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2012 Oceans, 2012

The state of New Jersey has the goal of producing 23% of its energy from renewable sources by 2021. Offshore wind is envisioned as being part of that renewable portfolio. To meet this goal New Jersey passed the nation's first offshore wind renewable energy standard which requires that at least 1,100 megawatts (MW) by 2021. Currently NJ has 0 MW of offshore wind energy. In order to reduce the risk associated with installing these turbines, the Rutgers University Coastal Ocean Observation Laboratory has undertaken a two year study of the ocean winds and currents to provide insight to the wind farm developers to the best locations for siting the wind turbines. A 13 MHz HF radar network was installed to measure the surface currents every 2 km out to a range of 60 km from the coast. These surface current measurements were validated against surface wind measurements from available meteorological stations. The surface currents will then be used to validate the surface winds from a weather model that has been created for this program.

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2013

2012

eri.ac.uk

Contract Title-" Data fusion, analysis and meteorological interpretation for the 2013 geophysical/metocean survey, LiDAR error/sensitivity analysis, and wind climatology for the Maryland Wind Energy Area " Wind resource evaluation can benefit from new insights into the fundamental physical mechanisms responsible for variability across the rotor span, the boundary layer, and the entire region, including the Maryland Wind Energy Area (WEA). This report describes how data from a variety of in-situ and remote sensing instruments including Lidar are being used to characterize processes in the atmosphere and ocean and improve their representation in simulation models. This report also documents the development of a new Lidar Motion Compensation Algorithm (MCA) for vessels underway. Floating Lidar technology has the potential to replace met towers in many cases, once accepted by the industry. However, current systems are integrated into floating buoys and incorporate proprietary ...

This study characterized the annual mean US East Coast (USEC) offshore wind energy (OWE) resource on the basis of 5 years of high-resolution mesoscale model (Weather Research and Forecasting-Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting) results at 90 m height. Model output was evaluated against 23 buoys and nine offshore towers. Peak-time electrical demand was analyzed to determine if OWE resources were coincident with the increased grid load. The most suitable locations for large-scale development of OWE were prescribed, on the basis of the wind resource, bathymetry, hurricane risk and peak-time generation potential. The offshore region from Virginia to Maine was found to have the most exceptional overall resource with annual turbine capacity factors (CF) between 40% and 50%, shallow water and low hurricane risk. The best summer resource during peak time, in water of Ä50 m depth, is found between Long Island, New York and Cape Cod, Massachusetts, due in part to regional upwelling, which often strengthens the sea breeze. In the South US region, the waters off North Carolina have adequate wind resource and shallow bathymetry but high hurricane risk. Overall, the resource from Florida to Maine out to 200 m depth, with the use of turbine CF cutoffs of 45% and 40%, is 965-1372 TWh (110-157 GW average). About one-third of US or all of Florida to Maine electric demand can technically be provided with the use of USEC OWE. With the exception of summer, all peak-time demand for Virginia to Maine can be satisfied with OWE in the waters off those states.

2012 Oceans, 2012

Studies are underway that are evaluating the offshore wind resource along the coast of New Jersey in an effort to determine the variability of the wind resource. One major source of variability is the sea-land breeze circulation that occurs during periods of peak energy demand. The sea breeze front, driven by the thermal difference between the warm land and relatively cooler ocean during hot summer afternoons, propagates inland and under weak atmospheric boundary layer wind conditions can affect much of the state. However, little is known about the offshore component of the sea breeze circulation. A large zone of subsidence over the coastal ocean, and subsequent divergence near the surface, is known to occur in unison with the inland-propagating sea breeze front. RU-COOL's unique monitoring and modeling endeavors are focused on exploring the details of these offshore dynamics of the sea breeze circulation and its development during both coastal upwelling and non-upwelling events. A case study from the August 13, 2012 is analyzed in this paper; coastal upwelling resulted from persistent south to southeasterly winds for days. In addition, a sea breeze front formed in the afternoon, propagating inland and producing a zone of weak winds offshore that coincides with the targeted area of offshore wind development. Model results, using unique declouded satellite sea surface temperature data, are validated inshore against weather radar and offshore against coastal ocean radar (CODAR). Small-scale offshore wind variability is resolved and verified in the model, which will be critical for producing accurate and reliable offshore wind resource assessments and precise operational forecasts for the future.

Energy Policy, 2012

Quantifying wind potential is a pivotal initial step in developing and articulating a state's policies and strategies for offshore wind industry development. This is particularly important in the Great Lakes States where lessons from other offshore environments are not directly applicable. This paper presents the framework developed for conducting a preliminary assessment of offshore wind potential. Information on lake bathymetry and wind resources were combined in simulating alternative scenarios of technically feasible turbine construction depths and distance concerns by stakeholders. These yielded estimates of developable offshore wind areas and potential power generation. While concerns about the visibility of turbines from shore reduce the power that can be generated, engineering solutions that increase the depths at which turbines can be sited increase such potential power output. This paper discusses the costs associated with technical limitations on depth and the social costs related to public sentiments about distance from the shoreline, as well as the possible tradeoffs. The results point to a very large untapped energy resource in the Michigan's Great Lakes, large enough to prompt policy action from the state government.

The year 2008 saw the emergence of the first generation of commercial ocean energy devices, with the first units being installed in the UK and Portugal. This means that there are currently four ways of obtaining energy from sea areas, namely from wind, tides, waves and thermal differences between deep and shallow sea water. This paper focuses on current developments in offshore wind and ocean energy, highlighting the efforts currently underway in a variety of countries, principally some of the projects typically less talked about such as those in the Asian-Pacific countries. Finally, the growth potential of these industries will be assessed, using as a basis the historical trends in the offshore wind industry and extrapolating it to compute future growth potentials. Using this as a basis, the percentage of the world's electricity that could be produced from ocean based devices is estimated to be around 7% by 2050, and this would employ a significant amount of people by this time, possibly around 1 million, mostly in the maintenance of existing installations. The paper will also evaluate the likely cost of production per kW of ocean energy technologies using a variety of learning factors.