16th Century

Español Français English En 1570 se imprimió en la Nueva España el primer libro de medicina escrito en América. Esta obra titulada la Opera Medicinalia fue escrita por el médico osunés Luis Bravo, e impresa en el taller de Pedro Ocharte. La Opera Medicinalia ha sido estudiada por su importancia histórica, pero se habían pasado por alto dos de sus capitulares y sus respectivos detalles eróticos que sobrevivieron a la censura de la imprenta del siglo XVI. Este artículo hace una presentación histórica de la Opera Medicinalia, una descripción físico-técnico de uno de sus ejemplares, y un análisis tanto técnico-librario como iconográfico de los dos grabados eróticos correspondientes a las capitulares mencionadas.

This article studies the spatial organisation and room specialisation of fifteenth-and sixteenth-century castles and houses in what is now the Netherlands, Belgium, and the border region of northwestern Germany. What was the function of the hall in this period and which new rooms were introduced in the castle? These questions will be answered on the basis of the careful study of fifty late medieval inventories from thirty-seven castles and noble houses. The developments in room-use and room specialisation will be placed in a comparative, international context and studied concomitantly with the discourse on privacy.

Practica is a loanword and usually stands for an illustrated book of a smaller format (octavo) in which calendar information and weather forecasts for every day in a year are recorded. In Slovene language, the word pratika is known from the 16 th century and was taken from the old German word Praktik or from the Italian word pratica. The Latin word practica was borrowed from the Greek word πρακτικη as prāktikē, prāktikós, which signified somebody skilful and practical. In the 16 th centurypracticas usually contained useful advice on domestic chores, medical treatment and similar, as an addition to the calendar and weather forecasts in proverbs. National and University Library of Slovenia (NUK) holds among 2,958 other 16 th century prints also two rare examples of early 16 th century practicas, which contain astrological personifications prepared by anonymous masters. Practicas are of German provenance, probably printed in one of the Strasbourg workshops. The earliest text prepared for the year 1508 by Johannes Hugo bears personifications of the Moon and Mars; whereas the second practica for the year 1509 by Johannes Adelphus Mülingis decorated with the personifications of Jupiter and the Sun. The purpose of this article is to discuss both practicas' titlepage illustrations and possible masters who prepared four woodcuts. Iconographical origin, use and interpretation of the printed practicas' motif pairs will be presented. Besides, a short notice on the existence and background of the German practicas in Slovene cultural area will be given in the context of its early development.

This paper is a short survey of the archaeological research carried out in 2015 at Turnul Spart on the valley of the river Olt. Among the features discovered during this research one must mention the fallen half of the standing ruined tower and a circular surrounding wall. Two harquebuses and a bronze vessel found in this debris offered the necessary data for dating the collapsing of the tower, which most likely occurred in the first half of the 16th Century.

A 16th century culinary book from the Berlin collection. An original cuisine? A new cuisine?

The manuscript gall. fol. 220 belongs to the Berlin Collection of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow. It is a French-speaking set of recipes from the 16th century. This old cookbook is not well known and has never been published. In this manuscript can be found plenty of dishes, products popular in the Middle Ages, but also such recipes that indicate the presence of new renaissance French cuisine.

Słowa kluczowe: berlin collection, French cuisine, recipes, manuscripts, 16th century

La subcontratación, o incluso el traspaso de contratos por parte de los pintores, ha sido una práctica habitual dentro de la génesis de retablos. La presente investigación, centrada en el caso concreto de León Picardo, pretende reflejar los problemas histórico-artísticos que este tipo de organización puede acarrear, ya que puede llevar a equívocos a la hora interpretar el documento escrito que sirve como base para establecer el estilo de un pintor. Nos obliga por tanto a tratar la información documental con cautela, ya que hay distintas variables a tener en cuenta para darle validez, y a cuestionar su virtualidad informativa en virtud del contexto laboral en el que se mueven los artistas

Subcontracting, or even the transfer of contracts by painters, has been a common practice in the genesis of altarpieces. This research, focused on the case of Leon Picardo, is intended to reflect the historical and artistic problems of the organization of the artistic workshops through the documents that we have about them. The written sources can be misleading when they serve as a basis for the style of a painter. It forces us therefore to treat the documents and its information with caution

Abordamos aquí unos aspectos, posiblemente los menos conocidos, de la dilatada vida de Fray Diego de Deza (1443-1523), como son los orígenes de su linaje en la gallega Terra de Deza y el afincamiento durante la
segunda mitad del siglo XIV de la que fue la rama familiar de Toro, su ciudad natal. No perteneciendo a la hidalguía de mayor abolengo y riqueza de los linajes allí establecidos, sus méritos personales le labraron un futuro prometedor, primero por la cátedra docente que ocupó en Salamanca y sus altas dotes como maestro y, además, por la confianza que los Reyes Católicos depositaron en él al nombrarlo preceptor del malogrado príncipe heredero don Juan, lo que le hizo emprender una envidiable carrera tanto eclesiástica (confesor de los monarcas, obispo de Zamora, Salamanca, Jaén, Palencia y, sobre todo, arzobispo de Sevilla) como por sus servicios a la Corona (asesor real, albacea de la reina Isabel e inquisidor general).
Nuestro objetivo aquí no ha sido otro que vislumbrar sus relaciones parentales y sociales, obviando su brillante cursus honorum en ese doble rol de servicio al altar y al trono. 



In this article, we address some aspects, possibly the least known, of the long life of Fray Diego de Deza (1443-1523): the origins of his lineage in Terra de Deza (Galicia) and the settlement of his family in Toro, his
birthplace, during the second half of the fourteenth century. Although he did not possess a nobility of great ancestry and wealth, his personal merits shaped a promising future for him, firstly because of the teaching chair he held in Salamanca and his high skills as a teacher and, furthermore, because of the confidence that the Catholic Kings deposited in him by naming him tutor to the ill-fated crown prince Don Juan. This appointment allowed him to undertake a successful career, both ecclesiastical —confessor to the monarchs, bishop of Zamora, Salamanca, Jaén, Palencia and, above all, archbishop of Seville— and serving the Crown —royal adviser, executor of Queen Isabel and General Inquisitor—.
In this article, we focus on his parental and social relationships, leaving aside his brilliant cursus honorum in that double role of service to the altar and the throne.