would consider, please send me the title of your chapter, a short description/abstract of the chapter content, and your full contact details. We will expect original content and new results for this book. You can, of course, reuse published material but the percentage of material reuse for the chapter should be less than 40%. The IET will run a piracy software on the full manuscript to control that you are including original material and will reject chapters who contain a large amount of already-published material so please do take this into consideration.

Digital elevation models have been widely used by the increase of digital geospatial data usage in daily life. More accurate and dense elevation data could be produced by the help of the developing technologies and new methods. Nowadays, with their own advantages and disadvantages, LiDAR and image matching techniques are popular for digital elevation model production.

Using drones as a type of unmanned (uncrewed) aerial vehicle in the world is multiple and very diverse, but geospatial technologies and geosciences stand out in particular. In geography and numerous geographical disciplines, the use of drones is increasing and it is of great importance in school and scientific geography. There are more and more websites and portals, as well as scientific papers on the application of drones for geographical purposes. However, the lack of independent departments and directions for independent geographical studies at the universities in most countries of the world still makes this area less accessible to all interested students, scientists and researchers. The geography of drones represents a completely new geographical discipline, with various applications, and in the following period it should be an integral part of every serious scientific and research institution in the field of geoscience. This attitude towards the geographical studies of drones and the possibilities of their application in physical and social geography, but also in geospatial technologies, is the main reason for making this type of text. The following text defines the geography of drones and the ways of its application in geographical science, as well as the areas of research and program proposals (in schools and faculties) for this future independent geographical discipline.

The Western Stone Forts form some of the most spectacular archaeological monuments in the country and include well known sites such as Dún Aonghasa, Co. Galway and Cahercommaun in Co. Clare. The group comprise a number of heterogeneous forts characterised by their exceptionally thick and high stone walls and other distinctive architectural features such as terraces, steps, guard chambers
or chevaux de frise. Another defining trait is their strategic landscape setting, commanding coastal views and natural route-ways (Cotter 2012a, 5). They are frequently compared to the drystone walled settlements of Atlantic Europe with particularly strong associations with Scottish brochs (Wileman 2014, 17). As well as sharing many architectural and landscape characteristics, these monuments are
often located in areas of limited quality farmland. It is clear, however, that the Western Stone Forts are a loosely defined group of monuments that have a broad chronological span ranging from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Medieval period. This is highlighted by Cotter’s (2012a) recent publication of the Dún Aonghasa excavations, as well as earlier studies at Cahercommaun (Hencken 1938). In this regard, the commonalities shared by the forts make it difficult to ascribe a date without excavation. Cotter (2012a, 5) has identified approximately 31 forts that may be termed ‘Western Stone Fort’, with a sizable group of others that may be considered as part of that grouping. Only eleven of these have been included on the Tentative List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, these include: Caherconree, Co. Kerry, Faha (Benagh), Co. Kerry, Staigue, Co. Kerry, Cahercommaun, Co. Clare, as well
as the seven examples found on the Aran Islands, Co. Galway, namely, Dún Aonghasa, Dúchathair, Dún Chonchúir, Dún Eochla, Dún Eoghanachta, Dún Fearbhaí and Dún Formna. Five of these sites have been subject to laser-scanning surveys by The Discovery Programme. While these produced detailed three dimensional models, only the monuments themselves, and not their immediate environs, were mapped. While this technique allows sub-centimetre accuracy and resolution, it is time consuming and expensive. Considering the inaccessible nature of some forts like Caherconree or Faha, it is unpractical to use this technique for survey. This aim of this project is to create a complete suite of high resolution three dimensional models of the Western Stone Forts on the Tentative List using cost and time effective methods that will complement The Discovery Programmes
recent mapping study (Figure 1). To achieve this, the project used drone
technology to capture high resolution vertical and oblique aerial photographs used to create three dimensional models using photogrammetry. This paper presents the results of two surveys at the hillforts of Faha and Caherconree, Co. Kerry.

As small unmanned aircraft Systems UASs are emerging from the horizon, it is uplifting to see
technology saving lives because the AEC industry is one of the world’s deadliest jobs, according to
Forbes (Smith, 2014). Consequently, by reducing exposure and preemptively targeting the inspection
pipeline process, aerial surveying is a new market with the potential to pioneer solutions for surveying
construction sites and relaying as-built information to headquarters. The ability to immediately see,
hear, and communicate allows companies to optimize a strategy for economically and safely
prioritizing tasks to laborers, from automated safety checks, RFID tagging, thermal/volumetric scans,
to photogrammetry.

Therefore, this paper presents a guideline to prepare façade specialists in commercial UAV
operation and technically evaluate and explore the main challenges in addressing ‘autonomous flight
and integration of collected data into the existing BIM software’ inspired by (Dupont, 2017). As there
is no definite protocol for façade surveying, the goal is to define the limitations of DJI’s latest drone,
Matrice 210, equipped with upgraded IMU/GPS & camera sensors, and to confirm accuracies for
1mm,2mm,4mm, and 10 mm ground sampling distance (GSD). Through photogrammetry, the survey
will compare ground control points (GCPs) with a TS/TSL surveyor and transform photographs into an
ortho-mosaic 3D model, and lastly contribute a program to discuss BIM interoperability. As managing
the façade sector requires processing large quantities of data and different installation constraints,
the paper’s second object is to create a tool using BIM/KBE/MDO to link the model to Rhino-
Grasshopper-Flux-Dynamo-Revit workflow and assess the façade & fabrication challenges suggested
by (Voss, 2013).
With this extensive guideline, the study concludes (1) that photogrammetry is acceptable using
2mm & 4mm GSD, (2) while Lidar requires further integration for aerial surveying. This scenario to
capture the real world for AEC values will increase transparency between as-built and as-drawn by the
designer/contractors and enhance the protocol for façade surveys.

Наред с интензивното развитие на дистанционните методи и дигиталната фотограметрия, приложението на безпилотните летателни системи (БЛС) предоставя отлични възможности за прецизни измервания на Българската черноморска крайбрежна зона (БЧКЗ), чието интегрално картографиране включва и подводния брегови склон в качеството му на неделима част от БЧКЗ. Разнообразието от абразионен, акумулативен и техногенен бряг предоставя възможност за тестване на набор от подходи за заснемане на БЧКЗ с различни типове БЛС, което от своя страна улеснява избора на най-подходяща методика в съответствие с типа бряг и неговите пространствени характеристики. С настоящата статия се цели да се демонстрира методика за заснемане с БЛС и генериране на дигитални модели на релефа, съчетани с растерни ортомозайки с разделителна способност под 5 cm на базата на изображения от БЛС, които са основополагащи за изследване на силно изменчиви форми на бреговия и дънния релеф. Подробно са описани методиката на заснемане, процедурите по обработка на получените данни и генерирането на интегрален теренен модел на сушата и подводната част от бреговата зона. На примера на два представителни района от БЧКЗ са дадени анализ и интерпретация на геоморфоложката пространствена структура.

Along with the intensive development of remote sensing and digital photogrammetry, the application of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) provides excellent opportunities for high-precision surveys of the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal zone (BBSCZ). The integrity of these photomapping studies requires inclusion of the submarine coastal slope, as it represents an indivisible part of the BBSCZ. The combination of erosional/abrasional, depositional and technogenic types of coast allows for testing various surveying approaches using different types of drones, thus facilitating the selection of the most suitable methodology depending on the particular location and its spatial properties. The aim of the present article is to demonstrate a methodology for the extraction of digital surface models and raster orthomosaics with ground resolution finer than 5 cm from drone imagery data. These geospatial products represent a fundamental prerequisite for studying highly erratic coastal land- and bedforms. The photomapping and subsequent data processing workflow for the extraction of an integral digital terrain model, covering both the terrestrial and underwater sectors of the coastal zone, are thoroughly described herein. The interpretative analysis of the spatial geomorphic pattern is exemplified for two representative case study sites within the BBSCZ.

An attempt to summarise the many years old research of Kraków archaeologists in cooperation with many institutions was the starting point for this popular science book.  The monuments of the cultural heritage of Paphos, like Kraków, have been present in the UNESCO list for years. The cultural heritage can be shown in many ways. On the following pages of this publication, we introduce it to the readers in the light of the so-called new technologies. Cultural heritage was the hero not only of this book, but also for the whole year 2018which has been announced as the European Year of Cultural Heritage (EYCH). WE ar proud of the fact that this publication has been covered by the patronage of the EYCH 2018. We present the cities of Kraków and Paphos, pearls of thr UNESCO list, as well as the relations between Kraków and Cyprus, which are not limited to today's mass tourism but go back many centuries. The main part of th epublications contains 18 texts written by 35 authors; they are divers and show richness of the ne technologies used.

Aerial photography has two uses that are of interest within the context of this course: (1) Cartographers and planners take detailed measurements from aerial photos in the preparation of maps. (2) Trained interpreters utilize arial photos to determine land-use and environmental conditions, among other things.

Although both maps and aerial photos present a "bird's-eye" view of the earth, aerial photographs are NOT maps. Maps are orthogonal representations of the earth's surface, meaning that they are directionally and geometrically accurate (at least within the limitations imposed by projecting a 3-dimensional object onto 2 dimensions). Aerial photos, on the other hand, display a high degree of radial distortion. That is, the topography is distorted, and until corrections are made for the distortion, measurements made from a photograph are not accurate. Nevertheless, aerial photographs are a powerful tool for studying the earth's environment.

Because most GISs can correct for radial distortion, aerial photographs are an excellent data source for many types of projects, especially those that require spatial data from the same location at periodic intervals over a length of time. Typical applications include land-use surveys and habitat analysis.
Aerial photography should not be confused with air-to-air photography, where one or more aircraft are used as chase planes that "chase" and photograph other aircraft in flight.
The basic elements of aerial photo interpretation are the seven circulated components. The most basic of these principles are the elements of image interpretation. They are: location, size, shape, shadow, tone/color, texture, pattern, height/depth and site/situation/association. These are routinely used when interpreting an aerial photo or analyzing a photo-like image. A well-trained image interpreter uses many of these elements during his or her analysis without really thinking about them. However, a beginner may not only have to force him or herself to consciously evaluate an unknown object with respect to these elements, but also analyze its significance in relation to the other objects or phenomena in the photo or image.
Examples of shadow:

The photogrammetry is broadly classified into two types as Aerial Photogrammetry and Terrestrial Photogrammetry. Aerial and Terrestrial photogrammetry are used for mapping and measurement related issues. Aerial is far range and terrestrial is close range photogrammetry

In various disciplines, particularly those that utilise techniques developed in the geosciences, the display, analysis and interpretation of three-dimensional (3D) data is very important. This is also the case in archaeology. Irrespective of a site- or landscape-centred point of focus, archaeology deals with very complex surfaces and always examines traces of past human presence in three geometrical dimensions. Visualising these detailed geometric environments is not that much of an issue anymore; however, interactively interpreting and mapping them is still problematic. Despite the steady increase in technologies to create 3D models, there is still a serious lack of tools that allow for easy interaction with these models in a metrical and coordinate system-aware environment. As a result, most—if not all—interpretation workflows will first downscale 3D data to two-and-a-half-dimensional (2.5D) or 2D data sets, thus effectively discarding up to one geometrical dimension. To enable or enhance the perception of topographic characteristics in these geometrically compromised datasets, various visualisation techniques have been developed to artificially restore and enhance the data that was initially discarded. While these techniques work very well to enhance the remaining pertinent features present in such data sets, data downscaling can nevertheless irrevocably eliminate significant amounts of important archaeological information. Therefore, this paper outlines a new processing and interpretation pipeline for complex archaeological 3D surfaces that do not rely on downscaling of data, while also discussing several 3D-related concepts and issues along the way. More specifically, this article focusses on the generation of intelligently decimated, two-manifold triangular meshes and the subsequent geo-referenced 3D interpretative mapping of these surfaces. Furthermore, all applications can be considered low- and even no-cost, making this a readily implemented processing and interpretation workflow. Additionally, all software packages are easy to learn and flexible enough for implementation in any existing mixed software pipeline.

Ladies, gentlemen and distinguished guests,
My name is Murat YAKAR and I am the chair of Intercontinental Geoinformation Days. It is my honour
this morning to welcome you all.
It is a great pleasure for me to declare open the first Intercontinental Geoinformation Days and to
welcome the participants from all over the world who participated here to exchange experience and
work together for two days on field of geoinformation and their applications.
I first wish to extend to you the greetings of the Governor of Mersin Province, Metropolitan Mayor of
Mersin and the rector of Mersin University. I wish to thank them for their support.
This 2-days-long conference offers online technical sessions and workshops. The technical programme
consists of 67 presentations within the fields of surveying, remote sensing, photogrammetry, land
administration, cartography, GIS and geodesy, including best practice and new research.
As the novel coronavirus outbreak shutters businesses and disrupts everyday life for billions around
the globe, massive annual conferences and small society meetings alike have moved online. This new
format poses numerous technical and organizational challenges, but it also offers opportunities—for
reaching wider audiences, reducing the carbon footprint of meeting travel, and improving diversity
and equity.
As a way to support our research community and to advance its scholarship during the COVID-19
pandemic, we decided to waive all registration fees for the virtual conference, cover the administrative
and setup cost of hosting the conference virtually as well as the publishing and copy-editing costs of
the conference proceedings.
The Intercontinental Geoinformation Days has gotten an enthusiastic response from colleagues from
all around the World. And we are pleased with the positive response that this event has gotten dozens
of contributions from experts in the field. The number of submitted papers is more than the level we
had expected. So, I would like to thank you for your valuable contributions and kind support.
Our team is now considering to make this event traditionalized and the second IGD event is planned
to be organized in May 2021. The organization committee will publish the details of the next event in
the following months.
Before closing, I have to extend further thanks to academic staff of Mersin University Department of
Geomatics Engineering who greatly helped in organising the conference. I sincerely hope that this
conference will achieve its objectives and make great progress through wide ranging discussions.
Let me now close by wishing you a delightful and stimulating event.
Prof. Dr. Murat YAKAR

Several digital technologies are now available to record and document archaeological excavations. A large number of studies have been published concerning the use of laser scanning, image based 3D modelling and GIS. By integrating different typologies of 3D data from Uppåkra, an Iron Age central place in southern Sweden, this thesis focuses on the development and evaluation of how 3D Geographic Information Systems (3D GIS) affect archaeological practice. In specific a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) was created for the site and the surrounding landscape. A UAV (drone) was used to document the excavation area in higher resolution, and image based 3D modelling was used to record the ongoing excavation on a single-context level. These different typologies of data were subsequently imported in a 3D GIS system (ArcScene) in order to conduct various types of spatial analysis (e.g. hillshade and slope analysis) as well as to create 3D drawings of the excavated contexts, using the textured 3D models as a geometrical reference. The ability to virtually revisit previous stages of the excavation and the use of tablet PC’s for documentation and discussion at the trowel’s edge increased reflexivity on the excavation and stimulated on-site interpretation by the excavation team. The model based drawing approach furthermore improved the drawing resolution compared to traditional documentation using a total station, especially for complicated contexts. This approach allowed connecting different typologies of data in the same virtual space, 1) increasing the possibility of researchers and scholars to gain a complete overview of all the information available, as well as 2) exponentially increasing the possibilities to perform new analysis. The ability to interact and navigate with all the data in 3D improved the impact of the data and comes closer to simulating the real world. Though some challenges still have to be faced, such as inaccurate georeferencing and unrealistic colour projection, the method was found to significantly improve the documentation quality by creating a multi-scale 3D documentation platform. By further developing this method, it can help us to improve the standards of archaeological excavation documentation.

Metodologi pemetaan telah berkembang seiring berjalannya waktu. Perkembangan pemetaan selalu berkaitan dan kemajuan teknologi dan riset yang telah dilakukan. Tujuan dari intervensi teknologi pada pemetaan adalah menciptakan suatu kegiatan pemetaan atau informasi geospasial secara akurat dan cepat.
Salah satu metode pemetaan yang biasa digunakan untuk daerah cakupan luas adalah metode atau teknik fotogrametri, dengan menggunakan kamera dan pesawat, didapatkan suatu foto dan menggunakan beberapa pengolahan sehingga didapatkan suatu peta. Teknik fotogrametri terus berkembang, dari analog menjadi digital. Fotogrametri digital ini yang melatarbelakangi munculnya pemetaan dengan Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
UAV (Unmaned Aerial Vehicle) atau yang biasa kita tahu sebagai pesawat tanpa awak adalah pesawat-pesawat kecil yang dapat terbang tanpa dikendarai oleh manusia. Lalu bagaimana pesawat tersebut bisa dikendalikan? Pesawat tanpa awak atau UAV biasa dikendalikan dengan remote control, dikendalikan melalui satelit, ataupun dapat dikendalikan secara otomatis.

Di era modern ini UAV atau pesawat tanpa awak mulai mendapat banyak perhatian karena memiliki banyak fungsi dan kegunaan yang sangat beragam baik untuk militer, sipil, maupun untuk ilmu pengetahuan. Kegunaan yang sangat beragam itu tak terlepas dari kemampuannya yang dikendalikan tanpa awak (manusia) sehingga dapat menghindarkan korban jiwa manusia apabila digunakan pada tempat-tempat atau area yang sangat beresiko.

Selain itu, bentuknya yang kecil dan mudah dibuat juga membuatnya lebih ekonomis atau biayanya lebih murah. Sehingga bisa digunakan bahkan disekolah-sekolah biasa untuk bahan eksperimen ataupun bahkan untuk para pecinta dunia aeromodelling.

Pemetaan dengan UAV berarti menggunakan teknik fotogrametri yang diaplikasikan pada pesawat tanpa awak. Tahapan-tahapan yang dilakukan juga harus sistematis dan sesuai dengan standar fotogrametri. Dalam makalah ini, akan dibahassegala hal tentang UAV untuk pemetaan

The purpose of this paper is to discuss how much the phases of flight planning and the setting of the camera orientation can affect a UAVs photogrammetric survey. The test site chosen for these evaluations was the Rocca of San Silvestro, a medieval monumental castle near Livorno, Tuscany (Italy). During the fieldwork, different sets of data have been acquired using different parameters for the camera orientation and for the set up of flight plans. Acquisition with both nadiral and oblique orientation of the camera have been performed, as well as flights with different direction of the flight lines (related with the shape of the object of the survey). The different datasets were then processed in several blocks using Pix4D software and the results of the processing were analysed and compared. Our aim was to evaluate how much the parameters described above can affect the generation of the final products of the survey, in particular the product chosen for this evaluation was the point cloud.

Methods of estimating the total amount of above-ground biomass (AGB) in crop fields are generally based on labourious, random, and destructive in situ sampling. This study proposes a methodology for estimating herbaceous crop biomass using conventional optical cameras and structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry. The proposed method is based on the determination of volumes according to the difference between a digital terrain model (DTM) and digital surface model (DSM) of vegetative cover. A density factor was calibrated based on a subset of destructive random samples to relate the volume and biomass and efficiently quantify the total AGB. In all cases, RMSE Z values less than 0.23 m were obtained for the DTM-DSM coupling. Biomass field data confirmed the goodness of fit of the yield-biomass estimation (R2 = 0,88 and 1,12 kg/ha) mainly in plots with uniform vegetation coverage. Furthermore, the method was demonstrated to be scalable to multiple platform types and sensors.

ITALIANO: La diffusione massiva di piccoli droni sul mercato generalista procede di pari passo con l’evoluzione di sensori di acquisizione di immagini sempre più sofisticati e, allo stesso tempo, miniaturizzati. La
recente comparsa di droni professionali di taglia “minimale” è un fatto da tenere presente dato che può avere significative implicazioni su molti ambiti della ricognizione territoriale in genere e, in particolare, della ricognizione archeologica. Se infatti in Italia e in Europa restano ancora molti gli aspetti da chiarire circa la regolamentazione generale dei “Remotely Piloted Aerial Systems” (RPAS), uno dei dati sicuri che paiono emergere da regolamenti e linee guida è la tendenziale semplificazione dei requisiti di certificazione e validazione a beneficio degli impieghi di macchine di masse inferiori a 2 kg. Fra i privilegi concessi a tali macchine vi è anche quello - cruciale per i geografi e per gli archeologi - di poter operare in maggior prossimità alla presenza antropica: contesto assai più difficilmente accessibile a RPAS più grandi. È poi appena il caso di ricordare la notevole semplificazione nella gestione anche operativa e di campagna di macchine piccole in termini di ingombri e sicurezza. Appare quindi evidente il potenziale racchiuso nel poter sviluppare tecniche e tecnologie di ricognizione mediante l’uso di questa categoria di piattaforme. Tuttavia è ben nota l’altra faccia dei micro-droni commerciali. La loro leggerezza si traduce tipicamente nella modesta o infima capacità di sollevamento. Questa, a sua volta, è un serio limite
alla possibilità di trasportare sensori di qualità adeguata alle esigenze della ricognizione in generale e di quel cruciale pilastro della ricognizione che è l’acquisizione aerofotogrammetrica. Se fosse possibile accertare con sufficiente affidabilità quali siano le capacità ricognitive dei droni al di sotto di 2 kg - o addirittura di 300 grammi - sarebbe possibile fornire indicazioni molto utili circa l’impiego di queste
macchine in ambito professioanle. Questa ricerca si è rivolta alla verifica sperimentale di diverse tipologie di droni minimali di masse comprese fra 2 kg e 300 g, equipaggiati con foto/videocamere di tipo commerciale low-cost. Si è in particolare cercato di verificarne la performance in aerofotogrammetria, in confronto a quella di droni di dimensioni e masse più tipiche dell’attuale scenario professionale. La ricerca si è quindi specificamente concentrata su vantaggi e svantaggi pratici delle diverse configurazioni, cercando di definire alcuni punti di chiarezza rispetto ad opportunità e criticità.

ENGLISH: The increasingly massive spread of small drones on the general market comes along with a rapid evolution of image acquisition devices. Even basic sensors are getting more sophisticated and miniaturized at the same time. The recent appearance of minimal-size professional drones is to be taken into the proper account, since it can have major implications in several fields of geographic survey
and, specifically, in Archaeology. Although many regulatory aspects of the use of “remotely piloted aerial systems” (RPAS) are yet to be fully clarified both in Italy and Europe, minimal-size drones will probably
be subject to less restrictive operational limitations. Furthermore, small drones are generally safer and easier to deploy on the field than larger machines. If technologies and techniques are appropriately developed, then, the advantage of using minimal drones is evident. However, typical drawbacks of this class of machines are similarly evident: Light RPAS-s can (typically) lift low payloads. This, in turn, means that correspondingly small cameras and sensors must be chosen. All types of geographic
survey are directly affected by sensor-quality issues caused by payload weight restrictions; the problem becomes crucial, however, when it comes to archaeological photogrammetry. Hence, a useful contribution to methodological discussions is an evaluation of opportunities given by currently available consumer level, minimal, mini/micro drones. This work has considered strengths and weaknesses of the surveying capabilities of several types of multirotor drones whose mass was between 2 kgs and 0.12 kgs in a typical surveying scenario. The research had no ambition of exhaustivity; yet, the authors believe the results can prove valuable in clarifying some opportunities and issues.

ICOMOS webinar (19.03.2021, 12:00 p.m.)

The working group of future professionals from the National Committee of ICOMOS in Macedonia, organized a ZOOM webinar "Digitization of cultural heritage: Application of digital tools for documentation, presentation and interpretation of archaeological heritage in RN Macedonia".
This webinar goal was to inform the professionals for the potential and the need of particular application of digital tools, as well as the challenges faced by professionals during their implementation. The speakers are relatively young professionals in the field of digitization, protection and the research of the archeological heritage. They had presentations from their particular experience in documenting the archeological heritage using photogrammetry or IBM (Image-based modeling), developing tools for presentation and interpretation of archaeological heritage through the use of VR (virtual reality) technology and mobile applications, development of the first virtual tour of an archaeological site in Macedonia, as well as development of 3D models of movable archaeological finds.

Scope of the book:
This book focusses on the technical concepts of deep learning and its associated branch Neural Networks for the various dimensions of image processing applications. The proposed volume intends to bring together researchers to report the latest results or progress in the development of the above-mentioned areas. Since there is a deficit of books on this specific subject matter, the editors aim to provide a common platform for researchers working in this area to exhibit their novel findings.
Topics of Interest:
This book solicits contributions, which include the fundamentals in the field of Deep Artificial Neural Networks and Image Processing supported by case studies and practical examples. Each chapter is expected to be self-contained and to cover an in-depth analysis of real life applications of neural networks to image analysis.

This report investigates recent advances in aerial image capture, recording, analysis and use in field archaeological studies.   
Aerial imagery and remote sensing has long been used in field archaeology.  Recent technological advances, especially using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (U.A.Vs), have provided opportunities to greatly expand its deployment and utility. Images can now be captured in very high resolution, quickly and efficiently and at a tiny fraction of former costs.  This offers new possibilities that could be very beneficial in field archaeology.
This report considers the technical and legal requirements that define the capability of U.A.V. equipment and operators to conduct field studies.  It discusses, with real examples, new potential offered by this methodology, its present limitations and suggests some future research to further enhance this potential.
The results achieved by the author have been varied throughout the research phase and need further refinement. However the results have been of sufficient quality to prove the technologies and the potential applications to archaeology