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2012, Biology Letters
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4 pages
1 file
2013
Past meta-analyses of the response of marine organisms to climate change have examined a limited range of locations 1,2 , taxonomic groups 2-4 and/or biological responses 5,6 . This has precluded a robust overview of the effect of climate change in the global ocean. Here, we synthesized all available studies of the consistency of marine ecological observations with expectations under climate change. This yielded a metadatabase of 1,735 marine biological responses for which either regional or global climate change was considered as a driver. Included were instances of marine taxa responding as expected, in a manner inconsistent with expectations, and taxa demonstrating no response. From this database, 81-83% of all observations for distribution, phenology, community composition, abundance, demography and calcification across taxa and ocean basins were consistent with the expected impacts of climate change. Of the species responding to climate change, rates of distribution shifts were, on average, consistent with those required to track ocean surface temperature changes. Conversely, we did not find a relationship between regional shifts in spring phenology and the seasonality of temperature. Rates of observed shifts in species' distributions and phenology are comparable to, or greater, than those for terrestrial systems.
Current Biology, 2009
Human activities are releasing gigatonnes of carbon to the Earth's atmosphere annually. Direct consequences of cumulative post-industrial emissions include increasing global temperature, perturbed regional weather patterns, rising sea levels, acidifying oceans, changed nutrient loads and altered ocean circulation. These and other physical consequences are affecting marine biological processes from genes to ecosystems, over scales from rock pools to ocean basins, impacting ecosystem services and threatening human food security. The rates of physical change are unprecedented in some cases. Biological change is likely to be commensurately quick, although the resistance and resilience of organisms and ecosystems is highly variable. Biological changes founded in physiological response manifest as species rangechanges, invasions and extinctions, and ecosystem regime shifts. Given the essential roles that oceans play in planetary function and provision of human sustenance, the grand challenge is to intervene before more tipping points are passed and marine ecosystems follow lessbuffered terrestrial systems further down a spiral of decline. Although ocean bioengineering may alleviate change, this is not without risk. The principal brake to climate change remains reduced CO 2 emissions that marine scientists and custodians of the marine environment can lobby for and contribute to. This review describes present-day climate change, setting it in context with historical change, considers consequences of climate change for marine biological processes now and in to the future, and discusses contributions that marine systems could play in mitigating the impacts of global climate change.
Frontiers in Marine Science, 2016
Climate change is driving changes in the physical and chemical properties of the ocean that have consequences for marine ecosystems. Here, we review evidence for the responses of marine life to recent climate change across ocean regions, from tropical seas to polar oceans. We consider observed changes in calcification rates, demography, abundance, distribution, and phenology of marine species. We draw on a database of observed climate change impacts on marine species, supplemented with evidence in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. We discuss factors that limit or facilitate species' responses, such as fishing pressure, the availability of prey, habitat, light and other resources, and dispersal by ocean currents. We find that general trends in species' responses are consistent with expectations from climate change, including shifts in distribution to higher latitudes and to deeper locations, advances in spring phenology, declines in calcification, and increases in the abundance of warm-water species. The volume and type of evidence associated with species responses to climate change is variable across ocean regions and taxonomic groups, with predominance of evidence derived from the heavily-studied north Atlantic Ocean. Most investigations of the impact of climate change being associated with the impacts of changing temperature, with few observations of effects of changing oxygen, wave climate, precipitation (coastal waters), or ocean acidification. Observations of species responses that have been linked to anthropogenic climate change are widespread, but are still lacking for some taxonomic groups (e.g., phytoplankton, benthic invertebrates, marine mammals).
MB 123 IPCC WGII AR4 presented the detection of a global fingerprint on natural systems and its attribution to climate change (AR4, Chapter 1, SPM Figure 1), but studies from marine systems were mostly absent. Since AR4, there has been a rapid increase in studies that focus on climate change impacts on marine species, which represents an opportunity to move from more anecdotal evidence to examining and potentially attributing detected biological changes within the ocean to climate change (Section 6.3; Figure MB-1). Recent changes in populations of marine species and the associated shifts in diversity patterns are resulting, at least partly, from climate change-mediated biological responses across ocean regions (robust evidence, high agreement, high confidence; Sections 6.2, 30.5; Table 6-7). Poloczanska et al. (2013) assess a potential pattern in responses of ocean life to recent climate change using a global database of 208 peer-reviewed papers. Observed responses (n = 1735) were recorded from 857 species or assemblages across regions and taxonomic groups, from phytoplankton to marine reptiles and mammals (Figure MB-1). Observations were defined as those where the authors of a particular paper assessed the change in a biological parameter (including distribution, phenology, abundance, demography, or community composition) and, if change occurred, the consistency of the change with that expected under climate change. Studies from the peer-reviewed literature were selected using three criteria: (1) authors inferred or directly tested for trends in biological and climatic variables; (2) authors included data after 1990; and (3) observations spanned at least 19 years, to reduce bias resulting from biological responses to short-term climate variability. The results of this meta-analysis show that climate change has already had widespread impacts on species' distribution, abundance, phenology, and subsequently, species richness and community composition across a broad range of taxonomic groups (plankton to top predators). Of the observations that showed a response in either direction, changes in phenology, distribution and abundance were overwhelmingly (81%) in a direction that was consistent with theoretical responses to climate change (Section 6.2). Knowledge gaps exist, especially in equatorial subregions and the Southern Hemisphere (Figure MB-1). The timing of many biological events (phenology) had an earlier onset. For example, over the last 50 years, spring events shifted earlier for many species with an average advancement of 4.4 ± 0.7 days per decade (mean ± SE) and summer events by 4.4 ± 1.1 days per decade (robust evidence, high agreement, high confidence) (Figure MB-2). Phenological observations included in the study range from shifts in peak abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton, to reproduction and migration of invertebrates, fishes, and seabirds (Sections 6.3.2, 30.5).
Annual Review of Marine Science, 2012
In marine ecosystems, rising atmospheric CO 2 and climate change are associated with concurrent shifts in temperature, circulation, stratification, nutrient input, oxygen content, and ocean acidification, with potentially wideranging biological effects. Population-level shifts are occurring because of physiological intolerance to new environments, altered dispersal patterns, and changes in species interactions. Together with local climate-driven invasion and extinction, these processes result in altered community structure and diversity, including possible emergence of novel ecosystems. Impacts are particularly striking for the poles and the tropics, because of the sensitivity of polar ecosystems to sea-ice retreat and poleward species migrations as well as the sensitivity of coral-algal symbiosis to minor increases in temperature. Midlatitude upwelling systems, like the California Current, exhibit strong linkages between climate and species distributions, phenology, and demography. Aggregated effects may modify energy and material flows as well as biogeochemical cycles, eventually impacting the overall ecosystem functioning and services upon which people and societies depend.
International Institute for Hermeneutics (Analecta Hermeneutica 14.2), also at https://www.iih-hermeneutics.org/_files/ugd/f67e0f_44aa8719e7c446219be2edeaa42b2a67.pdf
Originally written as a Commencement address for the International Institute for Hermeneutics. Discusses the importance of philosophical hermeneutics despite its relative neglect in much contemporary English-language philosophy. Focuses on the idea of indeterminacy as a key hermeneutical concept as well as connecting the hermeneutic to the topological.
Перспективи та інновації науки
Florianópolis, 03 de Julho de 2014. AGRADECIMENTOS A minha mãe Ilza Laporta por todo o ensinamento durante os anos da Cia. De Teatro Unisul em Tubarão -SC e por me despertar a paixão pelo teatro. Ela é a verdadeira responsável por eu estar neste meio, minha grande inspiração. A todos os ex-colegas e amigos de Cia. De Teatro Unisul, pela parceria, companheirismo e aprendizado durante os seis anos nos quais convivemos. A meu pai que mesmo não presente sempre me protege e me acompanha nesta caminhada. A minha tia Lígia por todo o apoio, amizade, e ajuda neste período de Graduação. A toda a minha família que me apoia nas minhas escolhas e torce por mim. A todos os amigos verdadeiros de caminhada na Graduação, que sempre estiveram ao meu lado nas alegrias e tristezas: Hanna Luiza Feltrin, Luanda Wilk, Tainá Froner, Marina Medeiros, Marina Soares, Clara Meirelles, Rafael Reüs, Néia Longen, Luiza Souto, Tânia Farinon, Gabriela Medeiros, Andrés Tissier, entre tantos outros que dividiram alegrias e tristezas durante toda essa trajetória, seja na mesma turma ou em encenações. A minha amiga querida Rachel Chula por compartilhar comigo uma pesquisa de treinamento, por sua generosidade, amizade e luz. Ao Prof. Dr. Stephan Baümgartel por me auxiliar, aceitar me orientar e estar junto nesta busca. Ao Prof. Dr. André Carreira por me despertar interesse no tema e pelo apoio. Ms. Daiane Dordete e Profª Ms. Adriana Patrícia dos Santos, pela amizade, ajuda e diálogos sobre Antonin Artaud, atuação e treinamento.
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