Cytology, DNA and host-symbiont relationships of x-like endosymbionts from Paramecium caudatum ar... more Cytology, DNA and host-symbiont relationships of x-like endosymbionts from Paramecium caudatum are described. The symbionts (Caedibacter caryophila, sp. nav.) live in the macronuclei of their hosts. They confer the killer trait upon their hosts and appear well adapted to their endonucleobiotic way of life. R bodies (proteinaceous ribbons associated with killing) are produced, but differ significantly from any of the four R-body classes previously described. C. caryophila and their R bodies were isolated. DNA was extracted from purified symbionts and used to demonstrate that one P. caudatum line harbors a natural mutant which is deficient in R-body production. Melting studies indicate a GC content of 34.6%. No sequence homology between the C. caryophila DNA and the coding sequence for type 51 R-body production was observed. C. caryophila is parasitic, causing the death of its hosts in starving cultures. @ 1988 Academic PKSS, hc.
At the heart of debates among creationists and evolutionists are questions about scientific integ... more At the heart of debates among creationists and evolutionists are questions about scientific integrity and rigor. Creationists often justify their rejection of biological evolution by claiming that the methodologies and interpretations of evolutionary scientists are flawed. A consideration of creationists' critiques of the scientific data, however, reveals a deficient understanding and appreciation of the nature of the scientific process. It is essential that our schools educate students about the character of scientific inquiry. Clarifying the nature and limitation of scientific knowledge for our students will equip our students to evaluate evolutionary or creationist arguments critically. Recognizing and teaching both the strengths and limitations of the scientific process will do much to further the ongoing dialogue between science and religion. Keywords Evolution. Creation. Scientific method. Intelligent design. Methodological naturalism 1 See for example the following articles and books which discuss the teaching of evolution in public schools:
The macronuclei of certain isolates of Paramecium caudatum are inhabited by the bacterial endonuc... more The macronuclei of certain isolates of Paramecium caudatum are inhabited by the bacterial endonucleobiont Caedibacter caryophila. These symbionts confer upon host paramecia a killer trait, which is clearly associated with the presence of R bodies in the endosymbionts. R bodies are unique inclusion bodies of caedibacteria (which are obligate endosymbionts of Paramecium) and of certain free-living bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. They have been grouped into four classes on the basis of morphology and behaviour. A fifth R body type, introduced in this study, is named the Cc R body to indicate its presence in bright particles of Caedibacter caryophila. Type Cc R bodies are approximately 0-8 jum in width and diameter. They unroll in a telescopic fashion from the inside and are distinguished by a tapered inner and a blunt outer terminus. They are further associated with icosahedral bacteriophages, which stick to the inner terminus. Cc R body proteins show a ladder-like pattern of stained bands on polyacrylamide gels and exhibit a certain degree of antigenic cross-reactivity with type 51 R bodies.
The macronuclei of certain isolates of Paramecium caudatum are inhabited by the bacterial endonuc... more The macronuclei of certain isolates of Paramecium caudatum are inhabited by the bacterial endonucleobiont Caedibacter caryophila. These symbionts confer upon host paramecia a killer trait, which is clearly associated with the presence of R bodies in the endosymbionts. R bodies are unique inclusion bodies of caedi-bacteria (which are obligate endosymbionts of Paramecium) and of certain free-living bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. They have been grouped into four classes on the basis of morphology and behaviour. A fifth R body type, introduced in this study, is named the Cc R body to indicate its presence in bright particles of Caedibacter caryophila. Type Cc R bodies are approximately 0–8 pm in width and diameter. They unroll in a telescopic fashion from the inside and are distinguished by a tapered inner and a blunt outer terminus. They are further associated with icosahedral bacteriophages, which stick to the inner terminus. Cc R body proteins show a ladder-like pattern of staine...
The Agricultural Chemistry Department is recognized for their generosity in allowing the use of t... more The Agricultural Chemistry Department is recognized for their generosity in allowing the use of their facilities and materials. Technicians Rick Black, Stan Elliott and Suann Ott of the Agricultural Chemistry Department and Frank Turner of the Poultry Science Department are thanked for their technical assistance. The assistance of Joel Hagen, Daphne Clifton, Monica Won and Steve Whitfield was much appreciated. And a special thanks is extended to Wayne Lei and Jean Kreitlow without whose support this study would not have proceeded as well as it did.
approved: Redacted for privacy Philip D. Whanger Following initial intramuscular injections of 50... more approved: Redacted for privacy Philip D. Whanger Following initial intramuscular injections of 500 pCi 75 Se, semen was collected periodically by electroejaculation over a 63 day period from a selenium-deficient and a selenium-adequate ram. Ten and three days prior to necropsy, second and third injections of 500 11Ci were given. Testes, accessory glands, and semen were obtained from a bull injected with 75 Se through the courtesy of the Animal Science Department of Washington State University, Pullman, Washington. Gel filtration of ram testis cytosol resulted in four 75 Se peaks (Ve/Vo ratios of 1.09, 1.52, 2.30, and 2.85). In the seleniumadequate ram the GSH-Px peak (Ve/Vo 1.52) predominated, but in the selenium-deficient ram, radioactivity of the GSH-Px peak was less than that of the higher molecular weight peak (Ve/Vo 1.09). Gel 75 filtration chromatograms of bull testis cytosol showed five 75Se peaks (Ve/Vo ratios 1.11, 1.48, 1.90, 2.41, and 2.78). In chromatograms of ram semina...
Type 51 R bodies are produced by all bacterial endosymbionts (Caedibacter taeniospiralis) of Para... more Type 51 R bodies are produced by all bacterial endosymbionts (Caedibacter taeniospiralis) of Paramecium tetraurelia that confer the hump-killer trait upon their hosts. Type 51 R-body synthesis by C. taeniospiralis is required for expression of the hump-killer trait. The genetic determinants for type 51 R-body synthesis by C. taeniospiralis 47 have been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. In this communication we describe three species of polypeptides required for R-body synthesis and the organization of their genetic determinants. Each polypeptide species is controlled by a separate gene that is expressed as an independent transcriptional unit possessing regulatory signals that are recognized by E. coli. Two polypeptide species of 10 and 18 kilodaltons are required for R-body synthesis but apparently are not structural subunits. The third polypeptide species (13 kilodaltons) is the major structural subunit. R-body assembly involves polymerization reactions that result in high-...
Caedibacter taeniospiralis, an obligate bacterial endosymbiont of Paramecium tetraurelia, confers... more Caedibacter taeniospiralis, an obligate bacterial endosymbiont of Paramecium tetraurelia, confers a killing trait upon its host paramecium. Type 51 R bodies (refractile inclusion bodies) are synthesized by these endosymbionts and are required for expression of the killing trait. The nucleotide sequence of the genetic determinants for type 51 R body synthesis and assembly was determined for C. taeniospiralis 47 and 116. Three independently transcribed genes (rebA, rebB, and rebC) were characterized. To date these are the only genes from C. taeniospiralis to be sequenced and characterized. DNA regulatory regions are recognized by Escherichia coli, and codon usage appears similar to that in E. coli. A fourth open reading frame with appropriate regulatory sequences was found within the reb locus, but no evidence was obtained to suggest that this putative gene is expressed in E. coli. The R body-encoding sequences from both strains are identical. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of de...
Three distinct R body types are found in caedibacteria, type 51, type 7 and type Cc. The relation... more Three distinct R body types are found in caedibacteria, type 51, type 7 and type Cc. The relationships among these R bodies were assessed by immunogold labeling, Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. Antisera raised against type 7 and type Cc R bodies cross-reacted with type 51 R bodies.
At the heart of debates among creationists and evolutionists are questions about scientific integ... more At the heart of debates among creationists and evolutionists are questions about scientific integrity and rigor. Creationists often justify their rejection of biological evolution by claiming that the methodologies and interpretations of evolutionary scientists are flawed. A consideration of creationists' critiques of the scientific data, however, reveals a deficient understanding and appreciation of the nature of the scientific process. It is essential that our schools educate students about the character of scientific inquiry. Clarifying the nature and limitation of scientific knowledge for our students will equip our students to evaluate evolutionary or creationist arguments critically. Recognizing and teaching both the strengths and limitations of the scientific process will do much to further the ongoing dialogue between science and religion. Keywords Evolution. Creation. Scientific method. Intelligent design. Methodological naturalism 1 See for example the following articles and books which discuss the teaching of evolution in public schools:
Pluripotency is the developmental potential of a cell to give rise to all the cells in the three ... more Pluripotency is the developmental potential of a cell to give rise to all the cells in the three embryonic germ layers, including germline cells. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can be embryonic, germ cell or somatic cell in origin and can adopt alternative states of pluripotency: naïve or primed. Although several reports have described the differentiation of PSCs to extra-embryonic lineages, such as primitive endoderm and trophectoderm, this is still debated among scientists in the field. In this review, we integrate the recent findings on pluripotency among mammals, alternative states of pluripotency, signalling pathways associated with maintaining pluripotency and the nature of PSCs derived from various mammals. PSCs from humans and mouse have been the most extensively studied. In other mammalian species, more research is required for understanding the optimum in vitro conditions required for either achieving pluripotency or preservation of distinct pluripotent states. A comparative high-throughput analysis of PSCs of genes expressed in naïve or primed states of humans, nonhuman primates (NHP) and rodents, based on publicly available datasets revealed the probable prominence of seven signalling pathways common among these species, irrespective of the states of pluripotency. We conclude by highlighting some of the unresolved questions and future directions of research on pluripotency in mammals.
After intramuscular injections of 500 \g=m\Ci75Se, semen was collected periodically over a 63-day... more After intramuscular injections of 500 \g=m\Ci75Se, semen was collected periodically over a 63-day period from a selenium-deficient and a selenium-injected ram which were then killed for collection of the reproductive organs for the gel filtration studies. Testes, accessory glands and semen were also obtained from a bull injected intravenously with 75Se. Gel filtration (Sephadex G 150) of ram testis cytosol resulted in 4 75Se peaks (Ve/Vo ratios of 1\m=.\1,1\m=.\5,2\m=.\3,2\m=.\9).In the selenium-injected ram the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) peak (Ve/Vo 1\m=.\5)predominated, but in the selenium-deficient ram, radioactivity of the GSH-Px peak was less than that of the higher molecular weight peak (Ve/Vo 1\m=.\1). Gel filtration chromatograms of bull testis cytosol yielded 5 75Se peaks (Ve/Vo 1\m=.\1,1\m=.\5,1\m=.\9,2\m=.\4,2\m=.\8). In chromatograms of ram seminal plasma on Sephacryl S-200 there were 2 major (Ve/Vo 1\m=.\4,1\m=.\1) and 2 minor peaks (Ve/Vo 1\m=.\7,2\m=.\4).75Se increased with time up to 49 days after injection in all peaks. 75Se-labelled bull seminal plasma yielded 2 75Se peaks (Ve/Vo 1\m=.\1,1\m=.\4) which corresponded to the major peaks of ram seminal plasma. Bull and ram seminal plasma GSH-Px activities per mg protein were comparable (28 and 29 nmol NADPHox/min, respectively), but when expressed per ml seminal plasma, activity of the bull was more than 7 times the highest activity of ram seminal plasma (2908 and 385 nmol NADPHox/min, respectively). Seminal vesicles of the bull and rams, and the bull prostate gland possessed high GSH-Px activity, but bull and ram Cowper's glands had low GSH-Px activity.
Cytology, DNA and host-symbiont relationships of x-like endosymbionts from Paramecium caudatum ar... more Cytology, DNA and host-symbiont relationships of x-like endosymbionts from Paramecium caudatum are described. The symbionts (Caedibacter caryophila, sp. nav.) live in the macronuclei of their hosts. They confer the killer trait upon their hosts and appear well adapted to their endonucleobiotic way of life. R bodies (proteinaceous ribbons associated with killing) are produced, but differ significantly from any of the four R-body classes previously described. C. caryophila and their R bodies were isolated. DNA was extracted from purified symbionts and used to demonstrate that one P. caudatum line harbors a natural mutant which is deficient in R-body production. Melting studies indicate a GC content of 34.6%. No sequence homology between the C. caryophila DNA and the coding sequence for type 51 R-body production was observed. C. caryophila is parasitic, causing the death of its hosts in starving cultures. @ 1988 Academic PKSS, hc.
Cytology, DNA and host-symbiont relationships of x-like endosymbionts from Paramecium caudatum ar... more Cytology, DNA and host-symbiont relationships of x-like endosymbionts from Paramecium caudatum are described. The symbionts (Caedibacter caryophila, sp. nav.) live in the macronuclei of their hosts. They confer the killer trait upon their hosts and appear well adapted to their endonucleobiotic way of life. R bodies (proteinaceous ribbons associated with killing) are produced, but differ significantly from any of the four R-body classes previously described. C. caryophila and their R bodies were isolated. DNA was extracted from purified symbionts and used to demonstrate that one P. caudatum line harbors a natural mutant which is deficient in R-body production. Melting studies indicate a GC content of 34.6%. No sequence homology between the C. caryophila DNA and the coding sequence for type 51 R-body production was observed. C. caryophila is parasitic, causing the death of its hosts in starving cultures. @ 1988 Academic PKSS, hc.
At the heart of debates among creationists and evolutionists are questions about scientific integ... more At the heart of debates among creationists and evolutionists are questions about scientific integrity and rigor. Creationists often justify their rejection of biological evolution by claiming that the methodologies and interpretations of evolutionary scientists are flawed. A consideration of creationists' critiques of the scientific data, however, reveals a deficient understanding and appreciation of the nature of the scientific process. It is essential that our schools educate students about the character of scientific inquiry. Clarifying the nature and limitation of scientific knowledge for our students will equip our students to evaluate evolutionary or creationist arguments critically. Recognizing and teaching both the strengths and limitations of the scientific process will do much to further the ongoing dialogue between science and religion. Keywords Evolution. Creation. Scientific method. Intelligent design. Methodological naturalism 1 See for example the following articles and books which discuss the teaching of evolution in public schools:
The macronuclei of certain isolates of Paramecium caudatum are inhabited by the bacterial endonuc... more The macronuclei of certain isolates of Paramecium caudatum are inhabited by the bacterial endonucleobiont Caedibacter caryophila. These symbionts confer upon host paramecia a killer trait, which is clearly associated with the presence of R bodies in the endosymbionts. R bodies are unique inclusion bodies of caedibacteria (which are obligate endosymbionts of Paramecium) and of certain free-living bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. They have been grouped into four classes on the basis of morphology and behaviour. A fifth R body type, introduced in this study, is named the Cc R body to indicate its presence in bright particles of Caedibacter caryophila. Type Cc R bodies are approximately 0-8 jum in width and diameter. They unroll in a telescopic fashion from the inside and are distinguished by a tapered inner and a blunt outer terminus. They are further associated with icosahedral bacteriophages, which stick to the inner terminus. Cc R body proteins show a ladder-like pattern of stained bands on polyacrylamide gels and exhibit a certain degree of antigenic cross-reactivity with type 51 R bodies.
The macronuclei of certain isolates of Paramecium caudatum are inhabited by the bacterial endonuc... more The macronuclei of certain isolates of Paramecium caudatum are inhabited by the bacterial endonucleobiont Caedibacter caryophila. These symbionts confer upon host paramecia a killer trait, which is clearly associated with the presence of R bodies in the endosymbionts. R bodies are unique inclusion bodies of caedi-bacteria (which are obligate endosymbionts of Paramecium) and of certain free-living bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. They have been grouped into four classes on the basis of morphology and behaviour. A fifth R body type, introduced in this study, is named the Cc R body to indicate its presence in bright particles of Caedibacter caryophila. Type Cc R bodies are approximately 0–8 pm in width and diameter. They unroll in a telescopic fashion from the inside and are distinguished by a tapered inner and a blunt outer terminus. They are further associated with icosahedral bacteriophages, which stick to the inner terminus. Cc R body proteins show a ladder-like pattern of staine...
The Agricultural Chemistry Department is recognized for their generosity in allowing the use of t... more The Agricultural Chemistry Department is recognized for their generosity in allowing the use of their facilities and materials. Technicians Rick Black, Stan Elliott and Suann Ott of the Agricultural Chemistry Department and Frank Turner of the Poultry Science Department are thanked for their technical assistance. The assistance of Joel Hagen, Daphne Clifton, Monica Won and Steve Whitfield was much appreciated. And a special thanks is extended to Wayne Lei and Jean Kreitlow without whose support this study would not have proceeded as well as it did.
approved: Redacted for privacy Philip D. Whanger Following initial intramuscular injections of 50... more approved: Redacted for privacy Philip D. Whanger Following initial intramuscular injections of 500 pCi 75 Se, semen was collected periodically by electroejaculation over a 63 day period from a selenium-deficient and a selenium-adequate ram. Ten and three days prior to necropsy, second and third injections of 500 11Ci were given. Testes, accessory glands, and semen were obtained from a bull injected with 75 Se through the courtesy of the Animal Science Department of Washington State University, Pullman, Washington. Gel filtration of ram testis cytosol resulted in four 75 Se peaks (Ve/Vo ratios of 1.09, 1.52, 2.30, and 2.85). In the seleniumadequate ram the GSH-Px peak (Ve/Vo 1.52) predominated, but in the selenium-deficient ram, radioactivity of the GSH-Px peak was less than that of the higher molecular weight peak (Ve/Vo 1.09). Gel 75 filtration chromatograms of bull testis cytosol showed five 75Se peaks (Ve/Vo ratios 1.11, 1.48, 1.90, 2.41, and 2.78). In chromatograms of ram semina...
Type 51 R bodies are produced by all bacterial endosymbionts (Caedibacter taeniospiralis) of Para... more Type 51 R bodies are produced by all bacterial endosymbionts (Caedibacter taeniospiralis) of Paramecium tetraurelia that confer the hump-killer trait upon their hosts. Type 51 R-body synthesis by C. taeniospiralis is required for expression of the hump-killer trait. The genetic determinants for type 51 R-body synthesis by C. taeniospiralis 47 have been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. In this communication we describe three species of polypeptides required for R-body synthesis and the organization of their genetic determinants. Each polypeptide species is controlled by a separate gene that is expressed as an independent transcriptional unit possessing regulatory signals that are recognized by E. coli. Two polypeptide species of 10 and 18 kilodaltons are required for R-body synthesis but apparently are not structural subunits. The third polypeptide species (13 kilodaltons) is the major structural subunit. R-body assembly involves polymerization reactions that result in high-...
Caedibacter taeniospiralis, an obligate bacterial endosymbiont of Paramecium tetraurelia, confers... more Caedibacter taeniospiralis, an obligate bacterial endosymbiont of Paramecium tetraurelia, confers a killing trait upon its host paramecium. Type 51 R bodies (refractile inclusion bodies) are synthesized by these endosymbionts and are required for expression of the killing trait. The nucleotide sequence of the genetic determinants for type 51 R body synthesis and assembly was determined for C. taeniospiralis 47 and 116. Three independently transcribed genes (rebA, rebB, and rebC) were characterized. To date these are the only genes from C. taeniospiralis to be sequenced and characterized. DNA regulatory regions are recognized by Escherichia coli, and codon usage appears similar to that in E. coli. A fourth open reading frame with appropriate regulatory sequences was found within the reb locus, but no evidence was obtained to suggest that this putative gene is expressed in E. coli. The R body-encoding sequences from both strains are identical. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of de...
Three distinct R body types are found in caedibacteria, type 51, type 7 and type Cc. The relation... more Three distinct R body types are found in caedibacteria, type 51, type 7 and type Cc. The relationships among these R bodies were assessed by immunogold labeling, Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. Antisera raised against type 7 and type Cc R bodies cross-reacted with type 51 R bodies.
At the heart of debates among creationists and evolutionists are questions about scientific integ... more At the heart of debates among creationists and evolutionists are questions about scientific integrity and rigor. Creationists often justify their rejection of biological evolution by claiming that the methodologies and interpretations of evolutionary scientists are flawed. A consideration of creationists' critiques of the scientific data, however, reveals a deficient understanding and appreciation of the nature of the scientific process. It is essential that our schools educate students about the character of scientific inquiry. Clarifying the nature and limitation of scientific knowledge for our students will equip our students to evaluate evolutionary or creationist arguments critically. Recognizing and teaching both the strengths and limitations of the scientific process will do much to further the ongoing dialogue between science and religion. Keywords Evolution. Creation. Scientific method. Intelligent design. Methodological naturalism 1 See for example the following articles and books which discuss the teaching of evolution in public schools:
Pluripotency is the developmental potential of a cell to give rise to all the cells in the three ... more Pluripotency is the developmental potential of a cell to give rise to all the cells in the three embryonic germ layers, including germline cells. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can be embryonic, germ cell or somatic cell in origin and can adopt alternative states of pluripotency: naïve or primed. Although several reports have described the differentiation of PSCs to extra-embryonic lineages, such as primitive endoderm and trophectoderm, this is still debated among scientists in the field. In this review, we integrate the recent findings on pluripotency among mammals, alternative states of pluripotency, signalling pathways associated with maintaining pluripotency and the nature of PSCs derived from various mammals. PSCs from humans and mouse have been the most extensively studied. In other mammalian species, more research is required for understanding the optimum in vitro conditions required for either achieving pluripotency or preservation of distinct pluripotent states. A comparative high-throughput analysis of PSCs of genes expressed in naïve or primed states of humans, nonhuman primates (NHP) and rodents, based on publicly available datasets revealed the probable prominence of seven signalling pathways common among these species, irrespective of the states of pluripotency. We conclude by highlighting some of the unresolved questions and future directions of research on pluripotency in mammals.
After intramuscular injections of 500 \g=m\Ci75Se, semen was collected periodically over a 63-day... more After intramuscular injections of 500 \g=m\Ci75Se, semen was collected periodically over a 63-day period from a selenium-deficient and a selenium-injected ram which were then killed for collection of the reproductive organs for the gel filtration studies. Testes, accessory glands and semen were also obtained from a bull injected intravenously with 75Se. Gel filtration (Sephadex G 150) of ram testis cytosol resulted in 4 75Se peaks (Ve/Vo ratios of 1\m=.\1,1\m=.\5,2\m=.\3,2\m=.\9).In the selenium-injected ram the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) peak (Ve/Vo 1\m=.\5)predominated, but in the selenium-deficient ram, radioactivity of the GSH-Px peak was less than that of the higher molecular weight peak (Ve/Vo 1\m=.\1). Gel filtration chromatograms of bull testis cytosol yielded 5 75Se peaks (Ve/Vo 1\m=.\1,1\m=.\5,1\m=.\9,2\m=.\4,2\m=.\8). In chromatograms of ram seminal plasma on Sephacryl S-200 there were 2 major (Ve/Vo 1\m=.\4,1\m=.\1) and 2 minor peaks (Ve/Vo 1\m=.\7,2\m=.\4).75Se increased with time up to 49 days after injection in all peaks. 75Se-labelled bull seminal plasma yielded 2 75Se peaks (Ve/Vo 1\m=.\1,1\m=.\4) which corresponded to the major peaks of ram seminal plasma. Bull and ram seminal plasma GSH-Px activities per mg protein were comparable (28 and 29 nmol NADPHox/min, respectively), but when expressed per ml seminal plasma, activity of the bull was more than 7 times the highest activity of ram seminal plasma (2908 and 385 nmol NADPHox/min, respectively). Seminal vesicles of the bull and rams, and the bull prostate gland possessed high GSH-Px activity, but bull and ram Cowper's glands had low GSH-Px activity.
Cytology, DNA and host-symbiont relationships of x-like endosymbionts from Paramecium caudatum ar... more Cytology, DNA and host-symbiont relationships of x-like endosymbionts from Paramecium caudatum are described. The symbionts (Caedibacter caryophila, sp. nav.) live in the macronuclei of their hosts. They confer the killer trait upon their hosts and appear well adapted to their endonucleobiotic way of life. R bodies (proteinaceous ribbons associated with killing) are produced, but differ significantly from any of the four R-body classes previously described. C. caryophila and their R bodies were isolated. DNA was extracted from purified symbionts and used to demonstrate that one P. caudatum line harbors a natural mutant which is deficient in R-body production. Melting studies indicate a GC content of 34.6%. No sequence homology between the C. caryophila DNA and the coding sequence for type 51 R-body production was observed. C. caryophila is parasitic, causing the death of its hosts in starving cultures. @ 1988 Academic PKSS, hc.
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