Articles by Jennifer Allsopp
Political Geography, 2022
The Common European Asylum System aims to establish common standards for refugee status determina... more The Common European Asylum System aims to establish common standards for refugee status determination among EU Member States. Combining insights from legal and political geography we bring the depth and scale of this challenge into sharp relief. Drawing on interviews and a detailed ethnography of asylum adjudication involving over 850 in-person asylum appeal observations, we point towards practical differences in the spatio-temporality, materiality and logistics of asylum appeal processes as they are operationalised in seven European countries. Our analysis achieves three things. Firstly, we identify a key zone of differences at the level of concrete, everyday implementation that has largely escaped academic attention, which allows us to critically assess the notion of harmonisation of asylum policies in new ways. Secondly, drawing on legal-and political-geographical concepts, we offer a way to conceptualise this zone by paying attention to the spatiotemporality, materiality and logistics it involves. Thirdly, we offer critical legal logistics as a new direction for scholarship in legal geography and beyond that promises to prise open the previously obscured mechanics of contemporary legal systems.
NORRAG, Special Issue-09, Foundational Learning: Debates and Praxes., 2023
This paper highlights the importance of critical rights literacy (CRL) for migrant communities, d... more This paper highlights the importance of critical rights literacy (CRL) for migrant communities, drawing from three Guatemalan and Mexican examples. Civil society actors incorporate foundational learning to empower Indigenous migrant communities with movement and access rights. The paper contends that CRL is a vital aspect of foundational learning, showcasing trust and empathy as integral to its realisation among these communities.
Migration and Society, 2024
This article develops the narratological approach to well-being research through the novel use of... more This article develops the narratological approach to well-being research through the novel use of literary theory. It is the first article to explore the role of narrative genre in how unaccompanied refugee and migrant youth expressed their life projects and experiences of confronting the challenges and opportunities of the migration and asylum regime. It argues that narrative is important to understanding their life projects and well-being needs, as well as to how they understand themselves in relation to society and how likely they are to interact (or not) with support structures. Five main narrative genres are discussed that were encountered in mixed-methods ethnographic fieldwork with over 100 individuals in England and Italy: (1) tragedy, (2) comedy, (3) epic, (4) confession, and (5) fantasy. The article interrogates the value of "truth" in these narratives and concludes that storytelling is fundamentally linked to the sense of ontological security, which is vital to the youths' subjective well-being.
Geoforum, 2021
Vulnerable groups’ direct experiences and impressions of British courts and tribunals have often ... more Vulnerable groups’ direct experiences and impressions of British courts and tribunals have often been overlooked by politicians and policy makers (JUSTICE, 2019). This paper takes a geographical, empirical approach to access to justice to respond to these concerns, paying attention to the atmosphere of First Tier Immigration and Asylum Tribunal hearings to explore the qualitative aspects of (in)access to justice during asylum appeals. It draws on 41 interviews with former appellants and 390 observations of hearings in the First tier immigration and asylum tribunal to unpack the lived experiences of tribunal users and to identify three ways in which the atmosphere in tribunals can constitute a barrier to access to justice. First, asylum appellants are frequently profoundly disorientated upon arrival at the tribunal. Second, appellants become distrustful of the courtroom when they cannot see it as independent of the state. Third they often experience the courtroom procedures and the interactions that take place as disrespectful, inhibiting their participation. These insights demonstrate how the concept of ‘atmosphere’ can illuminate legal debates in valuable ways. Additionally we argue that legal policy making must find better ways to take vulnerable litigants’ experiences into account.
Journal of European Social Policy, 2022
The experiences of unaccompanied young migrants and refugees challenge the idea of a common Europ... more The experiences of unaccompanied young migrants and refugees challenge the idea of a common European asylum policy but also show that traditional welfare typologies used to account for differences in welfare across states fail to account for the lived experiences of this group. They do not consider the shifting categorizations of young migrants in institutional terms, nor how the stratification of their social rights plays out over place and time. Moreover, current welfare typologies give inadequate attention to the increasing intersection of the labour market and opportunities for regularization, the relative importance and role of the state in the welfare mix, and the nexus of access to welfare and immigration enforcement. This article draws on qualitative longitudinal research in England and Italy to argue that rather than experiencing welfare through the lens of Liberal (England) versus Conservative or Mediterranean (Italy) regimes, unaccompanied young migrants and refugees in these countries are better understood as navigating different systems of 'iron rod welfare' and 'colander welfare'. In England, the nexus between welfare and legal status is policed by an iron rod on one side of which exists a plethora of social rights, but on the other the risk of a proactive detention and deportation regime. In Italy, meanwhile, the holes of the colander denote gaps in protection but also possibilities to navigate alternative welfare strategies independently of the state. The ability to act independently of the state is an important but under-theorized capability for this population, for whom the state is a more ambiguous actor than is traditionally considered in European social policy.
Hart, 2019
Policing Humanitarianism examines the ways in which European Union policies aimed at countering t... more Policing Humanitarianism examines the ways in which European Union policies aimed at countering the phenomenon of migrant smuggling affects civil society actors' activities in the provision of humanitarian assistance, access to rights for irregular immigrants and asylum seekers. It explores the effects of EU policies, laws and agencies' operations in anti-migrant smuggling actions and their implementation in the following EU Member States: Italy, Greece, Hungary and the UK.The book critically studies policies designed and implemented since 2015, during the so called 'European refugee humanitarian crisis'.
Building upon the existing academic literature covering the 'criminalisation of migration ' in the EU, the book examines the wider set of punitive, coercive or control-oriented dynamics affecting Civil Society Actors' work and activities through the lens of the notion of ' policing the mobility society'. This concept seeks to provide a framework of analysis that allows for an examination of a wider set of practices, mechanisms and tools driven by a logic of policing in the context of the EU Schengen border framework: those which affect not only people, who move (qualified as third-country nationals for the purposes of EU law), but also people who mobilise in a rights-claiming capacity on behalf of and with immigrants and asylum-seekers.
European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 2020
Civil society organizations and individual volunteers were in many instances the first responders... more Civil society organizations and individual volunteers were in many instances the first responders to the so-called 'European humanitarian refugee crisis'. From 2015 onwards, they were celebrated by some as heroes. Meanwhile, during this same period, national and EU law enforcement agencies served to relabel civil society actors across a range of contexts as potential 'migrant smugglers'-direct facilitators of conduits of irregular migrant flows, or a pull-factor by default through their services. The shift in rhetoric was met with a shift in policing practices: in Italy and Greece, among other EU member states, humanitarian acts were reframed from life-saving obligations to be met and commended, to administrative-and in some cases-criminal risks to be monitored, deterred and punished. This article builds on previous research to consider how since 2018, civil society actors in Italy and Greece have faced increasing demands and pressures for registration, coordination and financial transparency, and how these have profound repercussions on humanitarian and human rights work with, for and by refugees and other migrants. The article outlines four main opportunity costs of the policing of humanitarian actors as a strategy to prevent mobility of refugees and other migrants. Firstly, such measures pose a threat to civil society's independence and impartiality from government interference; in doing so, they impact the efficiency of operations and disincentivize certain humanitarian actors from conducting life-saving work. Secondly, they have repercussions on trust between the law enforcement and civil society which may lessen the chances of migrants and those that serve them from sharing crucial information to stop and investigate ongoing violent crimes. Thirdly, this strategy leads to the politicization of the criminal justice system which undermines public faith in liberal democracy. Finally, resources channelled into investigating civil society actors funnel away resources from the focus on high-profile criminality. Given the pervasive human rights abuses committed against irregular migrants and asylum seekers, we argue that this misdirected policy equates to picking 'low-hanging fruit' while the orchard burns.
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 2020
There is an absence of absence in legal geography and materialist studies of the law. Drawing on ... more There is an absence of absence in legal geography and materialist studies of the law. Drawing on a multi‐sited ethnography of European asylum appeal hearings, this paper illustrates the importance of absences for a fully‐fledged materiality of legal events. We show how absent materials impact hearings, that non‐attending participants profoundly influence them, and that even when participants are physically present, they are often simultaneously absent in other, psychological registers. In so doing we demonstrate the importance and productivity of thinking not only about law's omnipresence but also the absences that shape the way law is experienced and practiced. We show that attending to the distribution of absence and presence at legal hearings is a way to critically engage with legal performance.
International journal of migration and border studies, 2018
This article examines the ways in which EU's political priority to counter migrant smuggling affe... more This article examines the ways in which EU's political priority to counter migrant smuggling affect the provision of humanitarian assistance and access to rights to irregular immigrants and asylum seekers. It explores the effects of EU policies, laws and agencies' operations in anti-migrant smuggling actions, and their implementation in two EU member states – Italy and Greece in the context of the 'European refugee humanitarian crisis' during 2015–2017. It shows that the effects of EU and national policies criminalising the facilitation of entry and residence of irregular immigrants extend beyond cases where civil society actors have faced actual prosecutions and criminal convictions when assisting irregular immigrants and asylum seekers. We use the notion 'policing the mobility society' to capture wider punitive dynamics which affect the activities of civil society actors, especially those critically monitoring and politically mobilising for the rights of migrants.
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies (JEMS), 2017
This paper sheds light on the ambiguous position of children who migrate without a parent or guar... more This paper sheds light on the ambiguous position of children who migrate without a parent or guardian as they become adults in the European Union (EU). Through a critical analysis of three prevailing frames (‘best interests’, ‘durable solutions’ and ‘belonging’), which largely inform policy and practice related to this group, it explores the tension between policy assumptions and what we know of the lived experiences and aspirations of these young people. It ultimately reveals a policy framework shaped by a state-centric view of migration, a static conception of belonging and a bias towards a political preference for return. Such a stance underestimates young people’s agency and willingness to embrace risk in their efforts to secure a viable future. The net result is policy which fails to offer a ‘durable solution’ or act in the ‘best interests’ of individual migrant young people or of society as a whole.
Diritto, Immigrazione, Cittadinanza (Rights, Immigration, Citizenship), 2017
This article considers how civil society actors assisting migrants and refugees over the course o... more This article considers how civil society actors assisting migrants and refugees over the course of 2015-2017 'European refugee crisis' have been impacted by, and fought against, aspects of the anti-smuggling agenda of the EU and its Member States. It explores how, in resisting accusations of 'colluding' with smugglers and of being a 'pull factor' for irregular migration, civil society actors have variably framed their right to act as a form of immanent critique, as civil disobedience, or as a principled humanitarian stand against an increasingly nontransparent and militarized EU border apparatus which is justified in the name of countering the organised crime of human smuggling. The article argues that the tension between the communitarian logic of deterrence and exclusion expounded by EU institutions during the crisis on the one hand, and the will to assist and include migrants among a significant part of European civil society on the other, can be understood as part of a fundamental tension in liberal democracy writ large at the EU level.
Social and Legal Studies, 2017
Studies of procedural in-court judicial discretion have highlighted a dilemma between the imperat... more Studies of procedural in-court judicial discretion have highlighted a dilemma between the imperative to reduce it owing to its potential misuse and preserve it owing to its importance in protecting vulnerable groups. This article offers a new framework with which to enter this debate and new quantitative empirical evidence that favours the former position over the latter. Drawing upon 240 in-person observations of Britain's First Tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber), the article demonstrates that judicial discretionary behaviour that is either vulnerability-neutral, vulnerability-amplifying or correlated with extraneous factors outweighs vulnerability-redressing behaviour, despite the sensitivity of this particular jurisdiction and the guidelines that consequently exist for judges. These findings lend support to calls to limit judicial procedural discretion. The article concludes by offering some cost-effective suggestions about how to do so.
Journal of Refugee Studies, 2014
Young people subject to immigration control frequently draw a link between their own subjective w... more Young people subject to immigration control frequently draw a link between their own subjective wellbeing and whether or not they have a projected sense of self within a clear future trajectory. Building on previous work by the authors, this article explores young people’s lived experiences of constructing futures while subject to immigration control as they transition to ‘adulthood’. More specifically, it examines how young people perceive and respond to time as a tactic of immigration control used in chronological age markers, time-limited legal statuses and bureaucratic process rhythms. It is argued that, in order to sustain a sense of moving forward, young people strive to counter such tactics of immigration control with tactics of their own. The article explores how young people describe working creatively to secure access to a range of often contested rights and entitlements in order to sustain the possibility of futures of their own making in Britain. It concludes by highlighting an overlooked divide between young people’s intentions and aims in securing their futures and the intentions of an immigration control system which arguably underestimates the power of some young people’s agency and determination.
Anthropology Today, 2016
For the thousands of appellants who navigate Britain's asylum appeal courts every year, attending... more For the thousands of appellants who navigate Britain's asylum appeal courts every year, attending a hearing conducted in a language they do not understand and participating via an interpreter, is usually viewed as a significant disadvantage. The findings of a study that entailed ethnographic and structured observations of over 390 asylum appeal hearings in England and Wales during 2013 and 2014, however, indicate that the presence of interpreters often offers an important source of support in adversity. While the natural assumption may be to associate linguistic incomprehension with detriment, it transpires that there are important exceptions to this rule. Given the toughening of UK border controls in recent years, as well as British reluctance to share responsibilities for international refugees such as those fleeing from violence in Syria, these observations offer rare solace in a bleak policy landscape.
Forced Migration Review, 2016
New research findings indicate that factors such as the gender of the judge and of the appellant,... more New research findings indicate that factors such as the gender of the judge and of the appellant, and where the appellant lives, are influencing asylum appeal adjudication.
Book chapters by Jennifer Allsopp
Migration, Displacement and Diversity: The IRiS anthology, 2023
The final word goes to all refugees who have overcome – or, like Dante, strive to overcome – over... more The final word goes to all refugees who have overcome – or, like Dante, strive to overcome – overwhelming odds to break out of the cycle of Hell in which the legal system all too often places them. I am yet to give E his long overdue hug, but he managed to evade deportation. He fled to a third country where he is now safe and, after fifteen long years, is reunited with his mum, Fatima. She hugged him, he told me – a lot. And I know because in the middle of the journey of our friendship I received a photograph with a text: ‘she looks at me as if I’m real. She holds me and says I can’t believe this is your actual body, that you’re here with me.’ Through a journey spanning continents, decades and generations, E’s will to mobility prevailed. His was a Divine Comedy of Forced Migration, of sorts.
Becoming Adult on the Move Journeys, Encounters and Life Transitions , 2022
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Becoming Adult on the Move Journeys, Encounters and Life Transitions , 2022
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Education, Migration and Development: Critical Perspectives in a Moving World, 2022
This Chapter explores the strengths and limitations of critical museum pedagogy specifically, wha... more This Chapter explores the strengths and limitations of critical museum pedagogy specifically, what new insights it offered about how we might learn about and practice empathy towards different types of migrants. We consider the politics of terminology in relation to migration in the Colombian context, exploring how participants in the Migration Laboratory identified important synergies and differences between the experiences of internally displaced persons within Colombia historically and those of newly arriving Venezuelan refugees.
Storytelling, we observe, was a powerful tool in this context for linking experiences and finding connections between different lives. We find that, where sufficient attention is given to the political nuances of each situation and participants are given adequate opportunities to be heard, museums can be important spaces to educate and foster empathy for others by drawing on individual and collective memories of mobility. Museums become, as Clover and Sanford (2016) have argued, drawing on McRobbie 2009 ‘pedagogic contact zones’ - ‘spaces for collective power, critique and debate...sites of cocreated knowledge, resistance, praxis and social, pedagogical and self-reflexivity.’ (129) The event demonstrated the value of the arts in bringing marginalised voices to the fore and enabling the co-creation of knowledge by local and global actors in migration; and the power of memory museums in particular in creating political and public ‘holding spaces’ for non-hierarchical mutual education and identity building among societies.
Education, Migration and Development: Critical Perspectives in a Moving World, 2022
Based on the narratives and experiences of unaccompanied young people seeking asylum in the UK an... more Based on the narratives and experiences of unaccompanied young people seeking asylum in the UK and Italy, this chapter unsettles the highly normative ideas contained within educational policy for migrant children and young people and considers how education is situated within the wider political, social and cultural realities of their lives at particular moments in time. It focuses on the factors shaping migrant young people’s decisions about their pursued futures in relation to educational progress or alternative work-based trajectories. Such decisions were significantly influenced by a range of structural and institutional opportunities and constraints (fundamentally linked to their legal status and access to social rights). Moreover, these trajectories were equally determined by their broader identities as migrant young people intimately tied to others through their transnational obligations and commitments for collective better futures and, for many, their role as ‘breadwinners’ who had responsibility for siblings or family members abroad. Education therefore emerged as a consideration within the trade-offs which young people had to make in relation to their migrant selves, their own future and the futures of others. The chapter illustrates how, by adopting this wider socio-political frame in relation to the perceived value given to education requires a reconsideration of how education might be made more fit for purpose in situations of multiple and intersecting transitions.
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Articles by Jennifer Allsopp
Building upon the existing academic literature covering the 'criminalisation of migration ' in the EU, the book examines the wider set of punitive, coercive or control-oriented dynamics affecting Civil Society Actors' work and activities through the lens of the notion of ' policing the mobility society'. This concept seeks to provide a framework of analysis that allows for an examination of a wider set of practices, mechanisms and tools driven by a logic of policing in the context of the EU Schengen border framework: those which affect not only people, who move (qualified as third-country nationals for the purposes of EU law), but also people who mobilise in a rights-claiming capacity on behalf of and with immigrants and asylum-seekers.
Book chapters by Jennifer Allsopp
Storytelling, we observe, was a powerful tool in this context for linking experiences and finding connections between different lives. We find that, where sufficient attention is given to the political nuances of each situation and participants are given adequate opportunities to be heard, museums can be important spaces to educate and foster empathy for others by drawing on individual and collective memories of mobility. Museums become, as Clover and Sanford (2016) have argued, drawing on McRobbie 2009 ‘pedagogic contact zones’ - ‘spaces for collective power, critique and debate...sites of cocreated knowledge, resistance, praxis and social, pedagogical and self-reflexivity.’ (129) The event demonstrated the value of the arts in bringing marginalised voices to the fore and enabling the co-creation of knowledge by local and global actors in migration; and the power of memory museums in particular in creating political and public ‘holding spaces’ for non-hierarchical mutual education and identity building among societies.
Building upon the existing academic literature covering the 'criminalisation of migration ' in the EU, the book examines the wider set of punitive, coercive or control-oriented dynamics affecting Civil Society Actors' work and activities through the lens of the notion of ' policing the mobility society'. This concept seeks to provide a framework of analysis that allows for an examination of a wider set of practices, mechanisms and tools driven by a logic of policing in the context of the EU Schengen border framework: those which affect not only people, who move (qualified as third-country nationals for the purposes of EU law), but also people who mobilise in a rights-claiming capacity on behalf of and with immigrants and asylum-seekers.
Storytelling, we observe, was a powerful tool in this context for linking experiences and finding connections between different lives. We find that, where sufficient attention is given to the political nuances of each situation and participants are given adequate opportunities to be heard, museums can be important spaces to educate and foster empathy for others by drawing on individual and collective memories of mobility. Museums become, as Clover and Sanford (2016) have argued, drawing on McRobbie 2009 ‘pedagogic contact zones’ - ‘spaces for collective power, critique and debate...sites of cocreated knowledge, resistance, praxis and social, pedagogical and self-reflexivity.’ (129) The event demonstrated the value of the arts in bringing marginalised voices to the fore and enabling the co-creation of knowledge by local and global actors in migration; and the power of memory museums in particular in creating political and public ‘holding spaces’ for non-hierarchical mutual education and identity building among societies.
possess a regular immigration status of laws and policies that
criminalise the provision of humanitarian aid to third-country
nationals with irregular immigration status. Three short case studies will be employed to argue that robust analysis of this under-researched impact of
migration control policies is fundamental to formulating trust based-policy in this area. It is also argued that the impact of the criminalisation of migration on the whole community must be measured and taken into
account as a key measure of policies which seek to combat irregular
migration. The reasons for this are twofold: firstly, because the impact of
these policies on communities affects their overall effectiveness; and
secondly, because, as elucidated by the FIDUCIA research project, “public
trust in justice is critically important for social regulation”.
have raised concerns that the hardening stance on migrant smuggling at the political level could impact the day-to-day service provision of everyday humanitarian actors. This chapter presents the results of a study commissioned by the European Parliament to explore this phenomenon. The study collated desk-based research mapping law and policy frameworks across several EU member states, available data on prosecution and conviction rates, and questionnaires targeting civil society organisers, service providers, cities, national governments and ship owners.This chapter begins by outlining the humanitarian exception provision envisaged by the Facilitators’ Package before considering the impact that it has on individuals and organisations providing access to humanitarian assistance, public services and fundamental rights to irregular migrants on the ground. Several significant shortcomings in current efforts to monitor and measure this impact are also explored
The First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) (FtTIAC) has a grave responsibility to asylum seekers who come to the UK. An erroneous decision could lead to wrongful removal and exposure to the risk of torture or persecution. It is therefore essential that the highest standards of justice and fairness are maintained in this jurisdiction.
This report is based on detailed observational research work in FtTIAC asylum appeal hearings, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. We observed 390 asylum appeal hearings in the UK from the public areas of hearing rooms and also interviewed 41 asylum appellants about their experiences.
Based on our research, we are concerned that the challenge of providing a fair and accessible asylum appeal hearing is often not being met. Too often, little attention is paid to the experiences and perspectives of appellants going through the process.
In this report we identify six challenging experiences that appellants commonly had during their asylum appeals: confusion, anxiety, mistrust, disrespect, communication difficulties and distraction. Each poses a significant threat to the ability of appellants to engage fully and effectively in the appeal process. For each challenge we offer a series of recommendations about how to improve fairness and access to justice in this jurisdiction. Procedural fairness and access to justice are not only cornerstones of an effective and just legal system, but are also important for maintaining long term public trust in the justice system. They are too important to be left to the discretion of individual judges.
Our recommendations are aimed at immigration judges, senior judges, the Ministry of Justice, Her Majesty’s Courts and Tribunals Service (HMCTS), the Home Office and legal representatives for the appellant.
migrant and refugee associations and arts organisations working in the South Asian region to identify priority areas for migration research; pathways to impact that have been, or are likely to be, promising; and platforms for communication and collaboration that could help to bridge research, policy, practice and public engagement in the future.
poverty would i) improve the quality and fairness of the asylum process and ii) lead to improved refugee health, wellbeing and integration.
Ukraine, the USA and Venezuela who came together in Rome to celebrate and challenge the legacy of the poet, Dante Alighieri in the Spring of 2023.
This anthology draws on work produced in the context of the Reading Dante with Refugees course at Trinity College Rome Campus led by Dr Jennifer Allsopp and Morteza Khalegi in association with the University of Birmingham’s Institute for Research into International Migration, Refugees and Superdiversity (IRiS).
Building upon the existing academic literature covering the 'criminalisation of migration ' in the EU, the book examines the wider set of punitive, coercive or control-oriented dynamics affecting Civil Society Actors' work and activities through the lens of the notion of ' policing the mobility society'. This concept seeks to provide a framework of analysis that allows for an examination of a wider set of practices, mechanisms and tools driven by a logic of policing in the context of the EU Schengen border framework: those which affect not only people, who move (qualified as third-country nationals for the purposes of EU law), but also people who mobilise in a rights-claiming capacity on behalf of and with immigrants and asylum-seekers.
The authors offer an in-depth analysis of the experiences of over one hundred unaccompanied young migrants, primarily from Afghanistan, Albania and Eritrea. They show the lengths these young people will go to in pursuit of safety, security and the futures they aspire to.
Interdisciplinary in nature, the book champions a new political economy analysis of wellbeing in the context of migration and demonstrates the urgent need for policy reform.
“One of the most powerful and important books you will read. An essential text for anyone interested in migration and the human rights of young people.” Felicity Thomas, University of Exeter
“This book offers a profound analysis of the concept of wellbeing for migrant youths, especially how they are affected by politics-driven public policies. It makes their voices – about their hurdles, strengths, fears and hopes – loud and clear.” François Crépeau, McGill University
“A perceptive and nuanced study of the circumstances of unaccompanied child migrants in England and in Italy. The authors provide a powerful case for radical rethinking of current approaches to the protection of children.” Jacqueline Bhabha, Harvard Law School