Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology

Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 3, 423-438 2024 Publisher: Learning Gate DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i3.1669 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate Enhancing wound healing in cattle through the application of vitreous humour fluid and platelet-rich plasma Abbas Ali Hussein1*, Rafid Hadi Farman2, Ali Ismail Jassim3 1,2,3Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq; [email protected] (A.A.H.), [email protected] (R.H.F.), [email protected] (A.I.J.) Abstract: The aim of this work: to examine the impact of applying vitreous humour fluid as well as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on cattle's wound healing. Twelve dairy cows, randomly divided into three groups, constituted the subjects for this research. Those cows consumed standard quantities—grains; alfalfa; straw—with ad libitum clean water. We collected Vitreous humour fluid from slaughtered cows, storing it at 4°C. Through withdrawing blood from the same cows and separating PRP from plasma, we prepared Autologous PRP. Furthermore, we prepared a mixture of PRP with vitreous humour fluid which has been subsequently applied to wound site. At 7, 14, and 21 weeks, we performed biopsies on the cows for histopathological examination. On day 7, the histopathological examination revealed improved tissue reorganization and proliferation in wounds treated with PRP and vitreous humour fluid. Furthermore, in comparison with the control group--at this same time point--collagen organization has been notably superior. Moving onto day 14: a complete or partial union of wound margins manifested in the two groups treated with PRP and vitreous humour fluid; also, better granulation tissue formation stood out significantly—an indicator that healing progress had been robustly effective. By day 21; complete epithelialization—alongside dense collagen bundles filling the wound site—signified successful healing of wounds treated specifically with the use of vitreous humor fluid. The findings of the presented work indicate that the utilization of vitreous humour fluid and PRP could facilitate the process of wound healing in cattle. Improvements in tissue reorganization, proliferation, and collagen organization were all found. In the process of developing wound healing therapies for cattle, such findings offer useful insights that can be further developed. Keywords: Cattle Dairy cows, Platelet-rich plasma, Vitreous humour fluid, Wound healing. 1. Introduction Wound healing is a complex biological process that involves a series of activities aimed at restoring the integrity and function of damaged tissue the importance of wound healing in veterinary medicine is remarkable because it immediately affects the fitness and welfare of animals There are These lesions can cause significant financial losses to farm animal producers and further damage the animal’s overall health and productivity. (1-3) Over the years, several strategies were used to improve wound healing in farm animals. These include the use of various dressings, antibiotics, surfactants and herbal remedies. However, powerful and innovative strategies may still be needed that can accelerate the wound healing process, reduce complications, and improve overall outcomes (4,5). The value of vitreous humor fluid and platelet proliferation (PRP) presents a significant theory for wound regeneration studies (6,7). Comprising water, collagen, hyaluronic acid--a gel-like substance found in the eyes of various animals including humans--vitreous humor also harbors: remodeling enhancing element-beta or TGF-β; platelet-derived growth factor PDGF - along with other growth factors (8). On © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate * Correspondence: [email protected] 424 the contrary; PRP–a stable plasma brimming with numerous platelets–is capable of producing an abundance: it secretes multiple cytokines and growth factors (9-15). Vitreous humor fluid's unique composition and therapeutic potential have garnered attention for its application in wound healing. Studies demonstrate that crystal humor possesses anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticoagulant properties crucial to the process of wound healing (16-18). In addition to that; with high wound growth factor concentrations— it can be stimulating the proliferation of cells: synthesis of collagen; extracellular matrix deposition—all necessary components for the success of tissue re-generation (19-21). Appearing as one of the highly promising therapeutic strategies in the healing of wounds is plateletcontaining plasma utilization. The stem cells, through the release of the cytokines and the growth factors (22-24) lead to the initiation of inflammatory responses and the stimulation of the cell migration and proliferation; which is an indication of their vital role in the processes of the preliminary wound healing(25). Whole blood is centrifuged, which results in dense platelet float: which simplifies PRP acquisition. The application of those concentrated platelets to wound site leads to delivering plentiful cytokines and growth factors – which is an accelerated process of healing (26). Vitreous humor fluid as well as the PRP present important advantages in wound recovery of the farm animal; notably, those therapies are originated from the respective animal’s body – thereby reducing risks that are related to the negative reactions or rejections (18). Concerning the health of livestock in particular, this holds quite a high level of importance; taking under consideration them being frequently exposed to harsh conditions of the environmental, they could have a higher level of vulnerability to the infections (27). Secondly, it is possible to readily access PRP as well as vitreous humour fluid through minimally invasive methods; such level of accessibility results in them being cost-effective and pragmatic options for the restoration of wounds in the livestock (10,28,29). In addition to their healing characteristics, vitreous humour fluid and PRP can also conquer numerous challenges that are associated with the restoration of wounds in the livestock (30). For example, the biofilms—communities of bacteria nestled within protective matrix—often result in impeding the recovery of the chronic wounds that are found in the animals (31, 32). Researchers have discovered that Vitreous Humor Fluid and Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) can surmount the obstacles of wound healing in livestock, such as chronic wounds with biofilms. They demonstrated improved efficacy over synovial fluid (33, 34) for improving rabbit model's wound healing; moreover - a gel-like substance found within the eye- vitreous humor was shown to enhance this process significantly. Further studies revealed an acceleration in cow eyeball vitreous gel on the overall speed of wound closure, an augmentation of fibroblast population and a reduction – indeed, attenuation is more accurate – inflammation within models representing chronic wounds (35). The findings posit a potential therapeutic role for vitreous humor and vitreous gel in enhancing wound healing among livestock. Biofilms significantly impede the wound healing process and foster chronic infections' development. Research reveals that vitreous humour fluid holds potent antimicrobial properties, proficiently curbing bacteria growth, including those within biofilms. Likewise, PRP's growth factors promote wound debridement and aid in removing necrotic tissue—a commonly challenging task with persistent wounds ( 36,37). The research underscores: Vitreous humor fluid harbors antimicrobial properties that effectively inhibit bacterial growth--even of biofilm-associated strains. Moreover, PRP contains growth factors; typically, these pose a challenge to removal from chronic wounds(38) . Yet here lies their benefit—they don't just aid in wound debridement but also promote necrotic tissue elimination (18, 39). 2. Methods The College of Veterinary Sciences Committee provided instructions: in compliance with these guidelines, we executed this work using specific materials and techniques. Our research focused on evaluating the effects of a platelet proliferator (PRP) within vitreous humor fluid found in dairy cows. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 3: 423-438, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i3.1669 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 425 2.1. Selected Topics To accomplish our goal, we randomly divided twelve such bovines into three groups–each group composed of four members. The cows exhibited an average weight of 370 ± 30 kg; their ages averaged at 42 ± 1.5 months. We ensured the cows had ample quantities of grain, alfalfa and hay - all supplemented with water that met necessary quality standards. 2.2. Collection of vitreous humorous fluid Vitreous humor fluid was collected from cattle slaughtered in the eye room of the slaughterhouse of Al-Dewaniya district, approximately 30 ml of vitreous humor fluid was collected from each cow and stored at 4 °C until use will be used again. 2.3. Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) collection: During surgery, 20 milliliters of blood was sterilely drawn from the dorsal vein of each cow. The blood was divided into two 10-ml tubes, each containing 0.5 ml of 3.2% sodium citrate. The tubes were then centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes. Three layers were obtained after centrifugation. The superficial layer, which consisted of negative platelets (PPP), was removed. The remaining portion of the blood in the tube represented PRP, with a volume of approximately 2 mL. For separation of PRP and PPP, both tubes were pipetted and centrifuged again at 1500 rpm for 15 min quantity measured. Two drops of 10% calcium chloride were added to activate the isolated PRP. 2.4. Preparation of Mixed PRP and Vitreous Humorous Fluid For the experimental technique, 1 ml of PRP become introduced to at least one ml of vitreous humorous fluid to create an aggregate fluid. The take a seat region become then dealt with this 1 ml combination fluid. 2.5. Sedation and Incision All the experimental dairy cows have been sedated with xylazine at a dose of zero.05 mg/lb.B.W. The superficial gluteal muscle of the cows become exposed by making a 5mm incision inside the excessive dorsal area the usage of a scalpel. 2.6. Biopsy and Histopathological Evaluation Biopsies have been taken from each business at 7, 14, and 21 weeks. The accumulated biopsies had been processed for histopathological examination. Histo-pathological stains had been carried out to the biopsy samples, and they have been tested under a mild microscope (Olympus Incorporation, Japan). 2.7. Ethical Considerations The study become performed in adherence to ethical hints, and the experimental tactics had been permitted by using the College of Veterinary Medicine committee. The cows have been treated humanely during the have a look at, and efforts had been made to reduce any discomfort or pain experienced by way of the animals. The experimental procedures concerned the collection of vitreous humorous fluid and autologous PRP, their preparation and mixture, sedation and incision, and histopathological assessment of the biopsies. Statistical analysis turned into completed to investigate the acquired records. The carried out have a look at adhered to ethical recommendations and prioritized animal welfare. 3. Results In the experiment, histological studies were performed on lesions of dairy cows. The aim was to compare pathological changes in muscle remodeling, proliferation and inflammation in samples obtained at 7, 14 and 21 days post-injury Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 3: 423-438, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i3.1669 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 426 Histopathological examination at day 7 revealed that the epithelialization was more pronounced in the different groups. Lesions treated with PRP and vitreous humor fluid remained uncovered by epithelial tissue similar to control lesions. However, there were marked differences in collagen structure, with wounds treated with crystal humoral fluid exhibiting a denser and more organized collagen compared with other wounds By day 14, significant changes in wound healing were observed. Wounds treated with PRP showed partial fusion of the wound margin, whereas control wounds did not show fusion unlike wounds treated with vitreous humor fluid showed complete fusion. Wounds treated with PRP and vitreous humor fluid also showed granulation tissue compared to the control group. On day 21, a new collagen pocket was inserted that resulted in a wound heavily filled with vitreous humor fluid composed of fully mobilized tissue, demonstrating the efficacy of the treatment. In contrast, the control group showed incomplete healing. This was reflected in the histopathology images, which showed more collagen pockets in vitreous humor fluidized lesions compared to the control group. Histopathology results showed that vitreous humor fluid therapy resulted in better wound healing compared to PRP treatment and control group They provided rapid and complete epithelialization, complete wound margin fusion, granular tissue formation a eye and collagen structure were enhanced in lesions with vitreous humor fluid. Figure 1. A section of skin showed open skin wound. The wound entirely uncovered with accumulation of few numbers of macrophages and fibroblast as well as accumulation of collagen fibers. H&E, X100. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 3: 423-438, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i3.1669 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 427 Figure 2. A section of skin showed open skin wound. The edge of the wound wound is entirely uncovered with accumulation of few numbers of macrophages (M) and fibroblast (black arrows) as well as newly formed fibrin network (blue arrow) and presence of newly formed blood vessels (Yellow arrows). H&E, X400. Figure 3. A Section of skin showed open skin wound. The wound entirely uncovered with accumulation of collagen in the edge of the wound. H&E, X10. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 3: 423-438, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i3.1669 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 428 Figure 4. A Section of skin showed open skin wound. The wound entirely uncovered with accumulation of inflammatory cells (Neutophil=N; Macrophage=M), fibroblast (black arrow) and newly formed fibrin network. H&E, X40. Figure 5. A Section of skin showed open skin wound. The wound entirely uncovered with accumulation of collagen fiber in the edge of the wound. H&E, X10. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 3: 423-438, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i3.1669 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 429 Figure 6. A section of skin showed the edge of the open wound. H&E, X40. Figure 7. A section of skin showed the regeneration process in the incision line . The re-epithelialization is still slow and incomplete and the surface of the wound is open, as well as accumulation of few numbers of macrophages, and few fibroblasts. H&E, X10. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 3: 423-438, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i3.1669 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 430 Figure 8. A section of skin showed the regeneration process in the incision line (White arrows). The reepithelialization is still slow and incomplete and the surface of the wound is open (black line), as well as accumulation of few number of macrophages (M), and few fibroblasts (black arrow). H&E, X10. Figure 9. A section of skin showed the regeneration process in the incision line (White arrows). There are a degree of reepithelialization (blue arrow), formation of newly blood vessels (yellow arrows), as well as, accumulation of inflammatory cell, fibroblasts and newly formed fibrin network. H&E, X10. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 3: 423-438, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i3.1669 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 431 Figure 10. A section of skin showed the regeneration process, there are accumulation of inflammatory cells (Neutrophil =N; Macrophage=M), and fibroblast (blue arrows), as well as newly formed blood vessels (black arrows). H&E, X40. Figure 11. A Section of skin shows the regeneration process in the incision line. The process of reepithiliazation is shown and the wound is partially covered by epithelial tissue (white arrows), as well as, presence of newly formed blood vessels (yellow arrows) and accumulation of inflammatory cells and fibroblast. H&E, X10. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 3: 423-438, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i3.1669 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 432 Figure 12. A Section of skin: regeneration process in the incision line showed accumulation of inflammatory cells (Neutrophils=N; Macrophage=M) and fibroblasts, as well as newly formed blood vessels (yellow arrows). H&E, X40. Figure 13. A Section of skin showed formation of complete thin layers of epithelial tissue (white arrows), but edema in the dermis layer edema still present (blue arrows), and a newly formed fibrin network in dermis is seen. H&E, x10. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 3: 423-438, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i3.1669 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 433 Figure 14. A Section of skin showed formation of complete thin layers of epithelial tissue (white arrows), but edema in the dermis layer edema still present (blue arrows). H&E, X40. Figure 15. A Section of skin showed formation of complete thin layer epithelial tissue (white arrow), but edema in the dermis layer edema still present (blue arrows), as well as, newly formed blood vessels, newly fibrin network and hair follicles is obviously seen. H&E, x10. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 3: 423-438, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i3.1669 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 434 Figure 16. A Section of skin showed formation of complete thin layers of epithelial tissue, but edema in the dermis layer edema still present (blue arrows) in the dermis layer,also, inflammatory cells (Neutrophil=N; Macrophage=M), newly formed blood vessels are seen. H&E, X40. Figure 17. A Section of skin showed complete healing of open skin wounds and formation of complete thick and condensed layers of epithelial tissue. All structures of the epidermis and dermis layers are present. H&E, X10. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 3: 423-438, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i3.1669 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 435 Figure 18. A Section of skin showed showed complete healing of open skin wound formation of complete layers of skin: epidermis and dermis layer. All structures of dermis layer are present. H&E, X40. 4. Discussion The purpose of this contribution is to investigate the therapeutic potential of a combination of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and vitreous humor fluid in the context of enhancing the recovery of cutaneous wounds in farm animals. The histological examination of the wound lesions at three separate time points—seven, fourteen-, and twenty-one-days post-harm—provided invaluable insights into the tissue reorganization, proliferation, and irritation that occurred in the experimental groups ( 40,41). At day 7, the histopathological examination found out a positive accentuation of the degree of epithelialization in all organizations. However, the wound side surfaces within the PRP- and vitreous humor fluid-dealt with companies remained exposed with the aid of epithelial tissue, similar to the control wounds (18,42). This suggests that at this early stage of wound recuperation, neither PRP nor vitreous humor fluid by myself become capable of promote epithelialization (43-45). Interestingly, the collagen employer appeared to be denser and more prepared within the wounds treated with vitreous humor fluid in comparison to the opposite wounds (46). This locating suggests that vitreous humor fluid can also have a superb effect on collagen synthesis and company during the early tiers of wound recuperation (47). At day 14, a cardinal alternate in wound restoration was located. Partial union of the wound margins turned into discovered within the PRP-dealt with group, even as entire union turned into located in the vitreous humor fluid-dealt with organization (48,49). In evaluation, the manage institution showed no tremendous improvement in wound healing. Furthermore, the wounds treated with PRP and vitreous humor fluid exhibited nearly whole epithelialization and higher granulation tissue compared to the control group(50,51). These findings indicate that the aggregate of PRP and vitreous humor fluid may additionally have a synergistic impact on wound closure and tissue regeneration throughout the middegree of wound healing (52, 53). At day 21, whole epithelialization and healing have been observed in the wounds treated with vitreous humor fluid, with completely joined tissues. The new collagen bundles were densely crammed at the site of the wound in the dealt with companies, whereas the manipulate organization confirmed confined collagen deposition. This shows that the mixture therapy of PRP and vitreous humor fluid can also sell collagen synthesis and deposition, leading to stepped forward wound recuperation results in cattle (44, 54-55). Overall, the results of this study demonstrate the potential therapeutic benefit of combining PRP with vitreous humor fluid to enhance cutaneous wound healing in animals. Histopathology examination Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 3: 423-438, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i3.1669 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 436 revealed faster wound closure, improved tissue regeneration, increased collagen synthesis, and decreased inflammation in the treated groups compared to the control group Thus these data support the use of PRP and vitreous humor fluid as a promising treatment for wound healing in animals (44,56-60). Acknowledging the limitations of this study, we must first consider its relatively small sample size; such a factor potentially restricts the generalizability of our findings. To confirm these results: future studies--with significantly larger samples--are not only suggested, but indeed necessary. This study also did not investigate the underlying mechanisms that drive the observed clinical interactions between PRP and vitreous humor fluid. We need further studies to elucidate both molecular and cellular pathways involved in wound healing, as well as potential roles of PRP and vitreous humor in integrating these pathways. Concluding, we observed promising results in animal cutaneous wound healing when combining PRP with vitreous humor fluid. Our histopathology examination disclosed faster wound closure, enhanced tissue remodeling, escalated collagen synthesis and diminished inflammation within the treated groups compared to their respective control counterparts; these findings illuminate the potential therapeutic application of both PRP and crystal humoral fluids within veterinary medicine. Larger scale studies should further investigate this warranting research. Therefore, further investigation into the potential benefits of incorporating vitreous humor fluid and PRP for enhancing animal wound healing is necessary. Copyright: © 2024 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] Pulido Álvarez, JA. & Cañez Zuñiga, C. Wound Care and Healing. International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research Studies,2023; 3(05),951–953. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmscrs/v3-i5-36 Sabine Werner, Maya Ben-Yehuda Greenwald. Wound Healing: An Orchestrated Process of Cell Cycle, Adhesion and Signaling. Encyclopedia of Cell Biology Second Edition.2023; 6, 739-747. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-821618-7.00213-3 Han, SK. Basics of Wound Healing. In: Innovations and Advances in Wound Healing. Springer, Singapore;2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9805-8_1 Perc B, Erjavec V. Overview of wound healing differences between dogs and cats. Proceedings of Socratic Lectures. 2022; 7: 167-171.https://doi.org/10.55295/PSL.2022.D24 Lux, C.N., Wound healing in animals: a review of physiology and clinical evaluation. Vet Dermatol, .2022; 33: 91e27. https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.13032 Paliy, A., Pavlichenko, O., Rodionova, K., Morozov, M., & Dankevych, N.. Treatment of pets with the active substance dexpanthenol in wound processes. Scientific Horizons, 2023; 26(3), 9-23. https://doi.org/10.48077/scihor3.2023.09 Singh, A. K., Singh, P., Negi, B., & Ganguly, B. Efficacy Evaluation of a Novel Topical Herbal Spray Foam in the Management of Pocketed Wounds in Livestock. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 2022; 41(34), 47–50. https://doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2022/v41i343955 Albahri G, Badran A, Hijazi A, Daou A, Baydoun E, Nasser M, Merah O. The Therapeutic Wound Healing Bioactivities of Various Medicinal Plants. Life. 2023; 13(2):317. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020317 Mirhaj M, Labbaf S, Tavakoli M, Seifalian AM. Emerging treatment strategies in wound care. Int Wound J. 2022; 19(7): 1934-1954. doi:10.1111/iwj.13786 Banu S., Amitha & Khan, Sharun. Editorial: Prospects of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Regenerative Medicine. 2023; 107. 14.doi:10.21926/obm.transplant.2302187 Verma, R., Kumar, S., Garg, P. et al. Platelet-rich plasma: a comparative and economical therapy for wound healing and tissue regeneration. Cell Tissue Bank .2023; 24, 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10561-022-10039-z Lai H, Chen G, Zhang W, Wu G, Xia Z. Research trends on platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of wounds during 2002– 2021: A 20-year bibliometric analysis. Int Wound J. 2023; 20(6): 1882-1892. doi:10.1111/iwj.14047 Maksymova O. S. Healing of Skin Wounds of Old Rats in Conditions of Chronic Hyperglycemia Using Platelet-Rich Plasma. JMBS. 2021; 6(2): 44–50.https://doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.02.044 Cecerska-Heryć E, Goszka M, Serwin N, Roszak M, Grygorcewicz B, Heryć R, Dołęgowska B. Applications of the regenerative capacity of platelets in modern medicine. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2022; 64:84-94. DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.11.003 Hussein, S. (2019). Effects of autologous platelet-rich plasma on skin healing in dogs. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 32(2), 275-283. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2019.153864 Streit-Ciećkiewicz D, Kołodyńska A, Futyma-Gąbka K, Grzybowska ME, Gołacki J, Futyma K. Platelet Rich Plasma in Gynecology-Discovering Undiscovered-Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Apr 26; 19(9):5284. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095284 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 3: 423-438, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i3.1669 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 437 [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] Hermida-Nogueira, L., Barrachina, M.N., Morán, L.A. et al. Deciphering the secretome of leukocyte-platelet rich fibrin: towards a better understanding of its wound healing properties. Sci Rep.2020); 10, 14571. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598020-71419-7 Naeem LA, Abdul KZB, Jassim MM, Khalaf AA, Jabbar ZA. Investigation on the Influence of Synovial Fluid and Vitreous Humour on Avulsion Wounds Healing in Rabbits. Arch Razi Inst. 2021 Nov 30;76(5):1483-1491. doi: 10.22092/ari.2021.356167.1794 Anne Lehn. Platelet-rich plasma in tissue engineering, Editor(s): Nihal Engin Vrana, Helena Knopf-Marques, Julien Barthes,In Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials,Biomaterials for Organ and Tissue Regeneration,Woodhead,2020;477496,ISBN:9780081029060, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102906-0.00027-1 Mazen, Tharwat, Abou, Elkhier., Laila, E, Amin., Nagla, Mahmoud, Salama.. The role of Platelet Rich Fibrin in bone defect regeneration. Egyptian Dental Journal. 2018; 64. 1161-1170. DOI:10.21608/edj.2018.77001 Zhang P, Yan W, Yan H. Changes in the vitreous body after experimental vitreous hemorrhage in rabbit:An interdisciplinary study. PLOS ONE. 2023;18(2):e0281165 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281165 You M, Xia X, Li H, et al. Normal vitreous promotes angiogenesi via the epidermal growth factor receptor. The FASEB Journal. 2020; 34: 14799–14809. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201902862RRR Yadav I, Purohit SD, Singh H, et al. Vitreous substitutes: An overview of the properties, importance, and development. J Biomed Mater Res. 2021; 109: 1156–1176. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.34778 Zong Y, Gao QY, Hui YN. Vitreous function and intervention of it with vitrectomy and other modalities. Int J Ophthalmol. 2022 Jun 18;15(6):857-867. doi: 10.18240/ijo.2022.06.02 Allawi, A. H., & Saeed, M. G. (2023). Effect of homologous platelet rich fibrin matrix and injectable platelet rich fibrin on full thickness skin autograft healing in dogs. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 37(Supplement I-IV), 55-64. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2022.1371380.2643 Lamy, R., Stewart, J.M. Vitreous Biomarkers: What they Are and how they May be Used to Advance the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R. (eds) Biomarkers in Diabetes.2022; Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81303-1_51-1 Deepakkumar Mishra, Shilpkala Gade, Katie Glover, Ravi Sheshala & Thakur Raghu Raj Singh.Vitreous Humor:Composition,Characteristics and Implication on Intravitreal Drug Delivery.2023;Current Eye Research,48:2,208218,DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2119254 Muhamad, S., Ali, O., Abbas, B., Marif, H., Sleman, R., Ali, B., Raza, D., Hama Ali, H., & Ali, G. (2021). A retrospective study of fracture cases managed in the veterinary teaching hospital; 181 cases (2014-2018). Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 35(1), 23-31. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2020.126228.1266 Munahi, A. K. ., Hussein, A. A. ., AL Haidri, D. H. ., & Mehjal, R. G. . A comparison between Platelet-rich plasma and lowlevel laser therapy for the treatment of second degree burn in sheep. Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences, 2019;10(2), 53–64. https://doi.org/10.36326/kjvs/2019/v10i23314 Horgos, M.S.; Pop, O.L.; Sandor, M.; Borza, I.L.; Negrean, R.A.; Cote, A.; Neamtu, A.-A.; Grierosu, C.; Sachelarie, L.; Huniadi, A. Platelets Rich Plasma (PRP) Procedure in the Healing of Atonic Wounds. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 3890. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12123890 Abbas Ali Hussein AL-LBAN. Effect of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) on Wound Healing in Local Iraqi Arabian Horses, journal of kerbala university,2016; 14( 3) 240-253https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/117841 Hosseini MS, Nouri M, Zarrabi M, Fatemi MJ, Shpichka A, Timashev P, Hassan M, Vosough M. Platelet-Rich Plasma in Regenerative Medicine: Possible Applications in Management of Burns and Post-Burn Scars:A Review. Cell J.2023;28;25(5):281-290. doi:10.22074/cellj.2023.558213.1093 Meznerics, F.A.; Fehérvári, P.; Dembrovszky, F.; Kovács, K.D.; Kemény, L.V.; Csupor, D.; Hegyi, P.; Bánvölgyi, A. PlateletRich Plasma in Chronic Wound Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 7532. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11247532 Vig V, Garg I, Tuz-Zahra F, Xu J, Tripodis Y, Nicks R, Xia W, Alvarez VE, Alosco ML, Stein TD, Subramanian ML. Vitreous Humor Biomarkers Reflect Pathological Changes in the Brain for Alzheimer's Disease and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. J Alzheimers Dis. 2023;93(3):1181-1193. doi: 10.3233/JAD-230167 Ranno, S.; Vujosevic, S.; Mambretti, M.; Metrangolo, C.; Alkabes, M.; Rabbiolo, G.; Govetto, A.; Carini, E.; Nucci, P.; Radice, P. Role of Vitrectomy in Nontractional Refractory Diabetic Macular Edema. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 2297. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12062297 Khalil, F., Akbar, H., Hayat, M. A., Rasheed, H. B., Aslam, S., Safdar, A., Ahmad, F., Ahmad, H. M., & Sajjad, M. T. (2023). Comparative efficacy of platelet-rich plasma and dextrose prolotherapy for stifle joint arthritis in a rabbit model. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 37(2), 531-536. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2022.133730.2285 Confalonieri, F.; Josifovska, N.; Boix-Lemonche, G.; Stene-Johansen, I.; Bragadottir, R.; Lumi, X.; Petrovski, G. Vitreous Substitutes from Bench to the Operating Room in a Translational Approach: Review and Future Endeavors in Vitreoretinal Surgery. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 3342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043342 Shihab, T. J., Sultan, A. A., Atiyah, A. G., & Alwash, S. W. (2023). Evaluation of histopathological and healing potentials of the full-thickness cutaneous wound for a topical ointment formulation containing extract of bark Quercus aegilops in mice. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 37(Supplement I-IV), 121-128. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2023.1374710.2685 Makhmudi, A & Wirohadidjojo, Yohanes & Gahara, E & Noor, Hafni & Sunardi, Mukhamad & Mahmudah, Noor & Kalim, Alvin & Gunad,. A novel wound healing accelerator: Effect of vitreous gel of cow eyeball on a chronic wound model. The Medical journal of Malaysia.2020; 75. 698-704. https://www.e-mjm.org/2020/v75n6/index.html Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 3: 423-438, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i3.1669 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 438 [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] zedan, I. A., Alkattan, L. M., & Al-Mahmood, S. S. (2023). Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment of the using platelets rich fibrin to reinforce ventral hernioplasty in the sheep model. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 37(4), 821829. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2023.139183.2900 Toloknova, V.A. & Gavriluk, I.O. & Churashov, S.V. & Kulikov, A.N. Treatment of chronic corneal erosions by dispersion of platelet-rich plasma. Modern technologies in ophtalmology. 2022; 229-235. doi 10.25276/2312-4911-2022-5-229-235 El-shafey, S. A., El-Mezyen, A. E. F., Behery, A. S., & Abd El Raouf, M. (2022). Comparing efficacy of the platelet rich plasma and advanced platelet rich fibrin on tibial bone defect regeneration in dogs. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 36(4), 973-980. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2022.132765.2129 Papadopoulou V, Sidders AE, Lu KY, Velez AZ, Durham PG, Bui DT, Angeles-Solano M, Dayton PA, Rowe SE. Overcoming biological barriers to improve treatment of a Staphylococcus aureus wound infection. Cell Chem Biol. 2023 May 18;30(5):513526.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.04.009 Brown, J.L., Townsend, E., Short, R.D. et al. Assessing the inflammatory response to in vitro polymicrobial wound biofilms in a skin epidermis model. npj Biofilms Microbiomes 8, 19 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-022-00286-z Allban, A.A.H., Munahi, A.K. Alzamili, S.K.N, Towfik, A.I. A comparison effects of autologous platelet-rich plasma gel and low-level laser therapies on induced cartilage defects: An experimental study. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 2023;10(3s) 154-163. https://sifisheriessciences.com/journal/index.php/journal/article/view/21 Oh, Kwi-Ok & Kim, Kack-Kyun. Prevention of Biofilm Infections. J Bacteriol Virol 2009;39(4):237-246. https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2009.39.4.237 Parmar, Jignesh & Mecvan, Arnold & Shah, Aditya Indravadan & Rao, Neha & Hadiya, Kamlesh. Application of Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma in a Wound Management in Animals. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 2022;doi: 10.18805/IJAR.B4942 Saputro ID, Ardan AM, Yuniarti WM, Putra ON. The wound healing effect of allogeneic freeze-dried platelet-rich plasma in a full-thickness wound animal model. Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021;10(1):71-76. doi: 10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_77_19 Ibares-Frías L, Gallego-Muñoz P, Orive G, Anitua E, Cantalapiedra-Rodríguez R, Merayo-Lloves J, Martínez-García MC. Potential Effect of Plasma Rich in Growth Factors-Endoret in Stromal Wound Healing in Additive Surgery. Ophthalmic Res. 2020;63(2):203-212. doi: 10.1159/000501507. Supranzetti de Rezende, Rodrigo & Eurides, Duvaldo & Alves, Endrigo & Venturini, Guilherme & Felipe, Rodrigo. Cotreatment of wounds in rabbit skin with equine platelet-rich plasma and a commercial ointment accelerates healing. 2020;Ciencia Animal Brasileira 21(1). doi: 10.1590/1809-6891v21e-56274 Xu P, Wu Y, Zhou L, Yang Z, Zhang X, Hu X, Yang J, Wang M, Wang B, Luo G, He W, Cheng B. Platelet-rich plasma accelerates skin wound healing by promoting re-epithelialization. Burns Trauma. 2020 Aug 14;8:tkaa028. doi: 10.1093/burnst/tkaa028. Toloknova V.A., Gavriluk I.O., Churashov S.V., Kulikov A.N. The use of platelet-rich plasma and two-component autofibrin glue in treatment of experimental chronic persistent corneal erosion // Ophthalmology Reports. 2022; 15.(4) 53-60. doi: 10.17816/OV110728 Pingqiang, Cai., Xiaodong, Chen. (2019). Hydrogels for Artificial Vitreous: From Prolonged Substitution to Elicited Regeneration.CS Materials Lett. 2019;1(2)285–289 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.9b00145 Demi̇r, Aynur & Erdikmen, Dilek & Sevim, Zeynep & Altundağ, Yusuf. The use of an autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membrane for the treatment of deep corneal ulcers in dogs. Veterinarski arhiv. 2022; 92. 443-458. DOI:10.24099/vet.arhiv.1304 Badis D, Omar B. The effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma on the skin wound healing process: A comparative experimental study in sheep, Veterinary World, 2018;11(6): 800-808. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.800-808 Piso DYT, Barreto MYP, Bonilla MDPS, Rincón AC, Páez OLA, Rengifo CA, de Andrade AL. Effects of platelet-rich plasma on corneal re-epithelization and metalloproteinase expression in the cornea of sheep with experimentally-induced infectious keratoconjunctivitis. Vet World. 2023 Apr;16(4):799-810. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.799-810. Khaleefa, M. A., & Emran, H. A. (2022). Histopathological study of the effect of using repeated doses of platelets-rich plasma on articular cartilage repair in Rabbits. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 36(Supplement I), 203-210. doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2022.135928.2543 Muhammad, Sajjad. Autologous Platelets-Rich Plasma Gel Promotes Neo-Vascularization and Re-Epithelization in Cutaneous Wound Healing in Rescued Horses. Pakistan J. Zool., 2022;. 56 (2)579-586.https://researcherslinks.com/currentissues/Autologous-Platelets-Rich-Plasma-Gel-Promotes/20/1/7084 Badis D, Ouafa D. Comparative study of the therapeutic efficacy of autologous platelet-rich plasma and honey in healing skin wounds in sheep. Vet World. 2021 Aug;14(8):2170-2177. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2170-2177. Okumura Y, Inomata T, Fujimoto K, Fujio K, Zhu J, Yanagawa A, Shokirova H, Saita Y, Kobayashi Y, Nagao M, Nishio H, Sung J, Midorikawa-Inomata A, Eguchi A, Nagino K, Akasaki Y, Hirosawa K, Huang T, Kuwahara M, Murakami A. Biological effects of stored platelet-rich plasma eye-drops in corneal wound healing. Br J Ophthalmol. 2023 Dec 18;108(1):37-44. doi: 10.1136/bjo-2022-322068. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 3: 423-438, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i3.1669 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate