The European Union South Frontier

2018

The government of the Euro-Mediterranean border has produced what is seen as a new 'geopolitics of inclusion', through which Europe is trying to attract the neighbouring countries into its hegemonic orbit involving them in the external governance of its justice and home affairs issues. This essay will analyse the role that Frontex has played in redefining the geopolitical imaginary of the European border, producing a conception of security in which the classic inside/outside dichotomy has been gradually overcome. In 2005, the European agency Frontex was established in order to coordinate border-control actions among the nations of the Union. It started as an extraordinary laboratory for the Union in order to experiment innovative politics for the control on human mobility in contemporary Europe, and to implement a brand new post-national model of border control and management. This essay will investigate how Frontex has impacted on the politics of migration in Europe, and what its functioning fundamentally means for the geopolitics of the European frontiers. This analysis will be pay close attention to the relationship between migration, security, and the shifting of borders in today's world.

International Journal of Euro-Mediterranean Studies, 2022

This paper focuses on investigating how distance affects the political decisions on interventions, from geographically the closest to the farther csdp (Common Security and Defence Policy) missions and operations. More specifically, we look at the utilization of the csdp missions and operations in the context of the migration and refugee crisis. As part of the broad foreign policy toolbox, the eu started to use its csdp missions and operations to address some of the root causes of migration (like internal security and border management issues) in the countries of origin. In this research, we investigate how the mandates and objectives of the missions and operations in the Mediterranean and West African region have changed between 2013 and first quarter of 2022 in order to support the eu’s migration policy. Missions and operations gained political capital and more financial and political support from eu Member States as a consequence of the migration and refugee crisis. This support is visible in the expenditures of the three examined missions in the Sahel. Moreover, the European Agenda on Migration of 2015 stated that migration is to become a specific component of csdp missions and operations. Consequently, the eu started to count on csdp missions and operations to handle irregular migration in 2015.

European Parliament, 2021

This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee , examines the EU approach on migration in the Mediterranean, covering developments from the 2015 refugee crisis up to the Covid-19 pandemic, assessing the effect these events have had on the design, implementation, and reform of EU policy on asylum, migration and external border control, and documenting the ramifications these changes have had on the actors who operate and are impacted by these policies, including immigration authorities, civil society organisations, and the migrants themselves. The study includes a review of the state of play of relevant EU asylum and migration legislation and its implementation, an appraisal of the situation in the Mediterranean, and a thorough examination of the external dimension of the EU migration, asylum and border policies, focusing on cooperation with third countries (Turkey, Libya and Niger), incorporating human rights and refugee law considerations and an analysis of the implications of funding allocations under the EU Trust Fund for Africa and the Refugee Facility in Turkey. The main goal is to test the correct application of EU and international law, having regard to increased allegations of human rights violations, undue criminalisation, and complicity of the EU in atrocity crimes committed against migrants at sea, stranded in Libya, or contained in Niger and Turkey. The role of EU agencies (Frontex and EASO) is also assessed alongside the bilateral or multi-lateral initiatives adopted by MS to confront the mounting challenges at the common external borders of the EU, incorporating the principle of solidarity and fair sharing of responsibility (Article 80 TFEU) as a horizontal concern.

2013

The EU's southern border is becoming more difficult to research because it is a challenge to determine where the border is. Over the past ten years the securitization of migration in the Euro-Med region has had a direct effect on the politics and international relations between the EU, its member states and North Africa. The EU is increasingly using its North African neighbours to control migration some examples of this are UKBA visa processing centres or the European Neighbourhood Policy. Such structures are in place to externalise the control of sovereign borders by the EU. This paper aims to show that the future study of migration between the two regions could be made easier by using Pierre Bourdieu's 'Field Theory'. His deconstruction of the relationship between agency and structure are perfect for analysing migration in the region as it allows the controls that the EU exercises to be located in North

International Multilingual Journal of Science and Technology (IMJST), 2022

Illegal immigration is a phenomenon that preoccupies European Union (henceforth EU) states and their societies today to a great extent and causes turmoil at an economic, social and political level. The EU has tried to develop policies through the establishment of European organizations such as Europol and Frontex in order to assist the EU Member States (henceforth MS) in the effective management of this phenomenon. As is well known, the greatest pressure in dealing with this phenomenon is faced by the states located in the southern part of Europe, among which Hellas also belongs. The latter is under pressure from migratory flows both through its land borders and from sea borders which are at the same time the sea borders of the EU. The main burden for dealing with these flows has been assumed by the Hellenic Coast Guard (henceforth HCG) with its staff and executives.

International Institute for Democracy and Electoral …, 2010

Mediterranean and Middle East/North African countries (Med-MENA) have transformed into countries of immigration, transit and asylum. The region receives and produces more refugees than any other region in the world. This situation is deteriorating because of the Darfur and Iraqi crises. EU Bilateral Action Plans contain an agenda for political and economic reform and recommendations and actions concerning issues of primary interest to the EU, such as border control and readmission agreements. They reflect the European understanding of the most important changes to be undertaken in terms of asylum and migration but do not reflect the general policies and concerns of third countries. Recently, the Commission has announced a major change from a primarily security-centred approach to one guided by a deeper understanding of all aspects relevant to migration. The Commission believes that the decline in the working age population in the EU and growing migratory pressures mean that 'there can be no going back to tackling immigration in isolation'.