TENOS-XOBOURGO: THE FORTIFICATION WALLS 2007-2012

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I' outorigtoug epydteg,enci,lvupoug ror ovrivupouq,nou ouv€polovo roO€vogpErov rp6notou oro onpepl6 onot€Aeopo, orprepcirveror o nopcilvr6pog. frdwnq Enrl6vng l-evrr6gl-poppot€og Aryofouxor Nnorcourhg floArurrig EniroupogKo0nyntrigflovenrornpiou Aryoiou I XOPOI KAI EPTA N6roKoripou flovenrornpiou A0nvcilv 0p6trpnKoOnyfirpro E-mail:[email protected] 6. Tfivog - Sdrpnoupyo- To reixn 2OO7-2OL2 Erx.1. ltbpnoupyo. O xtbpoq tou apxa[ou orxrolto1 xar ro rcnoypaEx6 rou Ex.2. To npo-xuxAtTnero rcp6 00 ffi A0nvdlvoro lcilpnoupyornq Tfivouoroxe0er H ovoor<oqri rou l-lqvEnrornplou ornv xotov6nonrng roropiogKorrt,,lvopxoroAoyrxcilv rotoloinolv tou opxoiouoxupop€vouou<ro1.roU, o onoioglerroupycilwoqt,.lqto nolLrrr6 KororKovoprr6rtvrpo rou vnoLo0rord roug npdlipoug Loroprro0g xp6vougonoreloUoe rnv (n6fuv)rnq Thvou,6nolgrnv ovopd(ouvor enLypo<pdg. 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H €peuvorou urunp[ouEn66eL{e 6rr np6renoryro 6vopeydlo xtripropre6Uo<pdoerg. qdon, oe r<d0E €voon6 ro 6Uorevtprxd6rlpduo unfipxepeIm veciltepn, rtroorrfi, ydtrogano0nxeutrr6g oro 6dnE6o.O €vogpdtrtotoon6 outoOg niOogorepeop€vog p€oo toug ni0oug6Lotnpo0oe rnv rrroti pdonrou oro 6dnE6orng npci;rngcpdong oto roone6copfvo ror pno(c;pdvoxrilpo(erx.4). A0o 6rroonrd nwdrropero(drcov (err.5) ouvnyopotiv rou runpioutog6npooiou, eupnpdtcov un€prou xqpoKrnpropoJ ev6exop€vcog ov6prilvo. T€troq,n €peuvotou Oeopo<popfou ou;;nAfipcooe onoqoororrKdtnv rorop[orov orrgKuxAd6eg, xo0rig66er{e6tLto npci,lto unoi0prorep6oe outhv unoiOpu,rv repci.lv npo-0eoporp6pLo, nopouotd(etpeydAeg m 0€on,ro onolo ouppour<d onor<ill0nrE p€ ro yerrovu<6 npo-r<ur<trci;nero rep6rng'Yotepngl-ecopetptrhg Enoxfig, opor6rnteg 6tov n trotpeio€xerntr€ovyiveLx06vro. (2OO2- 2012) EXET|KEEAHMOETEYEETE Erx.3. H eocotepxhnAeupdnuA[6aq. tou teixouqM N.Korjpou,uHTfrvogrord rnv flpcirpnenoxritou fr66pouu,mo: N. Itopnotrl6ng-A. frowrroupfi(en.), To Aryatooulv [1ptit4tnEnoxfitou Lr\fipou, flpaxnxd rcu Arc9voiqLupnootou,P66oc1-4 Notltppiou2OO2,A9fiva2OO4,427-436. tng loropiogrng Apxo(ogTrivouu,oro: n.M.Ociroroiog(en.),TivoC. Tngr6iog, uf0wopn Enrordnnon (A0hvo2005),67-110. Iorop[axar[1oAmop6q yro to teixogu,I. HpelAog(en.l,[lpaxuxdtouB' KurAa6oNedrrepo Tngr6iog, uTrivog- =rirpnoupyo. Aoyrxo(t Luve6p[ou, Ohpa31Auy.-3 Lenr.I 995 (A0fivo2OO5),187-223. oro: M. N. Kourou, <Tenos- Xobourgo.From a refugeplaceto an extensivefortified settlement>. Stamatopoulou- M. Yeroulanou(En.),ExcavatingClassicalCulture.Recentarchaeological in Greece, BAR International SeriesI 03] (Oxford2OO2\, 255-268. discoveries Tngr6iog, uTenYearsof Archaeological Researchat Xobourgo(lslandof Tenosin the Cyclades)u, Bulletinof the AAIA3,2005,23-29. An Archaeological Forward,,oto: L. MoscatiCastelnuovo, Tenosin epocaarcaica Tngr6iog, uTenos. 17-31. e classica(Macerata2OO7), mo: E, Creco(ed.),Alba Tngr6iog, <TheDawnof lmgesand Culturalldentity:The caseof Tenos>, dellacitta,albadelleimmagini?, Tripodes 7,63-90. Erx.4. ToxrhproE of AncientHistory,online Tngr6iag, uXobourgoon Tenosu,oto: Encyclopedia http://www.encycloped iaancienthistory.com/ The Tng16[o9, <Fromthe DarkAgesto the Riseof the Polisin the Cyclades: oto: A. MazarakisAinian(ed.),The Ages> Caseof Tenos>, "Dark revisited.ActsoJan InternationalSymposium in memoryoJWilliam D.E.Coulson,UniversityoJ Thessaly,Volos 14-17 June 2007, l, (Volos 20] 1\,399-414. Erx Axaottx6 n:dxto NotaKourou of Athens Emeritus, University Professor E-mail:[email protected] 6. Tenos- Xobourgo -2012 The fortification walls 2OO7 Fig. 1. Xobourgo,the excavated site The excavationsof the Universityof Athens on the islandof Tenosaim primarily at defining the date of the establishmentand the main architecturalphasesof the extensivefortified ancient settlement along the south slope of the abrupt granite rocks of the hill of Xobourgo(Fig.I ). Accordingto an inscriptionfrom the site, this settlement was the Polisof Tenos,which functionedas the main political and economiccentre of the island until the Late Classicalperiod. The excavationsof the period 2OO7-2012went on at three parts of the site: at the open-air sanctuary located in front of the main opening-gateof the cyclopean wall and thus named Pro-cyclopeansanctuary,at building E on a higher terrace and at the inner section of a small gate of the archaic circuit (wall AA). The open-air Pro-cyclopeansanctuary,though mostly buried under the later archaic wall (Fig.2), is relativelywell preservedand allows the identificationof the characterof the performed cult. The sanctuarypresentsseveraldistinct phases in form and function representingthe successivestages of chthoniccult in Early l ro n A ge A egeanand the evol uti onof chthoni cshri nesfrom a sma ll open- aircultic place to a sanctuarywith a sacred building.Evidencefrom the Pro-cyclopean sanctuary indicates that the first shrine was initiated as a burial cult over a heroic tomb, but soon afterwards a similar kind of ritual with pyre pits inside enclosurewalls developeddemonstratingthat families or tribes from the settlement joined the sacred place for a kind of burial cult. But towards the end of the Bth century this kind of family/tribe cult for the dead taking place in pyre pits was replaced by a cult taking place at a hearth (eschara)built in the centre of the terrace.The escharasuggestsa cult for a chthonicdeity,while a large bench built opposite the escharafacilitated the rituals.The change from a cult for the dead to a more general cult for a chthonic deity at Xobourgoseems to coincide with the adoption of the city-state system by the local society in the Late Ceometric period.Yet,the cult remains in the open-airuntil the seconddecadeof the century,when a small sacred oikos is built over the pyre pits. Similar forms of chthoniccult have been identified in other islands(e.g.Amorgos, Naxos),but the perfect condition of the pyre pits at Xobourgocut into the bedrock and the amazing amount of excavatedevidencefor the successivestages of the shrine on the same terrace mark the significanceof the Pro-cyclopean sanctuaryat Xobourgo. Researchon the fortification walls has shown that the first cyclopeancircuit encircled a small area at the highest part of the cultivated areas apparently creating a refuge settlement of a type common in Crete and the islandsin the Post-palatialperiod.The fortification was enlargedtowards the end of the Arc h a i cperi odand hencerepai redseveralti mes duri ngthe C l assi calper iod.A sm all gate and its inner defencesection at the west circuit currentlyinvestigated(Fig. 3) is of interest due to the various phases of the fortification wall and mainly sanctuary Fig.2. ThePro-cyclopean f ) dueto the destructionand abandonment of the settlementin the mid-4thcentury. Building E on the highertenaceis a largebuildingwith at leasttwo phases.In its last phaseduringthe Classicalperiod architectural it consisted of two largerooms,eachone havinga largestorage pithosin a corner(Fig.a). lt is interestingthat oneof them (pithos E2)wasbasedon the floor of the earlierphase,but had remained in usein the secondphase.Two allotmentplatesfoundin building E(Fig.5) suggestthat it mighthavebeena publicbuilding,perhaps ananoron. resultedin the identificaFinally, researchat the Thesmophorion tionof an earlyopen-airshrinewith an eschara(namedPro-Thesmophorion sanctuary), whichwas similarin form and functionto sanctuaryof the Late Ceometricperiodwith the thePro-cyclopean chthonic cult. PUBLfSHED ARTTCLES ON THE SUBJECT(2OO2-2O12',) "H N.Korjpou, Tfrvogrotd tnv flprir'rpnenoxhrou L6frpou",(eds.),Aegeanin the Early lron Age, Proceedings of the lnternationalSymposium,Rhodes,l-4 Noepppiou 2OO2,Athens2OO4,427-436. "I0wopn Enror6nron rng loropiogtng ApxoioqTfivou",in: n.M.O6oroi.og N.Korjpou, (Athens2005),.67-110. (ed.),T4voq.lorop[a xar[loAntoluiC Fig.3. Theinnerpart of a smallgate of circuitAA "Tfrvog-=cilpnoupyo. N.Koripou, Necitepoyro to reixog",I. HpeMog(ed.),Proceedings Thera31 Aug.- 3 Sept.1995 (Athens of the2nd Cycladological Conference, 20051.187- 223. N.Kourou,'Tenos-Xobourgo. From a refugeplaceto an extensivefortified settle(eds.),Excavating ment".in: M. StamatopoulouM. Yeroulanou Classical Culture.Recentarchaeological discoveries in 6reece,BAR International Series1031(Oxford2002),255-268. "TenYearsof Archaeological Research at Xobourgo(lslandof Tenosin the N.Kourou, Cyclades)",Bulletin oJthe AAIA 3, 2OO5,23-29. "Tenos. Tenosin N.Kourou, An Archaeological Forward',in: L. MoscatiCastelnuovo, ( Macerata2oo7),17-31. epocaarcaicae classica "TheDawnof lmagesand Culturalldentity:The case of Tenos",in: E. N.Kourou, Greco(ed.),Albodella citta,albadelleimmagini?,Tripodes7, 63-90. Fio.4. BuildinaE N.Kourou,'From the DarkAgesto the Riseof the Polisin the Cyclades: The Ainian(ed.),The"DarkAges'revisCaseof Tenos",in:A. Mazarakis ited.Actsof an InternationalSymposiumin memoryof WilliamD.E. Coulson, University oJ Thessaly, Volos'14-17 )une 2007, l, (Volos 2O11),399-41 4. "Xobourgoon Tenos",in: Encyclopedia of AncientHistory,online N.Kourou, http://www.encyclopediaancienth istorycom/ Fig. 5. Allotment plate