NGOs and Foreign funding –
Unchallenged Breaking India
Forces?
JULY 2019
B.S.HOLLA
B.PHARM, MACP, MPH (Monash)
INDEX
Purpose-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
NGOs in India----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
NGO Ban and perception------------------------------------------------------------------------5
De -Hinduazation and Deracination of Indians by NGOs--------------------------------6
Christian Evangelists and Missionaries: NGOs with nefarious intentions----------9
Foreign-funded NGOs and their Anti-Development agenda--------------------------12
Islamic NGOs and their Agendas--------------------------------------------------------------14
Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
Glossary---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
Bibliography---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
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Purpose
______________________________________________
The purpose of this paper is to examine and summarize reasons for the clamping down of NGOs and
particularly NGOs with foreign funding by both congress and the BJP government in the last eight years.
The article reviews why and how NGOs paralyze the government and influence media and society by
disruption tactics to impose their narratives. The most of the foreign funding originates from Western
governments; overseas agencies and Churches are trying to meddle with internal security and economic
development in the disguise of human rights, social services and freedom of expression for the propagation
of foreign religion in India and deracination of Hindus. The mainstream media and academia are reluctant
to expose the real agendas of foreign NGOs due to vested interests.
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NGOs in India
______________________________________________
Daana (giving) and Seva (service) concepts of Indian (Hindu) civilization have its roots for thousands of
years in Bharat. Christian missionaries during British Raj were involved in charity but as a colonial
enterprise mixing social service with Proselytization. Post-independence, particularly during the 70s and
80s NGO s, was started getting attention from the government, particularly in social sector projects.
Non-Governmental Organizations are known popularly as NGOs. They are usually not for profit,
independent of governments, and have objectives in healthcare, social, and humanitarian issues. They solely
depend on donations from individuals, governments, and agencies to make a positive transformation in the
society. In many countries, they work along with governments to bring a positive outcome to the local
community and state.
India had 3.3 million NGOs in 2016. It has a disproportionate number of NGOs, and their quantity exceeds
the number of primary schools and primary health centers. Still, issues related to health, education, and
social problems are filing up in India, and one wonders what NGOs are doing in India? In an article
published by Belinda Goldsmith, Editor in Chief of Thompson Reuters Foundation said: “NGOs have lost
public confidence and trust because they focus too much on money and act like a business.” Probably this
statement is too lenient as many of the NGOs in India are beyond just scams and corruption.
The Congress government in 2008 blacklisted 883 NGOs in India. The reason for the harsh decision is due
to the misappropriation of funds and scams by those NGOs. The poor governance since independence is
one of the significant reasons to blame for lack of transparency and accountability of these NGOs. In 2018
BJP government had canceled licenses of nearly 20,000 NGOs receiving foreign funds.
The clampdown of NGOs by BJP is widely criticized by mainstream media, particularly English media and
academia within the country. Many interesting publications in both academia and media in West blamed
and labeled the BJP regimen as a Hindu fundamentalist in nature. But as the internet penetration increased
and young and the middle class has become more social media savvy, they no longer depend on mainstream
media to visualize the reality.
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NGO Ban and perception
______________________________________________
Congress government has initiated changes in policies and amended rules as a governance
measure to improve NGOs accountability and transparency in 2010. The actual reform was
undertaken by the BJP government in 2014 as they were already well informed about the
malpractices of NGOs registered in India. NGO DARPAN portal was created in 2015 by Niti
Ayog. This is one of the major initiatives to strike a healthy collaboration between NGOs and the
government. The aim was to bring accountability, transparency, and efficiency among the NGO
sector, which is marred with scams, money laundering, and many other controversies. But the ban
on NGOs is seen as something detrimental to Indian democracy and the Constitution. The Western
media blamed rising Hindu extremism for the prohibition and named BJP as the root cause for the
packing of NGOs from the country. There were many articles published in the academic platform
in the West, giving negative publicity to India. Almost all of them accused the Indian government
of rising vigilantism against Western Human Rights organization and Christian missionaries. I
have failed to access not even a single research article being published for the actual reasons being
examined in an unbiased way on devious NGOs. They have started defending their NGOs claiming
“Conversion” is a form of religious freedom, and that is being curbed. The other claims were
women, and human rights issues in India are in dire need of Western NGOs, and India is going
towards darkness.
The situation in Indian media and Indian academia is not different either. Indian media producing
bulletins against NGOs were just limited to corruption and scams but lacked the courage and
competencies to expose their real agendas. But there is proper research being done on an individual
basis and by Research teams of Indic academies to expose Breaking India NGOs.
So what exactly prompted the government to ban several NGOs?
Most of the NGOs banned violated laws by not submitting a tax return at the end of each year for many
years. But that is just an administration issue. Significant reasons for bringing new policies and real-time
monitoring of NGOs through NGO DARPAN is to monitor and control breaking India forces. Indian
media and academia failed to examine the role of Breaking India NGOs for a long time. But I did gather
the right amount of information in several publications by Swadeshi Indologists and Indic institutions to
prepare this article.
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The manifestations of “Breaking India” NGOs spread its wings in intellectual and ideological
warfare on a war foot. Our contemporary world is globalized at popular culture levels in music,
food, dress, and entertainment. But deep cultures of dominant and predatory civilizations like
political Islam and Christian West still compete for supremacy and conquest of a different kind. A
vulnerable country like India is available for conquest again. It is indeed colonization 2.0, and
foreign-funded NGOs play a considerable role in it. The reasons for the clamping down of NGOs
are discussed in the following pages.
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De-Hinduization and Deracination
_____________________________________________
“There are NGOs who consider themselves as civilization machinery to civilize and
modernize India. What it means is to replace native Indian traditions, culture, and faith
with a foreign one by any means
TT
The nexus of foreign-funded NGOs use the imported lens of human rights, women rights, Public
Health, and environment to deconstruct native traditions. In the following example, how some of
the NGOs use multiple strategies to uproot Indian ethos is demonstrated.
The
Akshaya Patra –Mid Day meal scheme
Akshaya Patra in Sanskrit means an inexhaustible vessel, derived from Mahabharata, an epic from Hindu
Itihaas. It was a magnificent vessel given to elder brothers of Pandavas called Yudhishthira by Sun god.
(Soorya) which held a never-failing supply of food to the Pandavas every day.
Akshaya Patra Foundation is an NGO founded in the year 2000 by ISKON (International Society for
Krishna Consciousness) temple, Bangalore. It has a simple beginning by serving hand-cooked meals to
1500 students in five government schools. Through word of mouth, it gained popularity, and several schools
approached the temple to run the same program. As it is expanded in other schools, scale and usage of the
hi-tech kitchen were taken up by IIT alumni (Indian Institute of Technology) Madhu Pandit Dasa. He
designed the first centralized and fully mechanized kitchen that was able to produce more than 100,000
high-quality meals in five hours.
Akshaya Patra is now the most extensive NGO run school lunch program. It has a vision – No child in India
shall be deprived of education because of hunger. It provides wholesome lunch as per the guidelines issued
by MHRD. (Ministry of Human Resource Development) It provides Satvik food without meat, onion, and
garlic. Akshaya Patra now produces 1.7 million free meals to students throughout India whose food menu
is state-specific according to the local norms and culture. The program does not discriminate against any
students with their background like caste and religion and hence indeed a secular program.
However, there are several vested interests including other commercial organizations providing mid-day
meals and Evangelical organizations formed a nexus to malign Akshaya Patra program as a Hindu
Brahmanism, regressive agenda. They have come up with several false accusations like students do not like
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the taste of the meal since it does not contain onion and garlic. They also demanded it should contain meat.
Their quality and standards are challenged repeatedly to tarnish the image of the Akshaya Patra scheme.
One might wonder who plays this game in a developing country like India, where getting this essential meal
itself is a huge privilege. India is not so developed yet to have ideal choices and options in a mass free meal
program like Akshaya Patra. Thus, the cluster of NGOs campaigned against Akshyapatra accused it
promotes Hinduism. To bring and logical and scientific angle, they claimed the food is stale, not tasty, and
no standards met.
Akshaya Patra is under attack from Hindu phobic forces. Where is the origin of this Hinduphobic forces?
For example, Dr.Sylia Karpagam is an activist representing “The Rights to food campaign,” a civil rights
organization. The oxygen in the form of funding to the organization she represents comes from foreign
NGOs. One of the donors is a Christian organization abroad from George Soros open society institute,
which has a controversial record.
Dr.Sylvia herself being a Christian and expresses her anti-Hindu bigotry openly. She blames Brahmins for
havoc in India and labels Brahmin nutritionists as cow urine drinkers. According to her Akshaya Patra is a
Brahminical organization.
The other organizations in the steering group of Rights to food campaign receives foreign funding for
demonizing Amarnath Yatra close to the heart of every Hindus in India.
“Attack on Hindu culture, festivals, traditions through foreign-funded NGOs
using Indian ecosystem is a threat to long survived Indian civilization and its
demography.” There is a narrative war imposed by Foreign NGOs in India.
Attack on Sabarimala Tradition
Political protests orchestrated by missionaries and NGOs against Sabarimala is another classic example of
DeHinduazation in India. Sabarimala temple tradition is framed as gender discrimination practice by using
Christian West set of principles and morals of the Christian West. The Christian conspiracy and Muslim
angle is well documented. Their purpose is to hurt Hindus who consider Sabarimala as a holy place. It is
problematic for a devout Hindu to witness a considerable number of Muslims and the Christian women
gathering, a staged protest by NGOs though they don't have any belief in the Hindu religion. When Hindu
devotees of Sabarimala are holding a peaceful campaign to preserve age-old tradition, all anti-Hindu
congregation especially non-Hindus like Muslims and Christians started insulting and mocking Hindu
practices. Some of the famous stories highlighted in social media and local media include Selvi Mano of
NGO called Manithi, Tamil Nadu based NGO, a Christian Missionary organization at the forefront of the
protests.
In general, there are several NGOs study, research, and data-mine Indian community based on caste,
religion, and other forms of social parameters. The very same data is used to target Indian festivals,
traditions, and culture to impose an imported ideology.
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OXFAM
Gagan Sethi is one of the Board members of Oxfam India. He was one of the members of the NAC
involved in the anti-Hindu communal violence Bill. This bill was prepared by the Congress government
to malign Hindus and appease Abrahamic faith. But fortunately, it didn’t become law as Congress
government lost the election in 2014.
MISEREOR
It is a Christian organization fund several Christian missionaries in India. The equation is an organization
funded by Misereor. The equation in collaboration with separatist organizations with Kashmir published a
report demonizing the Amarnath Yatra which is dear to millions of Hindus (illustrated before)
GEORGE SOROS AND OPEN SOCIETY INSTITUTE
They have campaigned to abolish sedition laws in India.
NGO Sherpa is involved in filing a petition against the Rafale deal in France. Sherpa again partner with
George Soros open society, Mosereor, and Oxfam. Every nationalist Indian support Rafale deal as it is
very to protect India against its hostile neighbors.
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Christian Evangelists and Missionaries: NGOs with
nefarious intentions
______________________________________________
Indian American writer Rajiv Malhotra in his bestselling book “Breaking India” logically explains the
nexus between Church, social activity and foreign funding. How Churches and evangelical organizations
from the USA create special groups in India? According to “Breaking India,” Western Churches and
evangelical organizations are mighty and have close links with private funding agencies and government
organizations. How such network and NGOs impact India’s strategic positioning, security, and eventually,
its sovereignty is well illustrated in the book.
USCIR is a United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. It’s a government entity
established by the US Congress to monitor, analyze, and report on threats to religions abroad. USCIR
claims, as an independent, bipartisan commission, advise the President Congress and the Secretary of State.
USCIR always put India under tier 1 or 2 with severe problems of Religious Tolerance. The USCIR is using
Christian conversion organizations feedback to use India’s religious tolerance score. It raises questions on
neutrality claims of USCIR. In 2019 based on Christian missionaries’ feedback in India USCIR
recommended the US government that it should pursue Indian government to ensure that the foreign
contribution Regulation Act is not used discriminatorily to target international missionary and human rights
groups and to press states with anti-conversion and anti-cow slaughter laws to do the same.
Madhu Purnima Kishwar is a Professor at ICSSR(Indian Council of Social Science Research) and the
founder of human rights organization called MANUSHI. Madhu Kishwar wrote an article in Swarajya (June
2018) “Why Christian missionaries hate Modi and RSS?” It’s an excellent effort to understand the psyche
of NGOs originating from Evangelical organizations. The article further elaborates the first two generations
after independence didn’t understand the intentions of Church charity. The societies after India’s
independence and till the previous generation, many Indians have received their formal education through
convent schools run by Christian organizations. Hence evidently, most of the Indians are brainwashed to
believe that they are in India for the spread of knowledge and public health. It took several decades to
understand that its colonization 2.0 by the religion of colonizers in schools thanks to the internet revolution.
The subtle indoctrination against Indian culture, faith, food, lifestyles, role models by devious methods
occurred through these nexuses.
Indian society is increasingly aware that Christian missionaries pose multiple threats to India who are either
NGOs or charity organizations but predatory organizations to make a Christian country.
In a contemporary world, Christianity is not considered a global threat. However, in India,
Christian missionaries deracinate Indians by dirty tactics.
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Christianity in the past eliminated several religions, occupied the land, and bought conflicts within the
country throughout the world through colonization and slavery. There are several dangerous methods
adopted by Christian missionaries to disturb social health are reported in local media and social media.
They insist on conducting an anti-Hindu lifestyle in both vulnerable poor and educated upper caste. The
missionaries use debunked “Aryan Invasion” race theory to denationalize Hindus in South India.
“Conversion is an assault on Humanity “– S.L. Bhairappa (Philosopher and
Novelist)
“There would be no Christianity without Conversion” – India Facts.org
“Dharmic traditions of India are vulnerable to the political ideology of conquest from
Foreign originated Abrahamic faith. Foreign NGOs are MNCs to exploit Dharmic
civilizations.”
Christian West claims conversion is a freedom of expression in religion. If you or your faith resist
conversion, then you will be violating freedom of religion and will be branded as a fundamentalist. That
could be the reason Hindus are branded as nationalists and fundamentalists by Western media. If the
conversion is a freedom of expression or a component of secularism and resisting conversion should be
also part of freedom of expression or well within secularism.
In an article written by Satya Dosapati, “Is Congress putting India up for sale?” During Congress rule, there
was freehand given to Christian missionaries for conversions. During Congress rule, there were Terrorist
attacks, and they didn’t use iron hand to act against them. The Muslim fertility rate is higher when compared
to the majority community of Hindus. Illegal migration from Bangladeshi Muslims is unchecked along the
border deliberately. So, minority voters along with gullible Hindus can bring substantial support for
Congress rule in India through which it will be easy to convert India into a satellite country of West.
The foreign-funded Evangelical organizations received massive funding from the US, Europe, and the UK.
Their political activism against Sangh Parivar, BJP and Modi are very evident as they are not willing to go
out of their way to assist Christian missionaries in harvesting souls unlike Congress and that irks the
missionaries. The Congress party is run by the Gandhi family, who is staunch Christians.
“In 211-12 Over 80% of top 15 donor and recipient organizations are
Christian, ironically in a country where roughly 80% of the population is
Hindu.”
Though Indian law stipulates NGOs cannot misuse funding for Conversions, there was a severe lapse of
governance in the country after independence. This loophole in the enforcement of law facilitated many
NGOs to indulge in the brainwashing of school children.
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For example, Compassionate India is a Christian NGO that existed for more than 50 years. It receives
millions of dollars every year from the Compassionate UK. It partners with more than 500 Churches in
India and provides funding for schooling, food, and healthcare to the most impoverished areas.
Compassionate India lost access to foreign funding once Modi came into power in 2014. Ultimately it was
forced to close its operations in India in 2017 due to a funding crunch. This attracted negative publicity for
India in western media and academia. Many of them wrote BJP as a fascist, Hindu fundamentalist party
and predicted a dark future for India. Surprisingly and predictably they wrote there is no freedom of religion
in India since they cannot convert people is irrational.
Compassionate International was lacking compassion towards children from poverty but rather use them
for imposing missionary world view. They claim they do not believe in forced conversions. However, it
conceded that yet honestly seek to present the Christian message of hope and to give a higher purpose of
the Bible to children.
Poverty, lack of governance, and anti-Hindu concept of Secularism have been taken for granted by USbased evangelical organizations for conversion business to increase the number of Christians. While
corruption, violence, force, and coercion are evil, Evangelism by predators should be condemned in
contemporary society. Christian NGOs are not either liberal nor secular.
NGOs –Naxalism, and Church
Far-left radical communists are called as Naxals. Naxal menace is nearly six-decade-old in India now.
Naxals traditionally rebelled against landlords in the past.
In the year 2013 Central government has identified 120 NGOs who are either Naxal sympathizers or Naxal
supporters. These NGOs were spread across 16 states, and in some of the states, there is no record of Naxal
insurgency at all. Christian missionaries with massive funding back up from West prefer converting tribal
and poor from these regions into Christianity. The Church organizations are very active in Naxal infested
areas. Missionaries build medical facilities and toilets along with Church and indulge in mass conversion.
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Foreign-funded NGOs and their Anti Development
agenda
______________________________________________
India was under 700 years of violent Islamic invasion and then ruthless colonization for 300 years by
Christian British. Before colonization by Islam and British India was self-ruled under 100% indigenous
Dharmic civilization and pretty much a peaceful and prosperous land. (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and
Jainism)
India got its political independence in 1947. British left India in the worst possible form possible, but then
it was up to Indians to build their nation again from scratch. It’s a tragedy and failure of the successive
Indian government that even after 70 years of independence it still holds filthy Third world status.
After the liberalization policies adopted by the Indian government during the 90s the concept of
development politics and later nationalism has picked up among the Indian population. But then lack
absolute mandate and hence resulting Coalition governments failed to be decisive in taking India into a new
economic powerhouse in spite of having younger demography and democracy.
“Anti
Development campaign of foreign-funded NGOs is Colonialism
2.0.”
With a boom in the economy and huge population, India is seen as a market opportunity for both business
and civilization conquest. After all, business is all about creating a new enterprise by disrupting the current
need. Several International NGOs which are reputed globally started collaborating with Indian henchmen
to pursue anti-development agenda. In 2014 a leaked report from IB (Intelligence Bureau) of India noticed
NGOs such as Greenpeace, Cordaid, Amnesty, Action Aid and many other were causing severe damage to
Indian economy through political activism and violence. The MHA (Ministry of Home Affairs) has reported
and identified 12 westerners representing NGOs in India organizing agitation against coal mining, thermal
mining and nuclear power. But ironically the homeland of these protestors is the beneficiaries of said
industry. Their explanation for protesting is that India should not commit the same mistake as the West.
But this also proved to be farcical. Many of these think tanks of NGOs were working for their commercial
interests in their country of origin. Bihar is one of the most impoverished states in India. Greenpeace has
campaigned to shut the existing Industry in Bihar for environmental reasons not necessarily they were in
love with Bihar. However, it is found they were promoting and working on behalf of solar energy
Equipment Company of the US-based Zemlin Surface optical corporation.
Kundankulam Anti-Nuclear Protest
Tamil Nadu is one of the power deficits states in India. During the 80s then the Congress government signed
a pact with Russia to build a nuclear reactor in Kundankulam. After 25 years of construction and when the
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reactor was ready for operation heavy, and violent protests erupted in the area against the project. The irony
is that this protest has no backing from the scientific community but foreign NGOs and church
organizations.
Then-Prime Minister Dr.Manmohan Singh asserted in “Science magazine” that US and Scandinavian
NGOs were involved in anti-development protests, in this case, antinuclear demonstrations. These NGOs
do not appreciate the developmental activities undertaken by India.
Christian charity NGOs in Tamil Nadu which receives its funding from France was also very active in
infamous protest against the Kundankulam project. As soon as funding is cut off by the government, the
agitation has stopped.
A Dutch-funded NGO, CORDAID which is in the guise of preventing atrocities against women in North
East, was involved in training, funding and leading multiple protests against multiple developmental
projects. It includes oil prospecting in Manipur, Uranium mining in Meghalaya and hydropower dam in
Arunachal Pradesh. These NGOs have collaborated with local Indian NGOs such as Core in MANIPUR
and WING in Meghalaya beside another named RWUS.
The Church organizations campaigning against anti-development projects is not an isolated event. In May
2018 there are violent protests against Sterlite copper smelting plant in Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu. The city
turned into a war zone and 11 lives lost. The real force behind the rally is local Christian organizations as
the area is controlled by the Church for proselytization activities. The starting point of some of the protests
is the church itself. The role of Christian preachers like Mohan C Lazarus, Jayaselen and Arch Bishop Yvon
Ambrose is reported in local media.
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Islamic NGOs and their Agendas
______________________________________________
On November 17, 2016, the Ministry of Home Affairs declared a ban on the Islamic Research
Foundation (IRF) for unlawful activities. The IRF is headed by Dr.Zakir Naik who is a known
Hindu hate preacher. The IRF went to the court, challenging the government’s decision. A special
tribunal of Delhi High Court upheld the conclusion of the government to ban IRF head Dr.Naik
who is a known Hindu hate preacher. The judgment found IRF was involved in activities that incite
and encourage the youth to undertake unlawful activities with an intent to threaten the sovereignty,
unity, integrity, and security of the country.
IRF has dubious links with Peace TV an international Islamic channel accused of propagating
terrorism. Bangladesh government blamed Dr.Naik for inspiring Terrorists behind the Café attack
in Dhaka where 22 people were killed. Dr.Naik is notorious in making a provocative speech against
non-Islamic religions, especially Hinduism.
One of the characteristics of Islamic NGOs is money laundering for Jihadi and extremist activities.
Money laundering through Hawala operators used NGO as a conduit for Terrorism in J &K and
elsewhere in the country. In the past several arrests been made and cases registered by ED
(Enforcement Directorate) to unearth terror funding.
Islamic radicalization and Saudi funded Proselytization is not well studied in India. According to
the Indian Intelligence Bureau report between 2011-2013, 25000 Islamists visited India for
missionary work: over that period that brought, in installments, $250 million to propagate
Wahhabism, $460 million to set up madrasas and $300 million for miscellaneous costs including
alleged bribes to mosque authorities. Another critical project is setting up four universities for $1.2
billion.
The Islamic NGOs agenda are simple. Increase the number of mosques in India. Provide funding
for Islamic political voice and noise in the country. Get all benefits for being a minority guaranteed
by the government but play the victim card and prove it in international media.
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Conclusion
______________________________________________
There is a dire need for more reforms and stringent measures to monitor NGOs in India. Current
changes are a good start still there are many loopholes as many hold a view that being an emerging
economy why we need foreign funding for NGOs? Currently, the government is not able to see
the real donor and their intentions to donate money to NGOs. The critique highlights all political
parties, including BJP and Congress, rely on donations from overseas Indians and hence to bring
a blanket ban on foreign funding is not possible. Non-Resident Hindus donate huge money on
Hindu NGOs. However, they are not indulging in anti-national and Anti India narrative activities.
However, Western NGOs are powerful multinationals interested in anti-India narratives. As
Sankrant Sanu said, their contribution should be regulated like FDI (Foreign Direct Investment),
but there needs to be a SWOT analysis and restriction on funding for NGOs. Unchecked activities
and funding patterns among NGOs can destabilize India’s society and poses a threat to India’s
demography and integrity.
It is tough to understand why NGOs target only India to eradicate poverty, women rights, and
inequality as if it does not exist anywhere else in the world. How many NGOs are working to
eliminate Terrorism? Is there any attempt made by NGOs to challenge Racism and Gun violence
in the West? Church itself is racially segregated in the USA. Are they working on a fragile family
system and mental health disorders plaguing the developed world? To make India’s vast nonAbrahamic demography into Abrahamic conglomerate is the only vision of these vested interests.
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Glossary
Breaking India: A word popularized by Indian American Author Rajiv Malhotra for Anti India
nexus.
NITI Aayog: The National Institution for Transforming India also called NITI Aayog was formed
via a resolution of the Union Cabinet of India on January 1, 2015
Bharat: Original name of India
Sankrant Sanu: He is an entrepreneur, writer, and researcher in history, religion, and cultural
studies.
SATVIC: Good food to nourish the mind, body, and soul.
Swadeshi Indology: Indian narratives from insiders and not from Western / Colonial Indologists
Hawala: Money transfer without money movement from an agent to the final recipient.
Congress & BJP: Political parties in India.
Itihas: History including epic poems and religious stories
Wahhabism: A fundamentalist movement of Islam to dismiss Hindus and alike.
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Bibliography
__________________________________________________________
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NGO falling? Accessed from the World Economic Forum website.
(http.www.weforum.org)
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India Facts
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