Turismo desportivo, diplomacia e 'soft power': o caso chinês
Emanuel Leite Jr.2019
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Em outubro de 2014, a China lançou o documento intitulado Opiniões para a aceleração do desenvolvimento da indústria desportiva e promover o consumo do desporto (国务院关于加快发 展体育产业促进体育消费的若干意见). Desde então, outros documentos de política pública foram publicados com o intuito de alavancar o crescimento da indústria desportiva do país, promovendo o desenvolvimento de setores estratégios para o cumprimento de uma meta audaciosa de, em 2025, a indústria do desporto gere US$ 813 mil milhões para a economia do país. Duas destas políticas públicas são o Plano de desenvolvimento do futebol a médio e longo prazo (2016-2050) (中国足球中长期发 展规划[20162050年]) e o Plano de ação para o desenvolvimento do turismo desportivo do 'Cinturão e Rota' (2017-2020) (一带一路体育旅游发展行动方案2017-2020年). O presente trabalho, a partir da revisão de literatura e da análise dos referidos documentos de política pública, procura identicar os pontos em comum nas duas iniciativas, constatando de que forma contribuem para o dese...
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Turismo desportivo, diplomacia e ‘soft
power’: O caso chinês
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的若干意见✮✳
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❞❡ ❆✈❡✐r♦✱ ❡ ♠❡♠❜r♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❡♠ ●♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛✱ ❈♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ P♦❧ít✐❝❛s Pú❜❧✐❝❛s ✭●❖❱❈❖PP✮✱ ❞❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❆✈❡✐r♦✳
✯✯ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❙♦❝✐❛✐s✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❆✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❙♦❝✐❛✐s✱ P♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ ❞♦ ❚❡rr✐tór✐♦✱ ❞❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❆✈❡✐r♦✱ ❡ ♠❡♠❜r♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❡♠ ●♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛✱ ❈♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ P♦❧ít✐❝❛s Pú❜❧✐❝❛s
✭●❖❱❈❖PP✮✱ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❆✈❡✐r♦
✼✽
⑤ ❚✫
❘
❉ ⑤ ♥✳
♦
✸✶
⑤ ✷✵✶✾ ⑤ ▲❊■❚❊ ❡ ❘❖❉❘■●❯❊❙
✧❆❝t✐♦♥ ♣❧❛♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ s♣♦rts t♦✉r✐s♠ ✬❇❡❧t ❛♥❞ ❘♦❛❞✬ ✭✷✵✶✼✲✷✵✷✵✮ ✧✭一带一路✧体育旅
游发展行动方案✷✵✶✼✲✷✵✷✵✧✮✳
❚❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ r❡✈✐❡✇ ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ♣♦❧✐❝②
❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts✱ s❡❡❦s t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ♣♦✐♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡s❀ ♦❜s❡r✈✐♥❣ ❤♦✇ t❤❡② ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡
t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❤✐♥❡s❡ s♣♦rts ✐♥❞✉str② ✇❤✐❧❡ s❡r✈✐♥❣ ❛s ❛ ❞✐♣❧♦♠❛t✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❵s♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r✬ t♦♦❧✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s ⑤ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ s♣♦rts t♦✉r✐s♠✱ ♦♥❡ ❜❡❧t ♦♥❡ r♦❛❞✱ ❢♦♦t❜❛❧❧ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣❧❛♥✱ s♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣r❡✈ê t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛✲
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣❛ís❡s q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ♥♦ tr❛❥❡t♦ ❞❛
✏◆♦✈❛ ❘♦t❛ ❞❛ ❙❡❞❛✑✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♣❛ís❡s ❞❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛
❊♠ ❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✼✱ ❛ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
▲❛t✐♥❛ ✭❈❤✐♥❛ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚♦✉r✐s♠ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ✫
❞❡ ❚✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦
●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙♣♦rt ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ✷✵✶✼✮✳
●❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❉❡s♣♦rt♦ ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ❧❛♥ç❛r❛♠ ♦ ✏P❧❛♥♦
❈♦♠ ❡st❛s ❛çõ❡s✱ ❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ t✉r✐s♠♦
❞❡ ❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s✲
❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞❛✱ ❛té ✷✵✷✵✱ ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✶✺✪
♣♦rt✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❵❈✐♥t✉rã♦ ❡ ❘♦t❛✬ ✭✷✵✶✼✲✷✵✷✵✮✑ ✭一带
❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ t✉r✐st❛s ♥❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲
一路✑ 体育旅游发展行动方案✷✵✶✼✲✷✵✷✵年✮✳
❞❛s✳
❯♠
❆s ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡s ❝❤✐♥❡s❛s ❡s♣❡r❛♠✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱
❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r♦✲
q✉❡ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡
♠♦✈❡r ❛ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦
❢♦r♠❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❛ s✉❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à
❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❡ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦
✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛ ✭❈❤✐♥❛ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚♦✉r✐s♠ ❆❞✲
❞❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❝❤✐♥ês ✏❯♠ ❈✐♥t✉rã♦✱ ❯♠❛
♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ✫ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙♣♦rt ♦❢
✶✷ ✱ ❝♦♠♦
❘♦t❛✑ ✕ ❞♦r❛✈❛♥t❡ ❵◆♦✈❛ ❘♦t❛ ❞❛ ❙❡❞❛✬
❈❤✐♥❛✱ ✷✵✶✼✮✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲
❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ é ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❡♠ P♦rt✉❣❛❧ ✭❘♦❞r✐✲
✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt♦ ♥♦ ♣❛ís✳
❣✉❡s✱ ✷✵✶✻✮ ✕✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ♦ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛✲
❖ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛ ❝❤✐♥❡s❛
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡s ♠❡s♠♦s ♣❛ís❡s
é✱ ❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❡t❛s ❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦✱
❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✳
s♦❜ ❛ ❧✐❞❡r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❳✐ ❏✐♥♣✐♥❣✳ ◆ã♦ ♣♦r ❛❝❛s♦✱ ❡♠
❖ ✏P❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦
♦✉t✉❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✱ ♦ ❈♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛
t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✑ ❝♦♥té♠ três ♣♦♥t♦s✱ ♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦
♣✉❜❧✐❝♦✉ ♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✏❖♣✐♥✐õ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛çã♦
❞❡❧❡s ❝♦♠ ❛s ♦✐t♦ ❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥✲
❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛ ❡ ♣r♦✲
t❛❞❛s ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞♦
♠♦✈❡r ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt♦✑ ✭国务院关于加快
t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s✲
发展体育产业促进体育消费的若干意见✮✳
♣♦rt✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s✲
❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♠❛r❝♦
❊st❛
t✐♥♦s ❞❡ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ❢❛♠♦s♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
✶ ❆ ✏◆♦✈❛ ❘♦t❛ ❞❛ ❙❡❞❛✑ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ❧❛♥ç❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❝❤✐♥ês ❡♠ ✷✵✶✸ ❡ q✉❡ t❡♠ s✉❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ♥❛ ❛♥t✐❣❛
r♦❞❛ ❞❛ s❡❞❛ q✉❡ r❡♠♦♥t❛ ❛♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ▼❛r❝♦ P♦❧♦✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✈❛♥ ❞❡r P✉tt❡♥✱ ❍✉♦t❛r✐✱ ❙❡❛♠❛♥✱ ❊❦♠❛♥ ❡ ❖t❡r♦✲■❣❧❡s✐❛s
✭✷✵✶✻✮✱ ❛ ✏◆♦✈❛ ❘♦t❛ ❞❛ ❙❡❞❛✑ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛✱ ♥❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ❛♠♣❧❛
❡str✉t✉r❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❜✉sq✉❡♠ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❛ís❡s ❛s✐át✐❝♦s✱
❡✉r♦♣❡✉s✱ ❛❢r✐❝❛♥♦s✳ ❆❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛♠✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❝♦♠ ❡st❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ é ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s
r❡❧❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♣❛ís✱ ❢♦rt❛❧❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❵❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✬ ✕ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ q✉❡ ♦s r❡❢❡r✐❞♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❡st❛❝❛♠
❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❝❤❛✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐♣❧♦♠❛❝✐❛ ❝❤✐♥❡s❛ ✭✈❛♥ ❞❡r P✉tt❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳
✷ ❆ ✏◆♦✈❛ ❘♦t❛ ❞❛ ❙❡❞❛✑ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ❧❛♥ç❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❝❤✐♥ês ❡♠ ✷✵✶✸ ❡ q✉❡ t❡♠ s✉❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ♥❛ ❛♥t✐❣❛
r♦❞❛ ❞❛ s❡❞❛ q✉❡ r❡♠♦♥t❛ ❛♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ▼❛r❝♦ P♦❧♦✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✈❛♥ ❞❡r P✉tt❡♥✱ ❍✉♦t❛r✐✱ ❙❡❛♠❛♥✱ ❊❦♠❛♥ ❡ ❖t❡r♦✲■❣❧❡s✐❛s
✭✷✵✶✻✮✱ ❛ ✏◆♦✈❛ ❘♦t❛ ❞❛ ❙❡❞❛✑ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛✱ ♥❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ❛♠♣❧❛
❡str✉t✉r❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❜✉sq✉❡♠ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❛ís❡s ❛s✐át✐❝♦s✱
❡✉r♦♣❡✉s✱ ❛❢r✐❝❛♥♦s✳ ❆❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛♠✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❝♦♠ ❡st❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ é ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s
r❡❧❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♣❛ís✱ ❢♦rt❛❧❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❵❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✬ ✕ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ q✉❡ ♦s r❡❢❡r✐❞♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❡st❛❝❛♠
❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❝❤❛✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐♣❧♦♠❛❝✐❛ ❝❤✐♥❡s❛ ✭✈❛♥ ❞❡r P✉tt❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳
❚✫❉
❘
⑤ ♥✳
♦
✸✶
⑤ ✷✵✶✾
⑤
✼✾
♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡s❝♦❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛ ❝❤✐♥❡s❛
♠✐r❛♥❞♦ s❡✉s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ❡♠✉❧❛♥❞♦ s❡✉ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❡ ❛s✲
✭❉✳ ▲✐✉✱ ✷✵✶✼✮ ❡ ❡st✐♣✉❧❛ q✉❡ ❡♠ ✷✵✷✺ ❡st❡ s❡t♦r
♣✐r❛♥❞♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣r♦s♣❡r✐❞❛❞❡ ✕ ✈❛✐ q✉❡r❡r
❣❡r❡ ✉♠ ❢❛t✉r❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ r♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❯❙✩ ✽✶✸ ♠✐❧
s❡❣✉✐✲❧♦✑ ✭◆②❡✱ ✷✵✵✹✱ ♣✳ ✺✮✳
♠✐❧❤õ❡s ✭◆✐❡❧s❡♥ ❙♣♦rts✱ ✷✵✶✻✮ ✕ ❛ tít✉❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❛✲
❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦s ♣♦♥✲
r❛t✐✈♦✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ P❧✉♥❦❡tt ❘❡✲
t♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❥á r❡❢❡r✐❞♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡
s❡❛r❝❤✱ ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥✲
♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❝❤✐♥❡s❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦
t♦✉ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❯❙✩ ✶✱✺ ♠✐❧❤ã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❡♠ ✷✵✶✺✱
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛✱ ❞♦ ❵s♦❢t
❯❙✩ ✹✾✽✱✹ ♠✐❧ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s
♣♦✇❡r✬
✭P❧✉♥❦❡tt ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳
sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ t❡ór✐❝♦
❡ ❞❛ ❞✐♣❧♦♠❛❝✐❛ ❝❤✐♥❡s❛s✳ P❛rt❡✲s❡ ❞❛ r❡✈✐✲
P❛r❛ ❝✉♠♣r✐r ♦ ❛✉❞❛❝✐♦s♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r✲
é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞♦
♠❛r ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s
❢✉t❡❜♦❧ ❡ ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡✲
♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❝❤✐♥ês ❧❛♥ç♦✉ ❡♠
s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛
✷✵✶✺ ♦ ✏P❧❛♥♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ r❡❢♦r♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐♦♥❛r
♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛ ❞✐♣❧♦♠❛❝✐❛✱ ♥❛ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠
♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧ ♥❛ ❈❤✐♥❛✑ ✭中国足
❞♦ ♣❛ís ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦
球改革发展总体方案✮✱
❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡â♠❜✉❧♦ ❞♦
❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♥❛çõ❡s✳ ❖ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ t❡ór✐❝♦ t❛♠❜é♠
❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✱ q✉❡ ✈✐r✐❛ ❛ s❡r ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠
♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐✲
❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✻✿ ♦ ✏P❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❢✉✲
t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝❧❛r❛ ❞♦s r❡❢❡r✐❞♦s ❞♦✲
t❡❜♦❧ ❛ ♠é❞✐♦ ❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ✭✷✵✶✻✲✷✵✺✵✮✑ ✭中国
❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st❛r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✲
足球中长期发展规划❬✷✵✶✻✖✷✵✺✵年❪✮✳
❞♦s✳
❯♠ ♣❧❛♥♦
❛♠❜✐❝✐♦s♦ q✉❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ❞❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❝❤✐♥❡s❛
♠❛s❝✉❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧✱ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❡①♣r❡ss✐✈❛ ❛té
♠❡s♠♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❛s✐át✐❝♦✱ ✉♠❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♠✉♥✲
✷✳ ❚✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦
❞✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❝✉♠♣r✐r ♦s ✏três s♦♥❤♦s ❞♦ ❈❛♠✲
♣❡♦♥❛t♦ ❞♦ ▼✉♥❞♦✑ ❞♦ ♣r❡s✐❞❡♥t❡ ❳✐✿ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❘♦s❛ ✭✷✵✶✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✹✮✱ ✏♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❝♦♥s✲
❞♦ ❈❛♠♣❡♦♥❛t♦ ❞♦ ▼✉♥❞♦✱ s❡❞✐❛r ♦ ❈❛♠♣❡♦♥❛t♦
t✐t✉✐ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ♠❛✐s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦
❞♦ ▼✉♥❞♦ ❡ s❡r ❝❛♠♣❡ã♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧
❛t✉❛❧✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❝♦♥ó✲
✭❚❛♥✱ ❍✉❛♥❣✱ ❇❛✐r♥❡r✱ ✫ ❈❤❡♥✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳
♠✐❝❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ q✉❡ ✈❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ í♥✲
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♥ã♦ é s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞♦s
❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦s
✏três s♦♥❤♦s ❞❛ ❈♦♣❛ ❞♦ ▼✉♥❞♦✑ ❞❡ s❡✉ ♣r❡s✐❞❡♥t❡
♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✑✳
q✉❡ ❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❧❛♥ç♦✉ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦
♣♦rt✉❣✉ês✱ ♦ ❛✉t♦r ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ✏♦ t✉r✐s♠♦✱ ♣❡❧❛
❞♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧✳ ❆ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❝❤✐♥❡s❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛
s✉❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r✱ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛ ❝♦♥s✐❣♦ ✉♠❛ ❢✉❧✲
♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❞♦s ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ♣♦r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s✱ ❞❡s❡♥✲
❝r❛❧ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✑ ✭❘♦s❛✱ ✷✵✶✸✱
✈♦❧✈❡r ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛ ❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ♦ ✐♥t❡r✲
♣✳ ✶✺✻✮✳ P❡❧❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛r r✐q✉❡③❛ ❡ ❡♠✲
❝â♠❜✐♦ ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♥❛çõ❡s✳
♣r❡❣♦ ✭❘♦s❛✱ ✷✵✶✸✱ ♣✳
❊s❝r❡✈❡♥❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦
✶✺✻✮✱ ♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ r❡✈❡❧❛✲s❡
P❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ♦ ✏P❧❛♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❞❡ ❡①tr❡♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✑ q✉❛♥t♦ ♦
♣❛ís❡s✱ ♥♦♠❡❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s Pr♦❞✉t♦s ■♥t❡r♥♦s
✏P❧❛♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧✑ tê♠ ♦❜✲
❇r✉t♦s ✭P■❇✮ ✭❘♦s❛✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳
❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠✿
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡s✲
P❛r❛ ❙t❛♥❞❡✈❡♥ ❡ ❉❡❑♥♦♣ ✭❝✐t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ●á❧✱
♣♦rt✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♣❛ís ♥❛
❙t➔♥❝✐✉❧❡s❝✉✱ ✫ ◆❡❛❣✉✱ ✷✵✶✽✮✱ ♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt♦ é ✉♠❛
❣❡♦♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ s❡r✈✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦
❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❡ ♦ t✉r✐s♠♦
❞❡ ❛tr❛çã♦ ❞✐♣❧♦♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ✕ ❵s♦❢t
♣♦✇❡r✬✿
✉♠❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧✉❣❛r✳ ●á❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✽✮ r❡ss❛❧✲
✏✉♠ ♣❛ís ♣♦❞❡ ♦❜t❡r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ♥❛
t❛♠ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❡ ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛
♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛ís❡s ✕ ❛❞✲
❡st❡s ❞♦✐s ❢❡♥ó♠❡♥♦s✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ❛♠❜♦s s❡ ❝♦♠❜✐✲
✽✵
⑤ ❚✫
❘
❉ ⑤ ♥✳
♦
✸✶
⑤ ✷✵✶✾ ⑤ ▲❊■❚❊ ❡ ❘❖❉❘■●❯❊❙
♥❛♠ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♠❡✐♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❡s✲
❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦s✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛✉t♦r ❛✐♥❞❛ r❡❝♦r❞❛ ♦ ❇❛✲
s♦❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ ♣r❛t✐❝❛r ♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt♦ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠
rã♦ P✐❡rr❡ ❞❡ ❈♦✉❜❡rt✐♥✱ ❝r✐❛❞♦r ❞♦s ❏♦❣♦s ❖❧í♠✲
❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❛s s✉❛s ♣r♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛
♣✐❝♦s ♠♦❞❡r♥♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡st❛❝❛r ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡
✈✐❛❣❡♠ s❡ ❢❛③ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ✭♣✳ ✺✹✼✻✮✳ P♦r ✐ss♦✱ ❲❡❡❞ ❡
♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❞❡ ✉♥✐r ♦s ♣♦✈♦s ❡ ❛s
❇✉❧❧ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛♠ ♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ❝♦♠♦
♥❛çõ❡s✱ ❛❧❣♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❈❤✐♥❛
✉♠ ❢❡♥ó♠❡♥♦ ✏s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ q✉❡
t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ s❡✉ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦
s✉r❣❡ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ú♥✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❡ss♦❛s
❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦
❡ ❧✉❣❛r✑ ✭♣✳ ①✐✈✮✳
❞♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧✳ P❛r❛ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♥✐r ♣♦✈♦s
✶✺✮✱ ✏t✉r✐s♠♦
❡ ♥❛çõ❡s✱ ♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦s
❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt♦
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❑✉rt③♠❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✺✱ ♣✳
♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲
❝♦♠♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦s t✉ríst✐❝♦s✑ ❡
✈✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❡ ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♣❛ís ♦✉ ❞❛
✉♠ ✏t✉r✐st❛ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡
❝✐❞❛❞❡ s❡❞❡ ✭●á❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✽✮✳ ❈♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❝♦♠✲
❛t✐✈♦ ♦✉ ✉♠ ❡s♣❡❝t❛❞♦r ♣❛ss✐✈♦✑✳
❖ r❡❢❡r✐❞♦ ❛✉✲
♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♦ t✉r✐s♠♦
t♦r r❡✐t❡r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❤❛❥❛
❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡✱ s❡rá ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ s❡✲
❵t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✬ é ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ t✉r✐st❛ q✉❡
çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❡stá ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❡s♣❡❝t❛❞♦r ♦✉ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠
❡✈❡♥t♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❤á s❡♠♣r❡ ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t❡s ♥❡✲
❣❛t✐✈♦s✳
P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❤á q✉❡stõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✉s♦
◆❡st❡ ♠❡s♠♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ●✐❜s♦♥ ✭✶✾✾✽✱ ♣✳ ✹✾✮ ❞❡✲
✐♥s❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❞❡✲
✜♥❡ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✏✈✐❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❧❛③❡r q✉❡
s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❝♦✲
❧❡✈❛♠ ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s t❡♠♣♦r❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r❛ ❞❡
♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❡ ♦s ❝♦♥✢✐t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ✈✐s✐t❛♥t❡s ❡
s✉❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❡ ❛t✐✲
❛♥✜tr✐õ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞✐stúr❜✐♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝t❛❞♦r ❞♦ ❞❡s✲
✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s✱ ❛ss✐st✐r ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s ♦✉ ✈❡♥❡✲
♣♦rt♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ❲❡❡❞ ❡ ❇✉❧❧ ✭✷✵✵✹✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✮✱
r❛r ❛tr❛çõ❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s✑✳ ❉❡s✲
❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❵❝r♦✇❞✐♥❣ ♦✉t
❝r✐çã♦ ♥ã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐st✐♥t❛ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r
❡✛❡❝t✬ ✲ q✉❛♥❞♦ t✉r✐st❛s r❡❣✉❧❛r❡s ♦✉ q✉❡♠ ✈✐❛❥❛
❙t❛♥❞❡✈❡♥ ❡ ❉❡❑♥♦♣ ✭❝✐t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❘♦s❛✱ ✷✵✶✸✱ ♣✳
❛ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❞❡✐①❛♠ ❞❡ ✈✐s✐t❛r ♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ s❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠
✶✺✽✮✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡♠ ♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛
❡✈❡♥t♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s
♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛t✐✈♦ ♦✉ ♣❛ss✐✈♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡
❝❛✉s❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞ã♦ ♥❡st❡s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ✭●á❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣r❛t✐❝❛❞❛ ❝❛s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉
✷✵✶✽✱ ♣✳ ✺✹✼✾✮✳ ❍á✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♦s ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦s ❝✉st♦s ♣❛r❛
❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛✱ ♣♦r ♠♦t✐✈♦s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s
❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❣❛❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦s✳ ❍á ❡s✲
♦✉ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s✴❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ❡ q✉❡ ❡①✐❣❡♠ ✈✐❛❣❡♥s✳
t✉❞♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡✱ q✉❡ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✏✐❧✉sã♦ ❞♦s
❆♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r❡♠ ❵s♣♦rts t♦✉r✐s♠✬ ❞❡ ✏t♦✉r✐s♠
❣❛♥❤♦s ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝♦s✑ ✭❆✳ ❩✐♠❜❛❧✐st✱ ✷✵✶✺✮ ♥❛ ♦r❣❛✲
s♣♦rt✬✱ ●❛♠♠♦♥ ❡ ❘♦❜✐♥s♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❛✜r♠❛♠ q✉❡
♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❏♦❣♦s ❖❧í♠♣✐❝♦s ❡ ♦
♦ ❵t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✬ ✭❵s♣♦rts t♦✉r✐s♠✬✮ ♦❝♦rr❡
❈❛♠♣❡♦♥❛t♦ ❞♦ ▼✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧ ✭❇❛❛❞❡✱ ✶✾✾✻❀
q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt♦ é ❛ ❛tr❛çã♦ t✉ríst✐❝❛ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛✱
❇❛❛❞❡ ✫ ▼❛t❤❡s♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ❑✉♣❡r ✫ ❙③②♠❛♥s❦✐✱
♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ✈✐❛❣❡♠✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❵t♦✉✲
✷✵✶✵❀ ❙✐❡❣❢r✐❡❞ ✫ ❩✐♠❜❛❧✐st✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❆✳ ❙✳ ❩✐♠❜❛✲
r✐s♠ s♣♦rt✬ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❛t✐✈❛
❧✐st✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳
♦✉ ♣❛ss✐✈❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛✱ ❝♦♠♣❡✲
t✐t✐✈❛ ♦✉ r❡❝r❡❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ é ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛
✈✐❛❣❡♠✱ ♥ã♦ t❡♥❞♦ s✐❞♦ ♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛✲
çã♦✳
❑✉rt③♠❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✺✮ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛ ♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦r✲
t✐✈♦ ❡♠✿ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✱ ❛tr❛çõ❡s ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛s✱
t♦✉rs ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦s✱ r❡s♦rts ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦s ❡ ❝r✉③❡✐r♦s
❚✫❉
❘
✸✳
❚✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ❡ ❛ ✏◆♦✈❛ ❘♦t❛ ❞❛
❙❡❞❛✑
⑤ ♥✳
♦
✸✶
⑤ ✷✵✶✾
⑤
✽✶
◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚♦✉r✐s♠ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ✫ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆❞♠✐✲
♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙♣♦rt ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ✷✵✶✼✮✳ ❖ ✏P❧❛♥♦ ❞❡
❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦
❞♦ ❵❈✐♥t✉rã♦ ❡ ❘♦t❛✬ ✭✷✵✶✼✲✷✵✷✵✮✑ ✭一带一路✑ 体
❊st✉❞♦s ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞♦ t✉✲
育旅游发展行动方案✷✵✶✼✲✷✵✷✵年✮✱
❧❛♥ç❛❞♦ ❡♠
r✐s♠♦✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦
❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✼✱ é ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛
t❛♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✈✐✲
s♦❜ ❛ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t❛ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ór❣ã♦s ❣♦✲
sã♦ q✉❡ ❝r✐❛ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡
✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛✿ ❛ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
✉♠ ♣❛ís ✭❍♦❧❧✐♥s❤❡❛❞ ✫ ❍♦✉✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❖ t✉r✐s♠♦ é
❞❡ ❚✉r✐s♠♦ ❡ ❛ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❉❡s♣♦rt♦✳
t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ✐♥✢✉✲
❊st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ♥♦rt❡❛❞♦✲
❡♥❝✐❛r ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s
r❡s✳ ❚rês ❞❡❧❡s ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦♠♦✲
✭❳✉✱ ❲❛♥❣✱ ✫ ❙♦♥❣✱ ✷✵✶✽✮✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✶✺✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛
çã♦ ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ✏◆♦✈❛ ❘♦t❛
❈♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❚✉r✐s♠♦✱ ♦ ❞✐r❡t♦r ❞❛ ❡♥✲
❞❛ ❙❡❞❛✑ ✭◆❘❙✮ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛✲
tã♦ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❚✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛
✸
çã♦ ♣❛❝í✜❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♥❛çõ❡s✱ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛
✱ ▲✐ ❏✐♥③❛♦✱ ❛♣♦♥t♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦
❝❤✐♥❡s❛ ❛♦s ♣❛ís❡s ♣❛r❝❡✐r♦s✱ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ❜❡✲
t✉r✐s♠♦ t✐✈❡ss❡ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♠❛✐s ❛t✐✈♦✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥❞♦✲s❡
♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ♠út✉♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❝â♠❜✐♦ ♠✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ❡
♥❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❤✐♥❡s❛ ✭✏▲✐ ❏✐♥③❛♦✿ ❘❡✲
♠✉❧t✐❢♦r♠❡ ✭❈❤✐♥❛ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚♦✉r✐s♠ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛✲
♣♦rt ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✷✵✶✺ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚♦✉r✐s♠
t✐♦♥ ✫ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙♣♦rt ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✱
❲♦r❦ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱✑ ✷✵✶✺✮✳ P❛r❛ ❳✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✽✮✱
✷✵✶✼✮✳
❡r❛ ✉♠ s✐♥❛❧ ❝❧❛r♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ♣❛ss❛r✐❛ ❛ ❡①❡r✲
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ▲✐✉ ❡ ❉✉♥❢♦r❞ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ◆❘❙✱
❝❡r ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♥❛ ❞✐♣❧♦♠❛❝✐❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❤✐♥❡s❛✳
❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ♥ã♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s r❡❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ❛ ❛♥✲
❈❤❡♥ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦
t✐❣❛ r♦t❛ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✱ ♠❛s ✉s❛r ❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧
❝❤✐♥ês✱ ❛♣♦♥t❛ q✉❡ ❡♠❜♦r❛ s❡❥❛♠ s❡t♦r❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛✲
❞❛ ❘♦t❛ ❞❛ ❙❡❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♦♣❡✲
♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✱ ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛ ❡ ♦
r❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❆ ❘♦t❛ ❞❛ ❙❡❞❛✱ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ♦s
t✉r✐s♠♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡r❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡✳ ❖
♠❡s♠♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ é ✉♠❛ ♠❡tá❢♦r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❛③ ❡ ❝♦♦✲
❛✉t♦r ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✱ ♣♦r t❡r
♣❡r❛çã♦✱ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♠út✉❛
♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ t✉✲
❡ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦ ♠út✉♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡♠♦s q✉❡
r✐s♠♦ ✭❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡t❡♥✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❜❡♠✲
❛ ◆❘❙ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛✲
❡st❛r✱ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❛s✱ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çõ❡s ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛s ❡ ❛
❢♦r♠❛ ❛❜❡rt❛ ❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ♠út✉♦s
tr♦❝❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮✱ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛ ❡st❛ ✐♥t❡r✲
❛♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ♥❛s tr♦❝❛s
❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞❡s♣♦rt♦ ❡ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦
❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s✳ ❊✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❝r❡s✲
✭❑✳ ❈❤❡♥✱ ✷✵✶✼✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✮✳
❝❡♥t❛♠ ❳✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✽✮✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦
❈♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s
t✉ríst✐❝❛✱ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ís ♣♦❞❡♠
✐♥❞ústr✐❛s ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❡ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛✱ ❛ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛✲
s❡r ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❞♦s ❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❡♥✲
çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❚✉r✐s♠♦ ❡ ❛ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ●❡✲
✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✳
r❛❧ ❞❡ ❉❡s♣♦rt♦ ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r❛♠ ♥♦ t✉r✐s♠♦
❖✉tr♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s tr❛t❛ ❞❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡✲
❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧
s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦
❛q✉❡❧❛s ❞✉❛s ✐♥❞ústr✐❛s ❡st❛r✐❛♠ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞❛s✳ P♦r
❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦s ❛tr❛✈és
✐ss♦✱ ❛s r❡❢❡r✐❞❛s ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡s ❝❤✐♥❡s❛s r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♠
❞❛ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠❛ss❛s ♥❛ ♣rá✲
q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ é ♥❡✲
t✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛✱ ❛s✲
❝❡ssár✐♦ ❢♦rt❛❧❡❝❡r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ t✉ríst✐❝♦
s✐♠✱ ❢♦♠❡♥t❛r✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡
❡ ❡①♣❛♥❞✐r ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ t✉ríst✐❝♦ ✭❈❤✐♥❛
✸ ❊♠
✷✵✶✽✱ ❡st❡ ór❣ã♦ ❢✉♥❞✐✉✲s❡ ❛♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❈✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❈✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❚✉r✐s♠♦✳
✽✷
⑤ ❚✫
❘
❉ ⑤ ♥✳
♦
✸✶
⑤ ✷✵✶✾ ⑤ ▲❊■❊ ❡ ❘❖❉❘■●❯❊❙
♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦s ❡ ♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦
✭✐✈✮ Pr♦♠♦✈❡r ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s
❡♠ q✉❡stã♦ ✭❈❤✐♥❛ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚♦✉r✐s♠ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛✲
❞❡ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✿ ❛♣♦✐❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛
t✐♦♥ ✫ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙♣♦rt ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✱
❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦
✷✵✶✼✮✳ ❖ q✉✐♥t♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ tr❛t❛ ❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦
❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦s✭❈❤✐♥❛
❊st❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦r ❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡❣r❛✲
◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚♦✉r✐s♠ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ✫ ●❡♥❡r❛❧
❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❡s ❞♦✐s s❡t♦r❡s ✭❈❤✐♥❛ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚♦✉✲
❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙♣♦rt ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ✷✵✶✼✮❀
r✐s♠ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ✫ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢
❙♣♦rt ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ✷✵✶✼✮ ✕ ♣♦♥t♦ q✉❡ s❡rá ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦
❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❛❞✐❛♥t❡✳
❚♦❞♦s ❡st❡s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ tê♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡✲
t✐✈♦s ✜♥❛✐s ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❡♠ ✷✵✷✵ ♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s✲
♣♦rt✐✈♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✶✺✪ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ t♦t❛❧
❞❡ t✉r✐st❛s ♥❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ✭❈❤✐♥❛ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧
❚♦✉r✐s♠ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ✫ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥
♦❢ ❙♣♦rt ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ✷✵✶✼✮ ❡ q✉❡ ❡st❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❛✉✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ s✉❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❥✉♥t♦ à
✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛ ✭❈❤✐♥❛ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚♦✉r✐s♠ ❆❞✲
♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ✫ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙♣♦rt ♦❢
✭✈✮ Pr♦♠♦✈❡r ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ tí♣✐❝❛ ❞♦ t✉✲
r✐s♠♦
❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✭❈❤✐♥❛
◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧
❚♦✉r✐s♠
❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ✫ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢
❙♣♦rt ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ✷✵✶✼✮❀
✭✈✐✮ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❞❡st✐♥♦s ❞❡ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦r✲
t✐✈♦✿ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✷✵ ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♦
❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡st✐♥♦s ❞❡ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✱ ♣❛r❛
❛ss✐♠ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❡st❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❛♠♣❧✐❡
s✉❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❢❛t✉r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛
❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛❀
❈❤✐♥❛✱ ✷✵✶✼✮✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲
✭✈✐✐✮ ❈♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛✲
✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt♦ ♥♦ ♣❛ís✳
çã♦ ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✿ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦
P❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ❡st❛s ♠❡t❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s✱ ♦ ✏P❧❛♥♦ ❞❡
❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❝â♠❜✐♦✱
❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦r✲
✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❛♠✐❣❛s✱
t✐✈♦✑ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦✐t♦ ❛çõ❡s ✭❈❤✐♥❛ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚♦✉✲
❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ❞❛ ❘♦t❛❀
r✐s♠ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ✫ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢
✭✈✐✐✐✮ ❋♦rt❛❧❡❝❡r ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧ ❛♦ t✉✲
❙♣♦rt ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ✷✵✶✼✮✿
✭✐✮ ❆✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❞♦
t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✿
❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛r❝❛✱ s❧♦✲
❣❛♥s✱ ✈í❞❡♦s✱ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛çã♦ ♥♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ✈❡í❝✉✲
❧♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❡♠
❡①✐❜✐çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡♥✜♠ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛♥❞❡❛r
❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛❀
✭✐✐✮ ❈✉❧t✐✈❛r ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❝❤❛✈❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ t✉r✐s♠♦
❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✿
♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛t✐✈✐✲
❞❛❞❡s ♥❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝❤✐♥❡s❛s ❡ ♥♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❞❛
❘♦t❛✱ ❢♦♠❡♥t❛r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ét♥✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✈❛✲
❧♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♦
❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❛❝✲
t❡ríst✐❝❛s ét♥✐❝❛s ❝♦♠✉♥s✱ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦
❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♣❧❛♥♦s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ r❡❣✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt♦ ❡ ♦ ❧❛③❡r❀
r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✿
❡st✐♠✉❧❛r ♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛
❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✱ s❡❥❛ ♥❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s
❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ♣❛ís✱ s❡❥❛ ♥❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦
❞❡ t❤✐♥❦ t❛♥❦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ s❡t♦r✱ s❡❥❛ ♥❛
♣ró♣r✐❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛✳
❆❧é♠ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛✱
t✉ríst✐❝❛ ❡ ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✱ ❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦
❞❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❝â♠❜✐♦ ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❝♦♠ s❡✉s
♣❛r❝❡✐r♦s ♥❛ ✏◆♦✈❛ ❘♦t❛ ❞❛ ❙❡❞❛✑✱ ♦ ✏P❧❛♥♦ ❞❡
❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦r✲
t✐✈♦✑ ❛✐♥❞❛ r❡ss❛❧t❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❡s✲
♣♦rt✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❜❡♠✲❡st❛r ❢ís✐❝♦ ❡ ❞❛
s❛ú❞❡✳
❆❧❣♦✱ ❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣r❡✈✐st♦ ♣❡❧♦
✏P❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧✑✱ q✉❡ ♦❜❥❡✲
✭✐✐✐✮ ❈♦♥str✉✐r ✐♥st❛❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦r✲
t✐✈❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❞♦s ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ♣♦r ❛t✐✈✐✲
t✐✈♦❀
❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛ ❡
❚✫❉
❘
⑤ ♥✳
♦
✸✶
⑤ ✷✵✶✾
⑤
✽✸
♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ♦ r❡❥✉✈❡♥❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥❛çã♦ ❝❤✐✲
❡♠ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧✱ ✼✵ ♠✐❧ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧✱ ❡♥✲
♥❡s❛ ✭❈❤✐♥❛✬s ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❘❡❢♦r♠
tr❡ ✸✵ ❛ ✺✵ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦
❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳
❜ás✐❝♦ ❡ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt♦❀
✭✐✐✮ ❆té ✷✵✸✵✿ ✺✵ ♠✐❧ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s
❡♠ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧✱ ❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❝❤✐♥❡s❛ ♠❛s❝✉❧✐♥❛ s❡r
✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❞❛ ➪s✐❛✱ ❡ ❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❢❡♠✐✲
✹✳ ❋✉t❡❜♦❧ ❡ ❛ ✏◆♦✈❛ ❘♦t❛ ❞❛ ❙❡❞❛✑
♥✐♥❛ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ ✏❝❧❛ss❡ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✑❀
❞❡
✭✐✐✐✮ ❆té ✷✵✺✵✿ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❡s❝❛❧ã♦
❧♦♥❣♦
♥♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ ✭♠❛s❝✉❧✐♥♦✮✱ ♥♦ t♦♣✲✷✵
♣r❛③♦ ✭✷✵✶✻✲✷✵✺✵✮✑ ✭中 国 足 球 中 长 期 发 展 规
❞♦ r❛♥❦✐♥❣ ❞❛ ❋■❋❆✱ t❡♥❞♦ s❡❞✐❛❞♦ ❡ ✈❡♥❝✐❞♦
划❬✷✵✶✻✖✷✵✺✵年❪✮
✉♠ ❈❛♠♣❡♦♥❛t♦ ❞♦ ▼✉♥❞♦✳
▲❛♥ç❛❞♦
❡♠
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦
❛❜r✐❧
❞♦
❞❡
✷✵✶✻✱
❢✉t❡❜♦❧
❛
♦
✏P❧❛♥♦
♠é❞✐♦
❡
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡
♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦
●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❈❤✐♥ês✱ s♦❜ ❛ t✉t❡❧❛ ❞♦ ●❛❜✐♥❡t❡ ❞♦ ❈♦♥✲
❏á ❡♠ ✷✵✶✼✱ ♦ ❉✐ár✐♦ ❞♦ P♦✈♦ ✭人民日报✮✱ ❥♦r✲
s❡❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t❛ ■♥t❡r✲
♥❛❧ ♦✜❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ P❛rt✐❞♦ ❈♦♠✉♥✐st❛ ❈❤✐♥ês✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝♦✉
♠✐♥✐st❡r✐❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ❘❡❢♦r♠❛ ❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦
q✉❡ ❛s ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt♦ ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❤❛✈✐❛♠
❋✉t❡❜♦❧✳ ❊st❡ ór❣ã♦ r❡ú♥❡✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ✶✶ ♠✐♥✐s✲
❛❧t❡r❛❞♦ ❛s ♠❡t❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s✳ ❯♠❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❛✐♥❞❛
tér✐♦s✱ q✉❛tr♦ ❝♦♠✐ssõ❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦✱
♠❛✐s ❛♠❜✐❝✐♦s❛✳ ❆♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ s❡ ❡s♣❡r❛r ❛té ✷✵✸✵
❝✐♥❝♦ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛✲
♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❛♠ ✺✵ ♠✐❧ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ Pr♦♣❛❣❛♥❞❛ ❞♦ P❛rt✐❞♦ ❈♦♠✉♥✐st❛ ❈❤✐✲
❢✉t❡❜♦❧✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é q✉❡ ❡ss❛ ♠❛r❝❛ ❡st❡❥❛ ❛❧❝❛♥✲
♥ês✳
ç❛❞❛ ❥á ❡♠ ✷✵✷✺ ✭P❡♦♣❧❡✬s ❉❛✐❧②✱ ✷✵✶✼✮✳
❆ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ✏P❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦
❖ s♦♥❤♦ ❝❤✐♥ês ❡ ❞♦ s❡✉ ♣r❡s✐❞❡♥t❡ ❳✐ ❏✐♥♣✐♥❣
❞♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧✑ ✈❛✐ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❛✉✲
t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ ✐♥s❡r❡♠ ❡♠ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❣❡♦♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞♦
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❤♦rár✐❛ ❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❢ís✐❝❛ ♥❛s ❡s✲
♣❛ís✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❛t❡st❛✱ ❛♦ s❡ r❡❢❡r✐r
❝♦❧❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧✮✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡stí✲
❛ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❞✐♣❧♦♠át✐❝❛s ❡ ✐♥t❡r❝â♠❜✐♦s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s
♠✉❧♦ à ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❡stã♦ ❞❡ s❛ú❞❡
✭❈❤✐♥❛✬s ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❘❡❢♦r♠ ❈♦♠✲
♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ✭✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❜❡♠✲❡st❛r ❢ís✐❝♦ ❡ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞♦s
♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳
❥♦✈❡♥s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❢♦rt❛❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✲
❖❧í♠♣✐❝♦s ❞❡ P❡q✉✐♠✱ ❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❝❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❞❛s ♠❛ss❛s✮✱ ❛ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝â♠✲
♣❛③ ❞❡ ♠♦str❛r ❛♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡
❜✐♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❡ ❞✐♣❧♦♠át✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♥❛çõ❡s✱ ❛té
q✉❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐✉ s❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♠✉♥✲
♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ❞♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧ ❛ ♠♦❧❛ ♣r♦♣✉❧s♦r❛ ❞♦
❞✐❛❧✿ ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛✳ ✏❆ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛ ❞♦
♥❛çã♦ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥❛✱ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡✲
♣❛ís✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛ s❡ t♦r♥❡ ✉♠ s❡t♦r r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♥❛
♠❡♥t❡ ♣rós♣❡r❛✑ ✭●✐✉❧✐❛♥♦tt✐✱ ✷✵✶✺✱ ♣✳ ✷✽✾✮ ❢♦✐ ♦
❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛❥✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❛ís ❝♦♥t✐✲
q✉❡ ♦ ♣❛ís t❡♥t♦✉ ✈❡♥❞❡r ❛♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ♥ã♦
♥✉❡ ❛ ❝r❡s❝❡r ❡ ♣r♦s♣❡r❛r✳ ❆❧é♠✱ ❝❧❛r♦✱ ❞❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧
❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❞✐♣❧♦♠át✐❝❛s
❛♠❜✐çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s q✉❡ é ✈❡r ❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ s❡ s❛❣r❛r ❝❛♠✲
❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦
♣❡ã ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡ s❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐♦✲
t✉r✐s♠♦✳ ❊ ❡st❛ ♣❛r❡❝❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ ❞❛s r❛③õ❡s ♣♦r trás
r❡s ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ ✭❈❤✐♥❛✬s ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧
❞♦ ✏♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧✑✳
❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❘❡❢♦r♠ ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳
P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧✱ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱
❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❛✲s❡ ❡♠ três ❡t❛♣❛s✿
❊♠ ✷✵✵✽✱ ❛♣ós s❡❞✐❛r ♦s ❏♦❣♦s
◆♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛ ❞✐♣❧♦♠❛❝✐❛✱ ❞❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛✲
❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❡①t❡r✐♦r✱ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧ ❥á t❡♠ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞♦ ❛ ❈❤✐♥❛
❞❡ ♣❛r❝❡✐r♦s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❝❤❛♠❛
✭✐✮ ❆té ✷✵✷✵✿ ✷✵ ♠✐❧ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s
❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ❙✐♠♦♥ ❈❤❛❞✇✐❝❦ ❝♦♠ r❡✲
✽✹
⑤ ❚✫
❘
❉ ⑤ ♥✳
♦
✸✶
⑤ ✷✵✶✾ ⑤ ▲❊■❚❊ ❡ ❘❖❉❘■●❯❊❙
❧❛çã♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛❧✐❛♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❡ ♦
❣✉❡s❡s ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✭❇✐❧r❡r♦✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳
■rã♦ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✱ ♥♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r♦✲
①✐♠❛çã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ✏◆♦✈❛ ❘♦t❛
❞❛ ❙❡❞❛✑✳ ❆❧❣♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s✉r♣r❡❡♥❞❡✱ ❛✜♥❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦
❈❤❛❞✇✐❝❦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛✱ ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❡st❛✲
s♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r✬
✺✳ ❚✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✱ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧ ❡ ❵
t❛❧ ❝❤✐♥❡s❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ▼❡❞✐❛ ❈❛♣✐t❛❧ ❛❞q✉✐r✐✉ ✶✸✪ ❞♦
❝❧✉❜❡ ✐♥❣❧ês ▼❛♥❝❤❡st❡r ❈✐t②✱ q✉❡ é ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r
◆♦
❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡
●✐✉❧✐❛♥♦tt✐
✭✷✵✶✺✱
♣✳
✐♥✈❡st✐❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❆❜✉ ❉❤❛❜✐✳ ❆q✉✐s✐çã♦ q✉❡ ✈❡✐♦ ♥❛
✷✽✼✮✱ ♦s ✏♠❡❣❛❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥✲
s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦
s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ♣♦❞❡r♦s❛s ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛çõ❡s
❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❝♦♠ ❆❜✉ ❉❤❛❜✐✱ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❡tró❧❡♦ ❡
❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦râ♥❡❛s ❞❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✐③❛çã♦✑✳ ■st♦ ♣♦rq✉❡✱ s❡✲
❣ás ✭❈❤❛❞✇✐❝❦✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳
❣✉♥❞♦ ❡st❡ s♦❝✐ó❧♦❣♦✱ ♦s ♠❡❣❛❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦s
❆ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ✏◆♦✈❛ ❘♦t❛ ❞❛ ❙❡❞❛✑ ❡ ♦
tê♠ r❡✢❡①♦s ♥❛s ❡s❢❡r❛s ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝❛✱ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♣♦✲
❞❡s♣♦rt♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❡❣❛ ❛ P♦rt✉❣❛❧✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✶✺✱ ♦
❧ít✐❝❛✳
❛♥t✐❣♦ ❡♠❜❛✐①❛❞♦r ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❡♠ ▲✐s❜♦❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r♦✉
às ❝✐❢r❛s ❜✐❧✐♦♥ár✐❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥❡st❡s t♦r♥❡✐♦s ❡ ❛
q✉❡ ✏P♦rt✉❣❛❧ é ♦ ❝♦♠❡ç♦ ❡ ♦ ✜♠ ❞❛ r♦t❛ ❞❛ s❡❞❛✑
♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛s ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♣❛ís❡s q✉❡ s❡❞✐❛♠
✭❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ ✷✵✶✻✱ ♣✳ ✹✾✮✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❡ ❛♣ós ♦
♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♣♦❞❡r❡♠ ✏s❡ ✈❡♥❞❡r✑✳
❧❛♥ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✏♣❧❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧✑✱ ✈❡❡♠✲s❡ ❡①❡♠✲
à q✉❡stã♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r r❡❝♦r❞❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛s
♣❧♦s ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❝â♠❜✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣♦rt✉❣✉❡s❡s ❡ ❝❤✐♥❡s❡s
❝♦♠♣❡t✐çõ❡s sã♦ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♠✐❧ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s
♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧✳
❆ ❋♦②♦ ❈✉❧t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❊♥✲
❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡t❛✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦
t❡rt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ❈♦ ▲t❞✱ s✉❜s✐❞✐ár✐❛ ❞❛ ❋♦s✉♥✱ t♦r♥♦✉✲
♣♦❧ít✐❝♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ✏❡st❡s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❛tr❛❡♠ ♣♦❧í✲
s❡ só❝✐❛ ❞❛ ●❡st✐❢✉t❡ ✭❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦rt✉❣✉ês ❏♦r❣❡
t✐❝♦s ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ❝❡r✐✲
▼❡♥❞❡s✮ ❡ ♣❛r❝❡✐r❛ ❞♦ ❇❡♥✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❝♦✲
♠ó♥✐❛s ❞❡ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛✑ ✭●✐✉❧✐❛♥♦tt✐✱ ✷✵✶✺✱ ♣✳ ✷✽✼✮✳
♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❡ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧ ♥❛ ❈❤✐♥❛
P♦r ❡ss❛ r❛③ã♦✱ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❣❛❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡s✲
✭❍❡✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✱ ❡ ♦ ❝❧✉❜❡ ♣♦rt✉❣✉ês✱ ❡♠ ❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✻✱
♣♦rt✐✈♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r✈✐r ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❵
❞❡❝❧❛r❛✈❛ ❡st❛r ✏♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦
♣♦✇❡r✬
❞❡ ✶✵ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❡ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❍❛♥❣③❤♦✉✑
✷✵✶✻❀ ▼❛♥❣❛♥✱ ❖❦✱ ✫ ❑✇❛❦✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳
❊♠ t❡r♠♦s ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝♦s✱ ●✐✉❧✐❛♥♦tt✐ ❛❧✉❞❡
◆♦ q✉❡ t❛♥❣❡
s♦❢t
✭●✐✉❧✐❛♥♦tt✐✱ ✷✵✶✺❀ ❑♦r♥❡❡✈❛ ✫ ❖❣✉rts♦✈✱
❙♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r✬ é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❏♦✲
✭❙▲ ❇❡♥✜❝❛✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳
❵
❆ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❝❤✐♥❡s❛ ❲❙♣♦rts ❙❡✈❡♥✱ ❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡✲
s❡♣❤ ◆②❡✱ q✉❡✱ ❛♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r✱
sár✐♦ ◗✐ ❈❤❡♥✱ ❝r✐♦✉ ✉♠ ❝❧✉❜❡✱ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❧ ❉r❛❣♦♥
❞❡✜♥✐✉ q✉❡ ✏♣♦❞❡r é ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r ❛s
❋❈✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛r ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢✉t❡✲
♦✉tr❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡
❜♦❧✐st❛s ❝❤✐♥❡s❡s ❡♠ P♦rt✉❣❛❧✳ ❊ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ❖r✐❡♥✲
s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝♦❡rçã♦✱
t❛❧ ❉r❛❣♦♥✱ ◗✐ ❈❤❡♥ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❛❝✐♦♥✐st❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐tá✲
❞♦ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ❞❛ ❛tr❛çã♦✑ ✭◆②❡✱ ✷✵✶✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✶✮✳
r✐♦ ❞♦ P✐♥❤❛❧♥♦✈❡♥s❡ ❡ ❚♦rr❡❡♥s❡ ✭❆❣✉✐❧❛r✱ ✷✵✶✻❀
❊♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣♦♥t♦ ❛♦ ✏♣♦❞❡r ❞✉r♦✑✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐✲
❱❛③❛✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳
③❛r✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦❡rçã♦ ✭❢♦rç❛ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✮ ♦✉ ❞♦ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦
❊♠ ●♦♥❞♦♠❛r✱ ✶✸ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s ❝❤✐✲
s♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r✬
♥❡s❡s✱ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝♦♠ ♣❛ss❛❣❡♥s ♣❡❧❛s s❡❧❡çõ❡s ❞❛s
✭❢♦rç❛ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛✮✱ ❤❛✈❡r✐❛ ♦ ❵
❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ tr❡✐♥❛♠ s♦❜ ❛ s✉♣❡r✲
❜r❛♥❞♦✑✮✳ ✏❯♠ ♣❛ís ♣♦❞❡ ♦❜t❡r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡
✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ tr❡✐♥❛❞♦r ❆❣♦st✐♥❤♦ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠
❞❡s❡❥❛ ♥❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛í✲
é ❝♦♥s✉❧t♦r ❞❛ ❈❋❆ ✭❱❛③❛✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ❡①✲
s❡s ✕ ❛❞♠✐r❛♥❞♦ s❡✉s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ❡♠✉❧❛♥❞♦ s❡✉ ❡①❡♠✲
❢✉t❡❜♦❧✐st❛ ♣♦rt✉❣✉ês ▲✉ís ❋✐❣♦✱ ❡♠ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛ ❝♦♠
♣❧♦ ❡ ❛s♣✐r❛♥❞♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣r♦s♣❡r✐❞❛❞❡ ✕ ✈❛✐
✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ P❡q✉✐♠✱ ❥á ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠
q✉❡r❡r s❡❣✉✐✲❧♦✑ ✭◆②❡✱ ✷✵✵✹✱ ♣✳ ✺✮✳
❝✐♥❝♦ ♠✐❧ ❥♦✈❡♥s ❛t❧❡t❛s q✉❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s
❈♦♠♦
❝♦❧♦❝❛♠
❇r❛♥♥❛❣❛♥
❡
✭✏♣♦❞❡r
●✐✉❧✐❛♥♦tt✐
s♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r✬
✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ ❋✐❣♦✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❡♠
✭✷✵✶✽✮✱ ◆②❡ ❝✉♥❤♦✉ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❵
✶✻ ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❝❤✐♥❡s❛s✳
❝✉r❛r r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛ ❞✉❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥✲
❙❡ss❡♥t❛ tr❡✐♥❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦rt✉✲
❛♦ ♣r♦✲
❚✫❉
❘
⑤ ♥✳
♦
✸✶
⑤ ✷✵✶✾
⑤
✽✺
tr❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❡ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦✱
❵s♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r✬ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❝❤✐♥❡s❛ ❡ ❝♦♥stró✐ ❛
❝♦♠ ♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✲
✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞♦ ♣❛ís ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛✲
r❛♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❛t♦r❡s ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ t❡r ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
❣❡♥s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ✭❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❣❛❡✈❡♥t♦s
❢♦r♠❛t❛r✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛ ❞✐✲
❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦s ✕ ❡①✳ ❏♦❣♦s ❖❧í♠♣✐❝♦s ❞❡ P❡q✉✐♠✮ ❡ ♦
❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛✉❞✐ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ❡st❡s ❛t♦r❡s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s
t✉r✐s♠♦ ✭♣✳ ✹✮✳
❡st❛✈❛♠ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♣♦❞❡r❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s
❆❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡✲s❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ q✉❡ ♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❵s♦❢t
❉✐❛♥t❡
♣♦✇❡r✬ ♥♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt♦ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛✲
❞❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ✏♣❛r❛❞♦①♦ ❞❛ ❛❜✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛✑✱ ◆②❡
çã♦ ❞♦s ♠❡❣❛❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦s✳ ❆♦ ❛❧✐❛r ♦s ♠❡✲
✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r♦✉ q✉❡ t❛♥t❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❧❡✈❛ ❛ ♣♦✲
❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❵s♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r✬ ❝♦♠ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❛r❦❡✲
❜r❡③❛ ❞❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡ q✉❡✱ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱
t✐♥❣ ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠❛ ♠❛r❝❛ ✭✏ ❜r❛♥❞✐♥❣✑✮ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥❛✲
s❡r✐❛ ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♠❛✐s ❡s❝❛ss♦✱ ❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s
çã♦ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ♠✉❞❛r ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ✐♥t❡r✲
q✉❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐ss❡♠ ❢❛③❡r ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐r s❡✉s s✐♥❛✐s ❞❡ ✈❛✲
♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✕ ✏ ♥❛t✐♦♥ ❜r❛♥❞✐♥❣✑ ✭❑r③②③❛♥✐❛❦✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳
❧♦r❡s ❡♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❛♦s r✉í❞♦s ❛❞q✉✐r✐r✐❛♠ ♣♦❞❡r ✭♣✳ ✻✽
◆♦ ♠❡s♠♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❋r❡❡♠❛♥ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛s
❡ ✻✾✮✳
♥❛çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❡ss❡ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✲
❡r❛♠ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦s ❡ ❡①❡r❝✐❞♦s ✭♣✳
✶✶✹✵✮✳
❇❛r♥❡tt ✫ ❉✉✈❛❧❧✱ ❝✐t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❳✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✽✱
tr✉✐r ❡ ❣❡r✐r ❛s s✉❛s r❡♣✉t❛çõ❡s✱ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛♥❞♦✱
♣✳ ✷✮✱ ❛✜r♠❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❡stá ❝❡♥tr❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✐❞❡✐❛
❛✐♥❞❛✱ q✉❡ ❡ss❛ é ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❵❞✐♣❧♦♠❛❝✐❛ ♣ú✲
❞❡ ♥❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ✉s❛♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✢✉✲
❜❧✐❝❛ s✉❛✈❡✬✱ q✉❡ s❡r✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s
❡♥❝✐❛r ♦✉tr❛s ♥❛çõ❡s✳
s❡ t♦r♥❛r❡♠ ❛tr❛t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡str❛♥❣❡✐r♦s ❝♦♠♦
❘❡t♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦
✏♣❛r♦❞♦①♦ ❞❛ ❛❜✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛✑ ❡ s❡✉ r✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐✲
t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦s s❡✉s ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s✳
❝❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r
❯♠ ❜♦♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✏ ♥❛t✐♦♥ ❜r❛♥❞✐♥❣✑ é ♦ ❝❛s♦
❡♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❛ t❛♥t❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ t❛♥t♦s ❛t♦r❡s✱
❞♦ ◗❛t❛r ✭❇r❛♥♥❛❣❛♥ ✫ ●✐✉❧✐❛♥♦tt✐✱ ✷✵✶✺❀ ❇r❛♥♥❛✲
♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ t❡r ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦✲
❣❛♥ ✫ ❘♦♦❦✇♦♦❞✱ ✷✵✶✻❀ ❉♦rs❡②✱ ✷✵✶✹✱ ✷✵✶✺❀ ❘❡✐✲
♠♦✈❡r s✉❛s ❧❡❣✐t✐♠✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛tr❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ➱ ♥❡st❡
❝❤❡✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ◗❛✲
❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ q✉❡ ◆②❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡
t❛r ❡ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ◗❛t❛r ❆✐r✇❛②s
❵s♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r✬✳
❊ ✐st♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛♥❞♦ ❛
✭✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❡st❛t❛❧✱ ❞❡t✐❞❛ ❡♠ s✉❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✐✲
❛❣❡♥❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❧✲
❞❛❞❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❋✉♥❞♦ ❙♦❜❡r❛♥♦ ❞♦ ◗❛t❛r✮✱ ♣❛tr♦❝✐♥❛
❞❛r ❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s
♦ ❇❛r❝❡❧♦♥❛✱ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❡♠❜❧❡♠át✐❝♦s ❝❧✉❜❡s ❞♦
❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✭❇r❛♥♥❛❣❛♥ ✫ ●✐✉❧✐❛♥♦tt✐✱
♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✶✶✱ ❛ ❆✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ■♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦
✷✵✶✽✱ ♣✳
❖ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❵s♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r✬ ❢♦✐
❞♦ ◗❛t❛r ❝♦♠♣r♦✉ ♦ P❛r✐s ❙❛✐♥t✲●❡r♠❛✐♥ ✭❑r③②③❛✲
✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✷ ❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡♥tã♦ ❣❡✲
♥✐❛❦✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳ ❖ ◗❛t❛r✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡✱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛ ❛s ♠❛r❝❛s
r♦✉ ✈ár✐❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ❡ s❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❝❡♥✲
❞❡ ❇❛r❝❡❧♦♥❛ ❡ P❙●✱ ❡ ❞❛s s✉❛s ❡str❡❧❛s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s✱
tr❛❧ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♥♦ P❛rt✐❞♦ ❈♦♠✉♥✐st❛
❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ▼❡ss✐✱ ◆❡②♠❛r✱ ■♥✐❡st❛✱ ❚❤✐❛❣♦
❈❤✐♥ês ✭❳✉ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✽✮✱ t❡♥❞♦ s✐❞♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♥❛
❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉✲
❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♦✜❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ P❈❈❤ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✼✱ ♥♦ ❞✐s❝✉rs♦
♠❛s ❞❡ s✉❛s ❝❛♠♣❛♥❤❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝✐tár✐❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦
♦
❞♦ ❡♥tã♦ ♣r❡s✐❞❡♥t❡ ❍✉ ❏✐♥t❛♦ ♥♦ ✶✼ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦
❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ♥♦ ❡♠✐r❛❞♦✳
✶✶✹✶✮✳
◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ♣❛rt✐❞♦✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡
▲❡❣❛❞♦s ❡ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ s✉✲
✉♠ ♣❛ís r❡❝♦rr❡r ❛♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt♦ ♦✉ ❛♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦r✲
❝❡ss♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ sã♦ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛r ❛ ❛❞✲
t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❵s♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r✬
♠✐r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❆✜♥❛❧✱ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ é ✉♠❛ ✐♠✲
♥ã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ✈❛✐ s❡r ❜❡♠✲s✉❝❡❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ s❡✉
♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ✉♠❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛
♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳
❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡♥t❡ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠❡✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s✲
s❡♠♣♦✇❡r♠❡♥t✬ ✕ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛ t❡♥t❛✲
tr✉✐r ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡①t❡r♥❛ ✭◆②❡✱ ✷✵✵✽✱ ♣✳
t✐✈❛ ✏s❛✐ ♣❡❧❛ ❝✉❧❛tr❛✑ ❡ ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♦ ♣r❡stí❣✐♦
✾✺✮✳ ❊ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛♠ ❳✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✽✮✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡
sã♦ ❛❜❛❧❛❞♦s ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ❡①♣❛♥❞✐❞♦s ✭●✐✉❧✐❛♥♦tt✐✱
❆✜♥❛❧✱ ❤á s❡♠♣r❡ ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞♦ ❵s♦❢t ❞✐✲
✽✻
⑤ ❚✫
❘
❉ ⑤ ♥✳
♦
✸✶
⑤ ✷✵✶✾ ⑤ ▲❊■❚❊ ❡ ❘❖❉❘■●❯❊❙
✷✵✶✺✱ ♣✳ ✷✾✵✮✳
t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✑ ✭❈❤✐♥❛ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚♦✉r✐s♠ ❆❞✲
♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ✫ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙♣♦rt ♦❢
❈❤✐♥❛✱ ✷✵✶✼✮✳
❊st❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧♦ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦✱ ❛ ♣r♦♣ó✲
✻✳ ❊st❛❞♦ ❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦
s✐t♦✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞♦
❢✉t❡❜♦❧✳ ❊♠ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✼✱ ❛ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ●❡✲
❖✉tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛♦s ♣❧❛♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲
r❛❧ ❞♦ ❉❡s♣♦rt♦ ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ❛❝✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝❧✉❜❡s ❞❡
✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲
✏q✉❡✐♠❛r❡♠ ❞✐♥❤❡✐r♦ ❡ ♣❛❣❛r❡♠ s❛❧ár✐♦s ♠✉✐t♦ ❡❧❡✲
✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧ é ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❡
✈❛❞♦s ❛ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s ❡str❛♥❣❡✐r♦s✑✱ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st♦✉ ❛ s✉❛
♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s ♣r♦✲
✐♥t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛r ♦s ❣❛st♦s ❞♦s ❝❧✉❜❡s ♣r♦✜ss✐✲
❥❡t♦s✳
♦♥❛✐s ✭❈❤❛❞✇✐❝❦✱ ✷✵✶✼✮✳
❈♦♠♦ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛ ❖str♦♠ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✱ ♦ ❝❛s♦
▲♦❣♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ❛ ❆ss♦✲
❝❤✐♥ês r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡❝♦♥ó✲
❝✐❛çã♦ ❈❤✐♥❡s❛ ❞❡ ❋✉t❡❜♦❧ ♠✉❞♦✉ ♦ r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t♦
♠✐❝♦✱ q✉❡ r❡q✉❡r ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ t❡♦r✐❛ q✉❡ ✈á ❛❧é♠ ❞❛
❞♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s ❡str❛♥❣❡✐r♦s ♣♦r ❡q✉✐♣❛✳ ❆♦
❞✐❝♦t♦♠✐❛ ❊st❛❞♦ ❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✳ ■ss♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛s r❡❧❛✲
✐♥✈és ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ✸✰✶ ✭três ❡str❛♥❣❡✐r♦s ♠❛✐s ✉♠
çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦✲
❛s✐át✐❝♦✮ ♣♦r ❥♦❣♦✱ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s três ❡str❛♥❣❡✐✲
❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✱
r♦s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ✭✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ♥❛❝✐✲
♥ã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r❡♠✲s❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❞✐✈✐✲
♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✮✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ♦❜r✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛r ✉♠ ❝❤✐✲
sã♦ ❞✐❝♦tô♠✐❝❛✳ ❆✜♥❛❧✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ r❡❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞♦ ♣❛ís
♥ês s✉❜✲✷✸ ♥♦ ✶✶ t✐t✉❧❛r✳
♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ s♦❜ ❛ ❧✐❞❡r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❉❡♥❣ ❳✐❛♦♣✐♥❣✱
❛ ❈❋❆ ♣✉❜❧✐❝♦✉ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♠♣♦st♦
♥♦ ✜♠ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✶✾✼✵✱ ❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ♣❛ss♦✉ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs❛s
q✉❡ r❡❝❛✐ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❥♦❣❛✲
tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛té ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛
❞♦r❡s ❡str❛♥❣❡✐r♦s✿ ✶✵✵✪ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ ♣❛❣❛r
✏❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✑ ♦✉ ✏s♦❝✐❛❧✐s♠♦
♣❡❧♦ ❛t❧❡t❛✳
❏á ❡♠ ♠❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✼✱
❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✑ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✷ ✭❳✳ ❈❤❡♥✱ ▼✐♥❢♦r❞✱ ❚✐❛♥✱ ✫
❩❤♦✉✱ ✷✵✶✼❀ ●♦♥❣ ✫ ❈♦rt❡s❡✱ ✷✵✶✼✮✳
❚❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳
✭✷✵✶✻✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦
t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡r ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡
✼✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦
✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ❣r✉♣♦s t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦
♣r♦♣❛❣❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✳
❊♠✲
◆♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐✲
❜♦r❛ ♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦s s❡❥❛♠ ♠❛✐s ✐♥✲
t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛
t❡r❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✱ ♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡①❡r❝❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦✲
♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ✲ ✏❖♣✐♥✐õ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲
❞❡r s♦❜r❡ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡ ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❛
✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈❛ ❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ♦
♠❛♥t❡r ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ s❡ q✉✐s❡r
❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt♦✑ ✭国 务 院 关 于 加 快 发 展
t❡r ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ❡ss❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s ✭❚❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳
体 育 产 业 促 进 体 育 消 费 的 若 干 意 见✮❀
✏P❧❛♥♦
❖ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s✲
❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧ ❛ ♠é❞✐♦ ❡ ❧♦♥❣♦
♣♦rt✐✈♦ é ❡①♣❧í❝✐t♦✱ ♥♦ s❡✉ q✉✐♥t♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦✱ q✉❛♥t♦
♣r❛③♦ ✭✷✵✶✻✲✷✵✺✵✮✑ ✭中 国 足 球 中 长 期 发 展 规
à r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ❛♦ ❢❛❧❛r ❞❛
划❬✷✵✶✻✖✷✵✺✵年❪✮
❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✳
❆♦
s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❵❈✐♥t✉rã♦
♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛✜r♠❛ ♣r♦❝✉r❛r ✏s❡❣✉✐r
❡ ❘♦t❛✬ ✭✷✵✶✼✲✷✵✷✵✮✑ ✭一带一路✑ 体育旅游发展
❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❡ ❛s r❡❣r❛s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱
行动方案✷✵✶✼✲✷✵✷✵年✮
❞❛♥❞♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡❝✐s✐✈♦ ❛♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦
♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♥♦s ❞♦✐s ♣❧❛♥♦s✳
❡ ♦ ✏P❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡✲
✲✱ ♣r♦❝✉r♦✉✲s❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r
❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♣r✐♠♦r❞✐❛❧ às ✈ár✐❛s ❡♠♣r❡✲
❈♦♥st❛t♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡✱ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠✲
s❛s✑✱ ❞❡✐①❛ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❝❛❜❡rá ❛♦ ✏❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ♦ ♣❛✲
♣❧❡①♦ ❡ ♣❡❝✉❧✐❛r s✐st❡♠❛ ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝♦ ❝❤✐♥ês ✭❖s✲
♣❡❧ ❞❡ ❧✐❞❡r❛r ❡ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦
tr♦♠✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✱ ♦s ❞♦✐s ♣❧❛♥♦s ❝♦♥t❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥✐✲
❚✫❉
❘
⑤ ♥✳
♦
✸✶
⑤ ✷✵✶✾
⑤
✽✼
❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡
♥ã♦ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ t❡♠❛ ❡s❣♦t❛❞♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡
s❡❥❛♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❊s✲
t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲
t❛❞♦ ❡①❡r❝❡ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ❧✐❞❡r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦✱
✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧ ❝❤✐♥ês t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡t❛ ✜♥❛❧ ♦
❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❝✉♠♣r❛♠ ♦s
❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✺✵ ❡ ♦ ❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦
♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s tr❛ç❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ór❣ã♦s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✳
t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ é ❛✐♥❞❛ r❡❝❡♥t❡✳
❉❡♠♦♥str♦✉✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❛s ♠❛♥✐❢❡s✲
t❛çõ❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt♦ ❡ ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s
❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲
❞❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❵s♦❢t
♣♦✇❡r✬✳
❆ss✐♠✱
✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱
❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ♣r♦❝✉r❛✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ❞♦✐s ♣❧❛♥♦s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛✲
❞♦s✱ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛ s✉❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡s✲
♣♦rt✐✈❛✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❞✐♣❧♦✲
♠át✐❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s✱ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ♦ ✐♥t❡r❝â♠❜✐♦ ❡ ❛
tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛r ♦ ♣❛ís ❞❡ ♦✉✲
tr❛s ♥❛çõ❡s✱ ❢♦rt❛❧❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ s✉❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡
s❡✉ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ❧✐❞❡r❛♥ç❛ ♥❛ ❣❡♦♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦✲
♥❛❧✳ P❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt♦✱ ❡ ♣♦r
❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✱ s❡r✈❡♠
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❆❣✉✐❧❛r✱ ▲✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳
◆❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❞❡ ♦❧❤♦s ❡♠ ❜✐❝♦✳
❘❡tr✐✲
❤tt♣✿✴✴s❥♣❢✳♣t✴✐♥❞❡①✳
♣❤♣❄♣t❂♥❡✇s✫♦♣❂❖P❴❙❍❖❲❴❉❊❚❆■▲✫✐❞❂✼✻✹✽
❡✈❡❞ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✷✸✱ ✷✵✶✼✱ ❢r♦♠
❇❛❛❞❡✱ ❘✳ ✭✶✾✾✻✮✳
Pr♦❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❙♣♦rts ❆s ❈❛t❛❧②sts ❢♦r
▼❡tr♦♣♦❧✐t❛♥ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳
❜❛♥ ❆✛❛✐rs✱ ✶✽✭✶✮✱
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❯r✲
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✶✶✴
❥✳✶✹✻✼✲✾✾✵✻✳✶✾✾✻✳t❜✵✵✸✻✶✳①
✶✕✶✼✳
❇❛❛❞❡✱ ❘✳ ❛✳✱ ✫ ▼❛t❤❡s♦♥✱ ❱✳ ❛✳
❢♦r t❤❡ ❈✉♣✿
❲♦r❧❞ ❈✉♣✳
✭✷✵✵✹✮✳
❚❤❡ ◗✉❡st
❆ss❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ■♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡
❘❡❣✐♦♥❛❧ ❙t✉❞✐❡s✱ ✸✽✭✹✮✱
✸✹✸✕✸✺✹✳
❤tt♣s✿
✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✵✸✹✸✹✵✵✷✵✵✵✷✶✸✽✽✽
❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❛tr❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡✲
r❛t✉r❛ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❵s♦❢t
❇✐❧r❡r♦✱ ❆✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ ❉✐r❡t♦r ❞❛ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ ❋✐❣♦ ♥❛ ❈❤✐♥❛✳ ✏❉❡
♣♦✇❡r✬✳
❖❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ q✉❡ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛ t❡♥t❛✲
t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛ís ♦❜t❡r ❵s♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r✬ é ❜❡♠✲s✉❝❡❞✐❞❛✱
❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞♦ ✏t✐r♦ s❛✐r ♣❡❧❛ ❝✉❧❛tr❛✑ ✕ ❵s♦❢t
❞✐s❡♠♣♦✇❡r♠❡♥t✬
✭●✐✉❧✐❛♥♦tt✐✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳
➱ ♣♦r ✐ss♦
q✉❡ ❇r❛♥♥❛❣❛♥ ❡ ●✐✉❧✐❛♥♦tt✐ ✭✷✵✶✽✮ ❢❛❧❛♠ ❞♦ ✏✜❧✲
tr♦ ❞❛ ❛tr❛çã♦ ❝r❡❞í✈❡❧✑ ❡ ❝❤❛♠❛♠ ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛
❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ❛tr❛çã♦ q✉❡
s❡❥❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sí✈❡❧ ✭♣✳ ✶✶✺✼✮✳ ❊ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ é ♣r❡✲
❝✐s♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r r❡❝✉rs♦s q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ ❛tr❛❡♥t❡s
♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❣❛ ♦❜t❡r ♦ ❵s♦❢t
♣♦✇❡r✬✱
t❛♠❜é♠
é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛s ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛✲
✵ ❛ ✶✵✱ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧ ❝❤✐♥ês r❡❝❡❜❡ ✉♠ ✺✳✑ ❘❡tr✐❡✈❡❞ ❏❛♥✉❛r②
❤tt♣s✿✴✴s♦❧✳s❛♣♦✳♣t✴❛rt✐❣♦✴✺✷✶✹✼✶✴
❞✐r❡t♦r✲❞❛✲❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❛✲❢✐❣♦✲♥❛✲❝❤✐♥❛✲❞❡✲✵✲❛✲✶✵✲❭
❢✉t❡❜♦❧✲❝❤✐♥✲s✲r❡❝❡❜❡✲✉♠✲✺✲
✷✸✱ ✷✵✶✼✱ ❢r♦♠
❇r❛♥♥❛❣❛♥✱ P✳ ▼✳✱ ✫ ●✐✉❧✐❛♥♦tt✐✱ ❘✳ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✳
❙♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r
❛♥❞ s♦❢t ❞✐s❡♠♣♦✇❡r♠❡♥t✿ ◗❛t❛r ✱ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ s♣♦rt ❛♥❞ ❢♦✲
♦t❜❛❧❧ ✬ s ✷✵✷✷ ❲♦r❧❞ ❈✉♣ ✜♥❛❧s✳
✼✵✸✕✼✶✾✳
▲❡✐s✉r❡ ❙t✉❞✐❡s✱ ✸✹✭✻✮✱
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✵✷✻✶✹✸✻✼✳✷✵✶✹✳
✾✻✹✷✾✶
❇r❛♥♥❛❣❛♥✱ P✳ ▼✳✱ ✫ ●✐✉❧✐❛♥♦tt✐✱ ❘✳ ✭✷✵✶✽✮✳
♣♦✇❡r✲s♦❢t ❞✐s❡♠♣♦✇❡r♠❡♥t ♥❡①✉s✿
t❛r✳
■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❆✛❛✐rs✱ ✾✹✭✺✮✱
❚❤❡ s♦❢t
❚❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ◗❛✲
✶✶✸✾✕✶✶✺✼✳
❤tt♣s✿
✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✾✸✴✐❛✴✐✐②✶✷✺
❞❡s ❞❛ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱
♦s ✐♠♣❛❝t♦s ♥❛s ❝♦♥t❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ ♦s ❧❡❣❛❞♦s ❞♦s
❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡
❇r❛♥♥❛❣❛♥✱ P✳ ▼✳✱ ✫ ❘♦♦❦✇♦♦❞✱ ❏✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ ❙♣♦rts ♠❡❣❛✲
❡✈❡♥ts✱ s♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r ❛♥❞ s♦❢t ❞✐s❡♠♣♦✇❡r♠❡♥t✿ ✐♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦✲
♥❛❧ s✉♣♣♦rt❡rs✬ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ♦♥ ◗❛t❛r✬s ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡
✭❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✶✶✮ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❡✈✐t❛❞♦s ♦s ♣♦ssí✲
✷✵✷✷ ❋■❋❆ ❲♦r❧❞ ❈✉♣ ✜♥❛❧s✳ ✐t ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢
✈❡✐s ✐♠♣❛❝t❡s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ❞♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦✳
❙♣♦rt P♦❧✐❝②✱ ✽✭✷✮✱ ✶✕✶✻✳
❊♥t❡♥❞❡♠♦s✱ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t♦ ❞❡st❡
❛rt✐❣♦ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ♥♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛
❈❤❛❞✇✐❝❦✱
❝❤✐♥❡s❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢✉t❡❜♦❧ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t✉r✐s♠♦ ❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦
❘♦❛❞
s♦❜ ✉♠❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ✭❛s ❛s♣✐r❛çõ❡s ❣❡♦✲
♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❡ ❡st❡s ❢❡♥ó♠❡♥♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥str✉✲
♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❵s♦❢t
♣♦✇❡r✬✮✳
❚❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴
✶✾✹✵✻✾✹✵✳✷✵✶✻✳✶✶✺✵✽✻✽
✐s
❙✳
✭✷✵✶✻✮✳
❣✉✐❞✐♥❣
❍♦✇
❈❤✐♥❛✬s
❢♦♦t❜❛❧❧
❖♥❡
❇❡❧t✱
str❛t❡❣②✳
❖♥❡
❘❡✲
❤tt♣✿✴✴
✇✇✇✳s❝♠♣✳❝♦♠✴s♣♦rt✴s♦❝❝❡r✴❛rt✐❝❧❡✴✷✵✹✹✽✶✷✴
❤♦✇✲♦♥❡✲❜❡❧t✲♦♥❡✲r♦❛❞✲❣✉✐❞✐♥❣✲❝❤✐♥❛s✲❢♦♦t❜❛❧❧✲❭
str❛t❡❣②
tr✐❡✈❡❞
◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r
✷✷✱
✷✵✶✻✱
❢r♦♠
✽✽
⑤ ❚✫
❘
❉ ⑤ ♥✳
♦
✸✶
⑤ ✷✵✶✾ ⑤ ▲❊■❚❊ ❡ ❘❖❉❘■●❯❊❙
❈❤❛❞✇✐❝❦✱ ❙✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✳ ❆ r❛♣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❦♥✉❝❦❧❡s✱ ❜✉t ♥♦ ❜✉rst
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳
♣♦❧✐❝②❢♦r✉♠✳♥❡t✴r❛♣✲❦♥✉❝❦❧❡s✲♥♦✲❜✉rst✲❜✉❜❜❧❡✴
❜✉❜❜❧❡✳ ❘❡tr✐❡✈❡❞ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✷✹✱ ✷✵✶✼✱ ❢r♦♠
●♦♥❣✱
❳✳✱
✫ ❈♦rt❡s❡✱
❉❛t❛ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ▼♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❘❡❣✐♦♥❛❧
❆ s♦❝✐❛❧✐st ♠❛r❦❡t
✷✵✶✻✮✱ ✶✕✶✺✳
❚❤❡ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t✐♥❣
❆❝❝♦✉♥t✐♥❣ ❋♦r✉♠✱
❛♥♥✉❛❧ r❡♣♦rt ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛ ▼♦❜✐❧❡✳
✶✾✼✽✭❆✉❣✉st
❈❤❡♥✱ ❑✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✳
❈✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✳
❡❝♦♥♦♠② ✇✐t❤ ❈❤✐♥❡s❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s✿
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴
❥✳❛❝❝❢♦r✳✷✵✶✼✳✵✹✳✵✵✷
❙♣♦rts ❚♦✉r✐s♠ ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❉❛t❛ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✳
❇♦❧❡tí♥ ❚é❝♥✐❝♦✱ ✺✺✭✶✻✮✱
❍❡✱ ▲✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳
✶✻✕✷✸✳
❈❤❡♥✱ ❳✳✱ ▼✐♥❢♦r❞✱ P✳✱ ❚✐❛♥✱ ❑✳✱ ✫ ❩❤♦✉✱ P✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✳ ❲❤♦
♣r♦✈✐❞❡s t❤❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ ❢♦r ❈❤✐♥❡s❡ ❣r♦✇t❤✿ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♦r t❤❡
❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s✱ ✹✾✭✷✸✮✱
♣r✐✈❛t❡ s❡❝t♦r❄
❋♦②♦ ❥♦✐♥s ❤❛♥❞s ✇✐t❤ ❙✳▲✳ ❇❡♥✜❝❛ ❛♥❞
P♦❧❛r✐s ❙♣♦rts✳
✷✷✸✽✕✷✷✺✷✳
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✵✵✵✸✻✽✹✻✳✷✵✶✻✳✶✷✸✹✼✵✹
❈❤✐♥❛✬s ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❘❡❢♦r♠ ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥✳
▼❡❞✐✉♠ ❛♥❞ ▲♦♥❣✲❚❡r♠ P❧❛♥ ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❡s❡ ❋♦✲
♦t❜❛❧❧ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳
✭✷✵✶✻✮✳
❤tt♣✿
❘❡tr✐❡✈❡❞ ▼❛② ✸✶✱ ✷✵✶✼✱ ❢r♦♠
✴✴❡♥✳②ts♣♦rts✳❝♥✴♥❡✇s✲✷✶✻✽✳❤t♠❧
❍♦❧❧✐♥s❤❡❛❞✱ ❑✳✱ ✫ ❍♦✉✱ ❈✳ ❳✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✳
♦❢ ✏❙♦❢t P♦✇❡r✑✿
❚❤❡ ❙❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥s
❚❤❡ ❈❛❧❧ ❢♦r ▼✉❧t✐❢r♦♥t❡❞ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤
❏♦✉r✲
■♥t♦ t❤❡ ❆rt✐❝✉❧❛t✐✈❡ ❘❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ ❚♦✉r✐s♠ ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❛✳
♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❚♦✉r✐s♠ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✽✭✸✮✱
✷✷✼✕✷✹✼✳
❤tt♣s✿
✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✶✾✸✽✽✶✻✵✳✷✵✶✷✳✼✵✸✾✷✸
❑♦r♥❡❡✈❛✱ ❱✳ ❆✳✱ ✫ ❖❣✉rts♦✈✱ ❊✳ ❙✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ ❚❤❡ P♦❧✐t✐❝✐✲
■♥✲
❞✐❛♥ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✾✭✷✾✮✳ ❤tt♣s✿
③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙♣♦rts ❛s ❛ ❙♦❢t P♦✇❡r P✉❜❧✐❝ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡✳
❈❤✐♥❛ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚♦✉r✐s♠ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥✱ ✫ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆❞♠✐✲
✭✷✵✶✼✮✳ ❆❝t✐♦♥ P❧❛♥ ♦♥
❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❇❡❧t ❛♥❞ ❘♦❛❞ ❙♣♦rts ❚♦✉r✐s♠ ✭✷✵✶✼✲
♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙♣♦rt ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✳
✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✼✹✽✺✴✐❥st✴✷✵✶✻✴✈✾✐✷✾✴✽✾✽✺✹
❑r③②③❛♥✐❛❦✱ ❏✳ ❙✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ ❚❤❡ s♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r str❛t❡❣② ♦❢ s♦❝✲
✷✵✮✳
❙♦❝❝❡r ✫ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✵✾✼✵✭❏❛♥✉❛r②✮✱
❝❡r s♣♦♥s♦rs❤✐♣s✳
❈❤✐♥❛❚r❛✈❡❧◆❡✇s✳
✭✷✵✶✼✮✳
❈❤✐♥❛✬s t♦✉r✐s♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡s
♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ✶✵✪ t♦ ●❉P ❛♥❞ ❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t✳
❏✉♥❡ ✷✽✱ ✷✵✶✽✱ ❢r♦♠
❘❡tr✐❡✈❡❞
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝❤✐♥❛tr❛✈❡❧♥❡✇s✳
❝♦♠✴❛rt✐❝❧❡✴✶✶✽✻✾✼
✵✳
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✶✹✻✻✵✾✼✵✳✷✵✶✻✳✶✶✾✾✹✷✻
❑✉♣❡r✱ ❙✳✱ ✫ ❙③②♠❛♥s❦✐✱ ❙✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✳
❙♦❝❝❡r♥♦♠✐❝s✳
❘✐♦ ❞❡
❏❛♥❡✐r♦✿ ❚✐♥t❛ ◆❡❣r❛ ❇❛③❛r ❊❞✐t♦r✐❛❧✳
❑✉rt③♠❛♥✱ ❏✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❙♣♦rts t♦✉r✐s♠ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❡s ❙♣♦rts t♦✉✲
❉♦rs❡②✱ ❏✳ ▼✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳
❚❤❡ ✷✵✷✷ ❲♦r❧❞ ❈✉♣✿
t❡♥t✐❛❧ ▼♦♥❦❡② ❲r❡♥❝❤ ❢♦r ❈❤❛♥❣❡✳
❆ P♦✲
❚❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦✲
♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❍✐st♦r② ♦❢ ❙♣♦rt✱ ✸✶✭✶✹✮✱
✶✼✸✾✕✶✼✺✹✳
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✵✾✺✷✸✸✻✼✳✷✵✶✹✳✾✷✾✶✶✺
r✐s♠ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❡s✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❙♣♦rt ❚♦✉r✐s♠✱ ✭✶✵✿✶✮✱ ✶✺✕✷✵✳
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✶✹✼✼✺✵✽✵✺✵✵✶✵✶✺✵✷
▲✐ ❏✐♥③❛♦✿ ❘❡♣♦rt ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✷✵✶✺ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚♦✉✲
r✐s♠ ❲♦r❦ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❘❡tr✐❡✈❡❞ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✶✷✱
❉♦rs❡②✱
❏✳
❖✇♥
♦❢
▼✳
❲♦rst
t❤❡
✭✷✵✶✺✮✳
❍♦✇
♦❢
✐s
■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧
❊♥❡♠②✳
❍✐st♦r②
◗❛t❛r
❙♣♦rt✱
✸✷✭✸✮✱
■ts
❏♦✉r♥❛❧
✹✷✷✕✹✸✾✳
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✵✾✺✷✸✸✻✼✳✷✵✶✺✳✶✵✵✽✷✶✷
❙♣♦rt ✐♥ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✶✺✭✾✮✱
✶✷✻✵✕✶✷✼✹✳
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✶✼✹✸✵✹✸✼✳✷✵✶✷✳✻✾✵✹✵✸
●á❧✱
❚✳✱
❙t➔♥❝✐✉❧❡s❝✉✱
✭✷✵✶✽✮✳
●✳
❈✳✱
✫
◆❡❛❣✉✱
▲✐✉✱
❇✐❣
❉✳
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣✐♥❝❤❛✐♥✳❝♦♠✴❛rt✐❝❧❡✴✷✵✵✽✹
✭✷✵✶✼✮✳
❚❤✐♥❣
✐♥
❚❤❡
❙♣♦rts
❋✳✲❙
✱ t❡❢❛♥✐❛✳
❇❛❧❛♥❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ P♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ◆❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ■♠♣❛❝ts
■♥ ✸✶st ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❇✉s✐✲
♥❡ss ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡
♦❢ ❙♣♦rt ❊✈❡♥ts ❚♦✉r✐s♠✳
✭♣♣✳ ✺✼✹✻✕✺✹✽✹✮✳
▲✐✉✱ ❲✳✱ ✫ ❉✉♥❢♦r❞✱ ▼✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳
❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ P♦❧✐❝②✱ ✶✭✸✮✱
✸✷✸✕✸✹✵✳
♣✐❝s✿
✷✵✵✽
❖❧②♠✲
❊①❛♠✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ■♥t❡rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✱
●❧♦❜❛✲
❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✱
❘✳
✭✷✵✶✺✮✳
❛♥❞ ❙♦❢t P♦✇❡r✳
❚❤❡
❇❡✐❥✐♥❣
❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❘❡✈✐❡✇✱ ✷✸✭✷✮✱
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳
✶✵✶✼✴❙✶✵✻✷✼✾✽✼✶✹✵✵✵✻✽✹
✷✽✻✕✷✾✻✳
❆r❡❛ ❉❡✈❡✲
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴
✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✷✸✼✾✷✾✹✾✳✷✵✶✻✳✶✷✸✷✺✾✽
▼❛♥❣❛♥✱ ❏✳ ❛✳✱ ❖❦✱ ●✳✱ ✫ ❑✇❛❦✱ ❨✳ ▼✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❊❛st ❘❡✲
✢❡❝ts ♦♥ ❲❡st✱ ❊❛st ▼❡❡ts ❲❡st✦✿
❙♦✉t❤ ❑♦r❡❛♥ ▼❡✲
❚❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r✲
❚❛②❧♦r ✫ ❋r❛♥❝✐s✳
❤tt♣s✿
✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✵✾✺✷✸✸✻✼✳✷✵✶✸✳✽✹✷✾✵✷
✹✺✕✼✻✳
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❙✶✹✹✶✲✸✺✷✸✭✾✽✮✼✵✵✾✾✲✸
●✐✉❧✐❛♥♦tt✐✱
◆❡①t
❘❡tr✐❡✲
■♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✿
✉♥♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❈❤✐♥❛✬s ❇❡❧t ❛♥❞ ❘♦❛❞ ■♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡✳
♥❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❍✐st♦r② ♦❢ ❙♣♦rt✳
❙♣♦rt ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❘❡✈✐❡✇✱ ✶✭✶✮✱
t❤❡
❤tt♣✿✴✴t❤❡❛s✐❛❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✶✼✴✵✹✴✶✹✴
t❤❡✲s♣♦rts✲✐♥❞✉str②✲t❤❡✲♥❡①t✲❜✐❣✲t❤✐♥❣✲✐♥✲❝❤✐♥❛✴
❞✐❛ ❘❡s♣♦♥s❡s t♦ ▲♦♥❞♦♥ ✷✵✶✷✳
●✐❜s♦♥✱ ❍✳ ❏✳ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❙♣♦rt ❚♦✉r✐s♠✿ ❆ ❈r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s
♦❢ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✳
■♥❞✉str②✿
❆s✐❛ ❉✐❛❧♦❣✉❡✳
❈❤✐♥❛❄
✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠
❋r❡❡♠❛♥✱ ❑✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❙♣♦rt ❛s s✇❛❣❣❡r✐♥❣✿ ✉t✐❧✐③✐♥❣ s♣♦rt
❛s s♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r✳
✷✵✶✾✱ ❢r♦♠
◆✐❡❧s❡♥ ❙♣♦rts✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳
❈❤✐♥❛ ❛♥❞ ❋♦♦t❜❛❧❧✳
◆②❡✱ ❏✳ ❙✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❚❤❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❘❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❆♠❡✲
r✐❝❛♥ ❙♦❢t P♦✇❡r✳
❆s✐❛✲P❛❝✐✜❝ ❘❡✈✐❡✇✱ ✾✭✶✮✱
✻✵✕✼✻✳
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✶✸✹✸✾✵✵✵✷✷✵✶✹✶✺✾
◆②❡✱ ❏✳ ❙✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✳
❲♦r❧❞ P♦❧✐t✐❝s
❙♦❢t P♦✇❡r✿ ❚❤❡ ▼❡❛♥s t♦ ❙✉❝❝❡ss ✐♥
✭✶st ❡❞✳✮✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✿ P✉❜❧✐❝❆✛❛✐rs✳
❚✫❉
❘
◆②❡✱ ❏✳ ❙✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❞✐♣❧♦♠❛❝② ❛♥❞ s♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r✳ ❆♥✲
♥❛❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❆❝❛❞❡♠② ♦❢ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❙♦❝✐❛❧
❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✻✶✻✭✶✮✱ ✾✹✕✶✵✾✳ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✼✼✴
✵✵✵✷✼✶✻✷✵✼✸✶✶✻✾✾
◆②❡✱ ❏✳ ❙✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❛♥❞ s♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r✳ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆❢r✐✲
❝❛♥ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❆✛❛✐rs✱ ✶✾✭✷✮✱ ✶✺✶✕✶✺✺✳
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✶✵✷✷✵✹✻✶✳✷✵✶✷✳✼✵✻✽✽✾
❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ❆✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❆ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞♦s ♠❡❣❛❡✈❡♥t♦s✿ ✐♠♣❛❝✲
t♦s s❡t♦r✐❛✐s ❡ r❡❣✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❘❡✈✐st❛ P❛r❛♥❛❡♥s❡ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ✸✷✭✶✷✵✮✱ ✷✺✼✕✷✼✺✳
P❡♦♣❧❡✬s ❉❛✐❧②✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✳ ❈❤✐♥❛ t♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ ✺✵✱✵✵✵ ❢♦♦t❜❛❧❧ s❝❤♦✲
♦❧s ❜② ✷✵✷✺✳ ❘❡tr✐❡✈❡❞ ▼❛r❝❤ ✸✱ ✷✵✶✼✱ ❢r♦♠ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❡♥✳
♣❡♦♣❧❡✳❝♥✴♥✸✴✷✵✶✼✴✵✷✷✷✴❝✾✵✵✵✵✲✾✶✽✶✶✷✽✳❤t♠❧
P❧✉♥❦❡tt ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ P❧✉♥❦❡tt ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❙♣♦rts
■♥❞✉str②✳
❘❡tr✐❡✈❡❞ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✷✹✱ ✷✵✶✻✱ ❢r♦♠
❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❧✉♥❦❡ttr❡s❡❛r❝❤✳❝♦♠✴st❛t✐st✐❝s✴
s♣♦rts✲✐♥❞✉str②✴
❘❡✐❝❤❡✱ ❉✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ■♥✈❡st✐♥❣ ✐♥ s♣♦rt✐♥❣ s✉❝❝❡ss ❛s ❛ ❞♦✲
♠❡st✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r❡✐❣♥ ♣♦❧✐❝② t♦♦❧✿ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ◗❛t❛r✳ ■♥t❡r✲
♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❙♣♦rt P♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❞ P♦❧✐t✐❝s✱ ✻✾✹✵✭❆♣r✐❧
✷✵✶✺✮✱ ✶✕✶✻✳ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✶✾✹✵✻✾✹✵✳
✷✵✶✹✳✾✻✻✶✸✺
❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ ❈✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ P♦rt✉❣❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❖❇❖❘✿ ✇❡❧❝♦♠✐♥❣✱ ❜✉t
❧❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❛ str❛t❡❣②✳ ❊✉r♦♣❡ ❛♥❞ ❈❤✐♥❛ ◆❡✇ ❙✐❧❦ ❘♦❛❞✳
❘♦s❛✱ ❱✳ ❆✳ ❱✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❚✉r✐s♠♦ ❡ ❉❡s♣♦rt♦✿ ❖ t✉r✐s♠♦
❞❡s♣♦rt✐✈♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❘❡❣✐ã♦ ❞♦
❆❧❡♥t❡❥♦✳ ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❚✉r✐s♠♦ ✫ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ✭✶✾✮✱
✶✹✾✕✶✼✻✳
❙✐❡❣❢r✐❡❞✱ ❏✳✱ ✫ ❩✐♠❜❛❧✐st✱ ❆✳ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢
❙♣♦rts ❋❛❝✐❧✐t✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❚❤❡✐r ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐t✐❡s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❊❝♦✲
♥♦♠✐❝ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s✱ ✶✹✭✸✮✱ ✾✺✕✶✶✹✳ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴
✶✵✳✶✷✺✼✴❥❡♣✳✶✹✳✸✳✾✺
❙▲ ❇❡♥✜❝❛✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ ❙▲ ❇❡♥✜❝❛ ❡♠ ❞✐r❡t♦ ♥❛ ❈❤✐♥❛✳ ❘❡✲
tr✐❡✈❡❞ ▼❛② ✸✶✱ ✷✵✶✼✱ ❢r♦♠ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳s❧❜❡♥❢✐❝❛✳♣t✴
✸✵✴♥❡✇s✴✐♥❢♦✴❊✼✇❊❲❣❛❍❜❦❑❦◆❚❡r♥❖❙❙✸✇
⑤ ♥✳
♦
✸✶
⑤ ✷✵✶✾
⑤
✽✾
❚❛♥✱ ❚✳✱ ❍✉❛♥❣✱ ❍✳✲❈✳✱ ❇❛✐r♥❡r✱ ❆✳✱ ✫ ❈❤❡♥✱ ❨✳✲❲✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳
❳✐ ❏✐♥✲P✐♥❣✬s ❲♦r❧❞ ❈✉♣ ❉r❡❛♠s✿ ❋r♦♠ ❛ ▼❛❥♦r ❙♣♦rts
❈♦✉♥tr② t♦ ❛ ❲♦r❧❞ ❙♣♦rts P♦✇❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❍✐st♦r② ♦❢ ❙♣♦rt✱ ✸✸✻✼✭◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r✮✱ ✶✕✶✼✳
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✵✾✺✷✸✸✻✼✳✷✵✶✻✳✶✷✹✸✶✵✸
✈❛♥ ❞❡r P✉tt❡♥✱ ❋✳✲P✳✱ ❍✉♦t❛r✐✱ ▼✳✱ ❙❡❛♠❛♥✱ ❏✳✱ ❊❦♠❛♥✱
❆✳✱ ✫ ❖t❡r♦✲■❣❧❡s✐❛s✱ ▼✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ ❚❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ ❖❇❖❘
✐♥ ❊✉r♦♣❡✲❈❤✐♥❛ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❊✉r♦♣❡ ❛♥❞ ❈❤✐♥❛ ◆❡✇ ❙✐❧❦
❘♦❛❞✳
❱❛③❛✱ ▼✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳
❆ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❥♦❣❛r
❢✉t❡❜♦❧ ❡♠ P♦rt✉❣❛❧ ✭❡ ❢❛③ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✮✳
❘❡✲
tr✐❡✈❡❞ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✷✸✱
✷✵✶✼✱
❢r♦♠ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴
✇✇✇✳♣✉❜❧✐❝♦✳♣t✴✷✵✶✻✴✶✵✴✷✸✴❞❡s♣♦rt♦✴♥♦t✐❝✐❛✴
❛✲❝❤✐♥❛✲❛♣r❡♥❞❡✲❛✲❥♦❣❛r✲❢✉t❡❜♦❧✲❡♠✲♣♦rt✉❣❛❧✲❡✲❭
❛✐♥❞❛✲❢❛③✲♥❡❣♦❝✐♦✲✶✼✹✽✵✼✶
❲❡❡❞✱ ▼✳✱ ✫ ❇✉❧❧✱ ❈✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❙♣♦rts ❚♦✉r✐s♠✿ P❛rt✐❝✐✲
♣❛♥ts✱ P♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❞ Pr♦✈✐❞❡rs ✭✷♥❞ ❡❞✳✮✳ ❖①❢♦r❞✿ ❊❧s❡✈✐❡r
❇✉tt❡r✇♦rt❤✲❍❡✐♥❡♠❛♥♥✳
❲♦r❧❞ ❚♦✉r✐s♠ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥✳
✭✷✵✶✽✮✳
✷✵✶✼ ■♥✲
t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚♦✉r✐s♠ ❘❡s✉❧ts✿
t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ✐♥ s❡✲
✈❡♥ ②❡❛rs✳
❘❡tr✐❡✈❡❞ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✽✱ ✷✵✶✽✱ ❢r♦♠ ❤tt♣✿
✴✴♠❡❞✐❛✳✉♥✇t♦✳♦r❣✴♣r❡ss✲r❡❧❡❛s❡✴✷✵✶✽✲✵✶✲✶✺✴
✷✵✶✼✲✐♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧✲t♦✉r✐s♠✲r❡s✉❧ts✲❤✐❣❤❡st✲s❡✈❭
❡♥✲②❡❛rs
❲♦r❧❞ ❚r❛✈❡❧ ✫ ❚♦✉r✐s♠ ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✳ ❚❘❆❱❊▲ ✫
❚❖❯❘■❙▼ ❊❈❖◆❖▼■❈ ■▼P❆❈❚ ✷✵✶✼✳
❳✉✱ ❍✳✱ ❲❛♥❣✱ ❑✳✱ ✫ ❙♦♥❣✱ ❨✳ ▼✳ ✭✷✵✶✽✮✳ ❈❤✐♥❡s❡
♦✉t❜♦✉♥❞ t♦✉r✐s♠ ❛♥❞ s♦❢t ♣♦✇❡r✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P♦❧✐❝②
❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✐♥ ❚♦✉r✐s♠✱ ▲❡✐s✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❊✈❡♥ts✱ ✼✾✻✸✱ ✶✕✶✻✳
❤tt♣s✿✴✴❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✶✾✹✵✼✾✻✸✳✷✵✶✽✳✶✺✵✺✶✵✺
❩✐♠❜❛❧✐st✱ ❆✳ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✐❧❧✉s♦r② ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❣❛✐♥s ❢r♦♠
❤♦st✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❖❧②♠♣✐❝s ✫ ❲♦r❧❞ ❈✉♣✳ ❲♦r❧❞ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s✱
✶✻✭✶✮✱ ✶✕✾✳
❩✐♠❜❛❧✐st✱ ❆✳ ❙✳ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❈✐r❝✉s ▼❛①✐♠✉s✿ t❤❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝
❣❛♠❜❧❡ ❜❡❤✐♥❞ ❤♦st✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❖❧②♠♣✐❝s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❲♦r❧❞ ❈✉♣
✭✶st ❡❞✳✮✳ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥ ❉❈✿ ❚❤❡ ❇r♦♦❦✐♥❣s ■♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥✳
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