Two-phase dusty fluid flow along a cone with variable properties

No. 566 May 2017 Two-Phase Dusty Fluid Flow Along a Cone with Variable Properties S. Siddiqa, N. Begum, Md. A. Hossain, N. Mustafa, R. S. R. Gorla ISSN: 2190-1767 Two-Phase Dusty Fluid Flow Along a Cone with Variable Properties Sadia Siddiqa∗ , Naheed Begum§ , Md. Anwar Hossain‡ , Naeem Mustafa∗∗ , Rama Subba Reddy Gorla†,1 ∗ Department of Mathematics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Kamra Road, Attock, Pakistan § Institute of Applied Mathematics (LSIII), TU Dortmund, Vogelpothsweg 87, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany ‡ UGC Professor, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh ∗∗ Principal Scientist, Theoretical Physics Division, PINSTECH, P.O. NILORE, Islamabad, Pakistan, † Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325 USA Abstract: In this paper numerical solutions of a two-phase natural convection dusty fluid flow are presented. The two-phase particulate suspension is investigated along a vertical cone by keeping variable viscosity and thermal conductivity of the carrier phase. Comprehensive flow formations of the gas and particle phases are given with the aim to predict the behavior of heat transport across the heated cone. The influence of i) air with particles, water with particles and oil with particles are shown on shear stress coefficient and heat transfer coefficient. It is recorded that sufficient increment in heat transport rate can be achieved by loading the dust particles in the air. Further, distribution of velocity and temperature of both the carrier phase and the particle phase are shown graphically for the pure fluid (air, water) as well as for the fluid with particles (air-metal and water-metal particle mixture). Keywords: Natural Convection, Dusty Fluid, Two-Phase, Variable Viscosity, Variable Thermal Conductivity, Vertical Cone 1 Introduction The analysis of the flow of fluids with suspended particles or gas-particle mixture have received notable attention due to its practical applications in various problem of atmospheric, engineering and physiological fields. Solid rocket exhaust nozzles, combustion chambers, blast waves moving over the Earth’s surface, conveying of powdered materials, fluidized beds, environmental pollutants, petroleum industry, purification of crude oil and other technological fields are some of the practical applications of dusty fluids (see [1]). Farbar and Morley [2] were the first to analyze the gas-particulate suspension on experimental grounds. Saffman [3] reported the stability of laminar flow and formulated the governing equations for the flow of dusty fluid. After that, Marble [4] studied the problem of dynamics of a gas containing small solid particles and developed the equations for gas-particle flow systems. Singleton [5] was the first to study the boundary layer analysis for dusty fluid and later on, the dynamics of two-phase flow was investigated by [6]. A more recent analysis for natural convection flow of a dusty fluid along a vertical surface has been considered by Siddiqa et al. 1 Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] 1 [7]). They obtained the numerical solutions for the wide range of Prandtl number Pr (Here Pr = (cp µ∞ )/κ∞ ; where cp the specific heat at constant pressure, µ∞ and κ∞ the dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity of fluid in free stream region, respectively) starting from 0.7 to 1000.0. It is worthy to mention that all the above analysis were made on the assumption that both the viscosity and thermal conductivity of the fluid are uniform. But, the fluids having significant role in the theory of lubrication, for instance, do not correspond to uniform nature of viscosity and thermal conductivity since the heat generated by the internal friction and the corresponding rise in temperature deliberately alter these properties. In addition, many problems in engineering occur at very high temperatures and hence the knowledge of viscosity effects on the convective heat transfer becomes very important for the design of the pertinent equipment. For instance, the viscosity of water increases by about 240% when the temperature decreases from 500◦ C(µ = 0.000548kgm−1 s−1 ) to 100◦ C(µ = 0.00131kgm−1 s−1 ). Several studies, have introduced temperature dependent properties and reported significant influence of these properties over the flow characteristics. For instance, Kays and Grawford [10] presented a variety of mathematical formulas between the temperature and physical properties of fluids by keeping various practical situations in mind. It has been found that for a fluid, both the thermal conductivity and viscosity varies linearly with the corresponding changes in temperature. Considering this fact, Charraudeau [11] suggested the linear form of fluid viscosity and thermal conductivity through two semi-empirical formulas: ] ] [ [ γ(T − T∞ ) ϵ(T − T∞ ) κ = κ∞ 1 + (1) µ = µ∞ 1 + Tw − T∞ Tw − T∞ where T the temperature of the fluid, Tw the temperature of the surface of cone and T∞ the ambient fluid temperature. Further, µ∞ and κ∞ are the viscosity and thermal conductivity of the ambient fluid and ϵ and γ are respectively the viscosity variation parameter and thermal conductivity variation parameter. Some authors, for example, Hossian et al. [12], Hossain and Munir [13] and Siddiqa et al. [14] reported the effects of variable properties by using (1), under different physical circumstances. In present analysis as well, both the viscosity and thermal conductivity variations of the carrier fluid are exploited through the proposed form of Charraudea [11]. In this paper consideration has been given to the effects of temperature dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity of dusty fluid on laminar natural convection flow along a vertical heated cone. Such problems found their applications in many industrial problems where temperature dependent properties of dusty fluid is a subject of practical interest. Coordinate transformation (primitive variable formulation) is employed to transform the two-phase boundary layer model into a convenient form. Since the equations (22-28) are coupled and nonlinear therefore solutions are obtained numerically by applying two point implicit finite difference method. Numerical results of the two-phase problem are displayed in the form of wall shear stress, heat transfer rate, streamlines, isotherms by varying several controlling parameters. 2 2 Formulation of the Problem We have considered dusty fluid which is originally at rest along a vertical heated solid cone. Initially, the system is having a uniform temperature T∞ . Suddenly, the surface of the cone y = 0 is heated to a temperature T + ∆T and natural convection starts due to this. The x-axis is taken along the surface of the cone, whereas y-axis is in the direction normal to the surface as shown in Fig. 1. In our detailed numerical work, the fluid viscosity and thermal conductivity are taken as a linear function of temperature (given in Eq. 1). Under the assumptions given in Siddiqa et al. [7], the governing system of equations pertinent to the problem are given by (see Ref. [3], [7]-[9]): For the fluid phase: ∂(r̂û) ∂(r̂v̂) + =0 (2) ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ( ) ρp ∂ û ∂ p̂ ∂ û ρ û =− + v̂ + ∇.(µ∇û) + ρgβ (T − T∞ ) cos ϕ + (ûp − û) (3) ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ τm ) ( ρp ∂v̂ ∂ p̂ ∂v̂ + v̂ + ∇.(µ∇v̂) − ρgβ (T − T∞ ) sin ϕ + (v̂p − v̂) (4) =− ρ û ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ τm ) ( ρp c s ∂T ∂T = ∇.(κ∇T ) + + v̂ (Tp − T ) (5) ρcp û ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ τT For the particle phase: ∂(r̂ûp ) ∂(r̂v̂p ) + =0 ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ( ) ∂ ûp ∂ ûp ρp ∂ p̂p ρp ûp + v̂p − (ûp − û) =− ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ τm ) ( ∂ p̂p ∂v̂p ρp ∂v̂p =− + v̂p − (v̂p − v̂) ρp ûp ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ τm ) ( ρp cs ∂Tp ∂Tp =− ρp cs ûp + v̂p (Tp − T ) ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ τT (6) (7) (8) (9) where (û, v̂), T , p̂, ρ, cp , β κ, µ are respectively the velocity vector in the (x̂, ŷ) direction, temperature, pressure, density, specific heat at constant pressure, volumetric expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity and coefficient of dynamic viscosity of the fluid/carrier phase. Similarly, (ûp , v̂p ), Tp , p̂p , ρp and cs corresponds to the velocity vector, temperature, pressure, density and specific heat for the particle phase. ⃗g = (g cos ϕ, g sin ϕ) is the gravitational acceleration along the (x̂, ŷ) directions respectively, ϕ the half angle and r̂ = x̂ sin ϕ the local radius of the cone. Likewise, τm (τT ) is the momentum relaxation time (thermal relaxation time) during which the velocity (temperature) of the particle phase relative to the fluid is reduced to 1/e times its initial value. The fundamental equations stated above are to be solved under appropriate boundary conditions to determine the flow fields of the fluid and the dust particles. Therefore, boundary conditions for the gas phase are: û(x̂, 0) = v̂(x̂, 0) = T (x̂, 0) − Tw = 0 u(x̂, ∞) = T (x̂, ∞) − T∞ = 0 3 (10) Boundary conditions for the particle phase are: ûp (x̂, 0) = v̂p (x̂, 0) = Tp (x̂, 0) − Tw = 0 ûp (x̂, ∞) = Tp (x̂, ∞) − T∞ = 0 (11) Tw is the constant temperature of the heated cone which is higher than the ambient fluid temperature T∞ . The above system of governing equations is transformed into a dimensionless system of equations by using the following transformation: (u, up ) = (T, Tp ) − T∞ L L Gr−1/2 (û, ûp ), (v, vp ) = Gr−1/4 (v̂, v̂p ), (Θ, Θp ) = , ν∞ ν∞ Tw − T∞ ŷ r̂ L2 x̂ (p̂, p̂p ), x = , y = Gr1/4 , r = , (p, pp ) = 2 (12) L L L ρν∞ Gr µ ∞ cp gβ(Tw − T∞ ) cos ϕL3 µ∞ Gr = , Pr = , ν∞ = 2 ν∞ κ∞ ρ System of Eqs. (2)-(11) becomes: ∂(ru) ∂(rv) + =0 ∂x ∂y ∂u ∂u ∂p ∂u ∂θ ∂2u +v =− +ϵ + (1 + εθ) 2 + Dρ αd (up − u) + θ ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ) ( ( ) ∂θ 2 2 ∂θ 1 ∂2θ ∂θ +v = (1 + γθ) 2 + γ − Dρ αd (θ − θp ) u ∂x ∂y Pr ∂y ∂y 3 u ∂(rup ) ∂(rvp ) + =0 ∂x ∂y up (13) (14) (15) (16) ∂pp ∂up ∂up + vp =− − αd (up − u) ∂x ∂y ∂x (17) ∂θp ∂θp 2 + vp =− αd (θp − θ) ∂x ∂y 3ωPr (18) up The boundary conditions for the gas phase becomes: u(x, 0) = v(x, 0) = θ(x, 0) − 1 = 0 u(x, ∞) = θ(x, ∞) = 0 (19) Similarly, for the particle phase boundary conditions can be written as: up (x, 0) = vp (x, 0) = θp (x, 0) − 1 = 0 up (x, ∞) = θp (x, ∞) = 0 (20) The interaction terms between the two phases (carrier phase and particle phase) are expressed as follows: ω(= cs /cp ) is the specific heat ratio of the mixture. For different gas-particle combinations, ω may vary between 0.1 and 10.0, and in such cases, either the temperature or the velocity tends to reach equilibrium faster (see [1]). Dρ (= ρp /ρ) is mass concentration of particle phase or the ratio of densities of the fluid and the dust particles. 4 τT = 1.5ωτm P r is the relation between thermal relaxation time (τT ) and velocity relaxation time (τm ); indicating that τT is obeying the Stokes law. It should be noted that, for most gases, the Prandtl number, Pr is near 2/3 and the specific heat mixture parameter (ω) is typically near one, which means that for this particular situation temperature and velocity relaxation become equivalent. Finally, αd = L2 /ντm Gr1/2 is the parameter depending on the relaxation time of the particles and the buoyancy force. It can be observed that for αd = 0 the flow governs by the natural convection in the absence of the dusty particles. Before applying the numerical scheme, following set of continuous transformations are introduced: (u, up ) = x 1+n 2 (U, Up ), (v, vp ) = x− y=x 1−n 4 1−n 4 (V, Vp ), (θ, θp ) = xn (Θ, Θp ) Y, X = αd x 1−n 2 (21) Eqs. (13)-(20) becomes: 3+n 1 − n ∂U 1 − n ∂U ∂V U+ X − Y + =0 (22) 2 2 ∂X 4 ∂Y ∂Y ( ) ∂U 1−n ∂2U ∂U ∂Θ ∂U 1+n 2 1−n U + XU + V − YU = (1+ϵΘ) 2 +ϵ +Θ−Dρ X(U −Up ) 2 2 ∂X 4 ∂Y ∂Y ∂Y ∂Y (23) ( ) 1−n ∂Θ ∂Θ 1−n nU Θ + XU + V − YU = 2 ∂X 4 ∂Y ] [ ) ( (24) ∂Θ 2 2 ∂2Θ 1 − Dρ X (Θ − Θp ) (1 + γΘ) 2 + γ Pr ∂Y ∂Y 3 3+n 1 − n ∂Up 1 − n ∂Up ∂Vp Up + X − Y + =0 2 2 ∂X 4 ∂Y ∂Y ) ( ∂Up 1−n 1+n 2 1−n ∂UP Up + XUp + Vp − Y Up = −X(Up − U ) 2 2 ∂X 4 ∂Y ) ( ∂Θp ∂Θp 1−n 2X 1−n XUp + Vp − Y Up =− (Θp − Θ) nUp Θp + 2 ∂X 4 ∂Y 3ωPr (25) (26) (27) The boundary conditions to be satisfied are: U (X, 0) = V (X, 0) = Θ(X, 0) − 1 = Up (X, 0) = Vp (X, 0) = Θp (X, 0) − 1 = 0 U (X, ∞) = Up (X, ∞) = Θ(X, 0) = Θp (X, ∞) = 0 (28) The coupled system of non linear partial differential Eqs. (22)-(27) is solved numerically by using an implicit, iterative tri-diagonal finite difference scheme. The brief description of the numerical scheme is given in Appendix A. In the next section, numerical solutions obtained for the present model are graphed and discussed as well. 3 Numerical Results and Discussion Present analysis is performed for natural convection flow of dusty fluid along a semi-infinite vertical flat cone. Equations (22)-(27) under the conditions (28) have been solved numerically using the finite difference method together with the Thomas algorithm. All the 5 numerical computations are carried out in Fortran 77 code. The quantities of physical interest are surface shear stress and the rate of heat transfer which may be attained with the help of following relations: ( ) 1−5n ) ∂Θ X 2−2n = − (1 + γ) Qw = N uGr αd ∂Y Y =0 ( ) ( ) −1−3n ∂U X 2−2n −3/4 = (1 + ϵ) τw = Cf Gr αd ∂Y Y =0 −1/4 ( (29) The present numerical results are also validated through comparison with two studies available in literature. It is observed that the our model present the solutions of Pop and Na [16] if P r = 0.72, ϕ = 10◦ , Dρ = 0.0, ϵ = 0.0, γ = 0.0, n = 0.0. The results for the above set of data are presented graphically in Fig. 2. Similarly, solutions of Siddiqa et al. [7] are obtained in Table 1 for dusty fluid by fixing the parameters as Dρ = 0.0, 5.0, n = 0.0, 1.0, P r = 0.005 and γ = 1.0. The angle ϕ is zero in order to get the solutions of [7]. It is clear from the Fig. 2 and Table 1 that both solutions agree very well with the present study. Table 1: Numerical values of τw and Qw for Dρ = 0.0, 5.0, n = 0.0, P r = 0.005, γ = 1.0 τw X 1.0 2.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 Dρ = 0.0 Siddiqa Present et al. [7] 1.42523 1.42524 1.42523 1.42524 1.42523 1.42524 1.42523 1.42524 1.42523 1.42524 1.42523 1.42524 1.42523 1.42524 1.42523 1.42524 1.42523 1.42524 1.42523 1.42524 1.42523 1.42524 Dρ = 5.0 Siddiqa Present et al. [7] 0.96330 0.96253 0.93821 0.93796 0.92274 0.92267 0.92100 0.92094 0.91976 0.91971 0.91926 0.91926 0.91882 0.91878 0.91844 0.91840 0.91809 0.91806 0.91779 0.91776 0.91751 0.91749 Qw Dρ = 0.0 Dρ = 5.0 Siddiqa Present Siddiqa Present et al. [7] et al. [7] 0.04170 0.04170 0.06391 0.06401 0.04170 0.04170 0.06398 0.06403 0.04170 0.04170 0.06401 0.06404 0.04170 0.04170 0.06402 0.06404 0.04170 0.04170 0.06402 0.06404 0.04170 0.04170 0.06402 0.06404 0.04170 0.04170 0.06402 0.06404 0.04170 0.04170 0.06402 0.06404 0.04170 0.04170 0.06402 0.06404 0.04170 0.04170 0.06402 0.06404 0.04170 0.04170 0.06402 0.06404 Numerical results are presented for a wide range of Prandtl number Pr (from 0.7 to 1000.0). Variation of wall shear stress, Nusselt number coefficient, velocity profile and temperature profile are obtained for various values of representative parameters. Following are some practical examples that helps in considering the orders of magnitude of the dimensionless numbers which form the coefficients of the momentum and energy equations (see Apazidis [15]). • metal particles in gas: Dρ = 104 , Pr = 0.7, ω = 0.45. • metal particles in water: Dρ = 10, Pr = 7.0, ω = 0.1. • metal particles in oil: Dρ = 10, Pr = 1000.0, ω = 0.3. 6 The numerical values of τw and Qw for ϵ = 0.0, 5.0, n = 0.0, 1.0, γ = 5.0, Pr = 5.0, ω = 0.5 and Dρ = 20.0 are entered in Table 2. Numerical values of τw (Qw ) at Y = 0 indicate that slip velocity (heat flux rate) increases (decreases) due to the increment in ϵ from 0.0 to 5.0. The quantitative data clearly shows the influence of power index n on τw and Qw . In case of τw , the numeric values reduces in magnitude when n increases from 0.0 to 1.0, while on the other hand opposite behavior is recorded for Qw . The numerical solutions are discussed Table 2: Numerical values of τw and Qw for ϵ = 0.0, 5.0, n = 0.0, 1.0, γ = 5.0, Pr = 5.0, ω = 0.5, Dρ = 1000.0 τw X 1.0095 2.0090 3.0085 4.0080 5.0075 ϵ = 0.0 0.15572 0.15451 0.15412 0.15392 0.15383 Qw n = 0.0 ϵ = 5.0 ϵ = 0.0 ϵ = 5.0 0.26991 10.19567 7.67404 0.26845 10.20298 7.67485 0.26797 10.20609 7.67436 0.26777 10.20617 7.67693 0.26761 10.21004 7.67654 τw ϵ = 0.0 0.13906 0.13779 0.13734 0.13715 0.13700 Qw n = 1.0 ϵ = 5.0 ϵ = 0.0 ϵ = 5.0 0.24027 12.72770 9.51374 0.23858 12.83279 9.54633 0.23805 12.86656 9.56141 0.23774 12.88276 9.56335 0.23752 12.88870 9.56334 for the mixture of gas, water and oil with metal particles. Graphical presentation of τw and Qw is given in Fig. 3 for air particle and water particle mixtures. It is worth mentioning that the curves in which air is acting as a carrier fluid exhibits considerable change due to the presence of metal particles as compared to water particulate suspension. In Fig. 3(a), it can be seen that skin friction decreases by increasing the value of mass concentration parameter Dρ . Such behavior is expected because the carrier fluid loses kinetic and thermal energy by interacting with the dust particles and this leads to reduction of velocity of carrier fluid as compared to pure fluid case. Ultimately the velocity gradient for the carrier fluid decreases at the surface of the cone. It is evident from the Fig. 3(b) that Nusselt number coefficient drastically increases by increasing the mass concentration parameter Dρ for air particulate suspension. Here the dusty air gains some thermal energy from particles and the temperature of the carrier fluid increases. Consequently, the temperature gradient for the carrier fluid increases. On contrary, the graphical representation for water particulate suspension depicts that the Qw almost remains invariant when Dρ penetrated into the mechanism. Interestingly, the effect of Dρ on τw and Qw for oil particulate suspension is reverse when compared to air and water particulate suspensions. Fig. 4 is depicting the contamination of oil by metal particles. For comparison, suspension without particle cloud (pure oil) is also presented. The magnitude of τw (Qw ) drastically increases (decreases) when oil contains metal particles. Furthermore, the behavior of oil mixture on Fig. 4(b) is noticeable since heat transfer rate, Qw , becomes negative. It happens because hot stream due to buoyancy rises and most probably the temperature of the carrier fluid becomes higher than the temperature at the surface of the cone and it results in negative heat transfer rate. Streamlines and isotherms are also drawn in Fig. 5 and 6 respectively for air particulate suspension and water particulate suspension. These quantities help in visualizing and accessing the performance of the flow velocity and temperature fields of dusty fluid moving 7 along a vertical cone. For comparison, suspension without particle cloud (pure air/water) is also presented. As expected that by loading the metal particles, the velocity of dusty fluid reduces significantly as compared to clear fluid (pure air/water) as shown in Fig. 5(a) and 6(a). More interestingly, the influence of Dρ on temperature distribution for both phases for air particulate suspension in Fig. 5(b) is notable. When particles are loaded extensively, the relative velocity between the two phases reduces and relaxation time for energy transfer also decreases and ultimately temperature lags between the mixture components become smaller. The thermal boundary layer becomes thinner due to the large temperature lags between the phases. On contrary, isotherms in Fig. 6(b) is revealing the fact that for the two-phase and single phase, curves are very close to each other. It indicates that presence of metal particles do not have much influence on temperature distribution when the carrier fluid is water. 4 Conclusion This paper aims to compute numerical results of two-phase boundary layer flow of dusty fluid along a vertical heated cone. Primitive variable formulations are adopted to transform the dimensionless boundary layer equations into convenient form and then the resulting nonlinear system of boundary layer equations are iteratively solved step by step by using implicit finite difference method along with tri-diagonal solver. The problem is investigated to predict the characteristics of natural convection dusty fluid flow having variable fluid properties. Results are interpreted by considering base fluid/continuous fluid as water, air and oil, while particle cloud contains metal as a solid phase. The key observation from the present analysis is that inclusion of dust particles in water and air extensively promote the heat transfer rate, particulary, Qw boosts up when the carrier fluid is air. It is also found that the effect of particle loading is to reduced the wall shear parameter for air and water, but on the other hand, drag forces increases when the participating fluid is oil. The solutions present some features which were not encountered when the fluid properties are taken as uniform. The results of the study may be of some interest to the researchers of the field of chemical engineers and it can be further extended for the generalized three dimensional case. Appendix A: The discretization procedure is carried out by incorporating two-point backward difference formulae for all the first order derivatives with respect to X as: ( ) Ωi,j − Ωi−1,j ∂Ω = ∂X i,j ∆X Similarly, derivatives with respect to Y are replaced by central difference quotients of the form: ) ( Ωi,j+1 − Ωi,j−1 ∂Ω = ∂Y i,j ∆Y where Ωi,j = Ω(Xi , Yj ) Y ∞ = YN Yj = (j − 1)∆Y Xi = (i − 1)∆X 8 for for j = 1, 2, 3...N i = 1, 2, 3...M Here Ωi,j denotes the dependent variable U , Up , Θ, Θp , and i, j are the node locations along the X and Y directions, respectively. The system of equations is cast into a tridiagonal matrix equation of the form: Ai,j Ωi,j−1 + Bi,j Ωi,j + Ci,j Ωi,j+1 = Di,j where Ωi,j    B11 B12 B13 A11 0 0 0   0 A22 0  0  0 B22 B23 Bi,j =  Ai,j =   0  0 0 A33 0  0 B33 0 0 0 A44 0 0 0       D1 C11 0 0 0 0  D 2   0 C22 0 1 0  Di,j =   Ω1 =   ΩN = D 3   0 0 0 C33 0  0 0 0 C44 1 D4   U Θ  =  Up  Θp Ci,j  B14 B24   B34  B44   0 0  = 0 0 An algorithm that can be used to obtain the solution Ωi,j at a certain stream-wise distance X is given as: Ωi,j = −Ei,j Ωi,j+1 + Fi,j 1≤j ≤N −1 where E1 = EN  0 0 = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0 0 , 0 0   1 1  F1 =  1 , 1 Ej = (Bj − Aj Ej−1 )−1 Cj Fj = (Bj − Aj Ej−1 ) −1 (Dj − Aj Fj−1 ) FN   0 0  = 0 0 26j 6N −1 26j 6N −1 Based on the information available at the ith nodal point, the dependent variables Ωj are predicted at i + 1th stage. 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[16] Pop, I., Na, T-Y, Natural convection from a wavy cone, Applied Scientific Research, 54, 1995, 125-136. 10 Fig. 1 Schematic of the problem. 1.50 1.25 Present Pop and Na [16] Nu/Gr .25 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 X Fig. 2 Nusselt number coefficient for P r = 0.72, ϕ = 10◦ Dρ = 0.0, γ = 0.0, ϵ = 0.0 and n = 0.0. 11 1.0 4.0 Pure air Air with particles Pure water Water with particles 3.0 0.6 Pure air Air with particles Pure water Water with particles Qw τw 0.8 2.0 0.4 1.0 0.2 0.0 5.0 (a) 10.0 15.0 0.0 20.0 Y 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 Y (b) Fig. 3(a) Skin friction and (b) Nusselt number coefficients for air and water particle flow with Dρ = 10000.0(air), 10.0(water), P r = 0.7(air), 7.0(water), γ = ϵ = 0.5, ω = 0.45(air), 0.1(water) and n = 0.0. 125.0 0.0 100.0 -100000.0 Pure oil Oil with particles -200000.0 Qw τw 75.0 Pure oil Oil with particles 50.0 -300000.0 -400000.0 25.0 -500000.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 0.0 X (a) 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 X (b) Fig. 4(a) Skin friction and (b) Nusselt number coefficients for oil particle flow with Dρ = 10.0, P r = 1000.0, γ = ϵ = 0.5, ω = 0.3 and n = 0.0. Pure air (Dρ =0.0) Air with particles (Dρ =10000.0) y 20.0 10.0 0.0 (a) 5.0 10.0 x 15.0 20.0 16.41 15.63 14.85 14.07 13.29 12.50 11.72 10.94 10.16 9.38 8.60 7.81 7.03 6.25 5.47 4.69 3.91 3.13 2.34 1.56 0.78 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 8.0 Pure air (Dρ =0.0) Air with particles (Dρ =10000.0) 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 6.0 0.70 0.65 0.60 y 30.0 0.55 4.0 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 2.0 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.0 (b) 0.15 5.0 10.0 15.0 x Fig. 5(a) Streamlines and (b) Isotherms for air particle flow with Dρ = 0.0, 10000.0, P r = 0.7, γ = ϵ = 0.5, ω = 0.45, and n = 0.0. 12 20.0 0.10 0.05 4.1 5.0 10.0 Pure water (Dρ =0.0) 3.8 Water with particles (Dρ= 10.0) 4.0 Pure water (Dρ =0.0) Water with particles (Dρ= 10.0) 30.0 0.0 15.0 20.0 0.90 0.80 3.6 0.70 3.0 3.3 0.60 3.0 20.0 0.50 y 2.4 y 2.7 0.40 2.0 2.1 0.31 1.8 10.0 0.23 1.5 1.0 1.2 0.16 0.10 0.9 0.6 0.0 (a) 0.06 0.3 0.0 5.0 10.0 x 15.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 (b) 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 x Fig. 6(a) Streamlines and (b) Isotherms for water particle flow with Dρ = 0.0, 10.0, P r = 7.0, γ = ϵ = 0.5, ω = 0.1, and n = 0.0. 13