Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research

INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2021, Vol. 2, No. 2, 65 – 75 http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijssr.02.02.02 Research Article ESTABLISHMENT OF KOGABWILHAN IN SUPPORTING THE DEFENSE AREA’S RESILIENCE Ading Priyotantoko1, Armaidy Armawi1*, Bayu Dardias Kurniadi2, Darto Wahidin1 1Study Program of National Resilience, The Graduate School of Universitas Gadjah Mada Department of Politics and Governance, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of Universitas Gadjah Mada 2The Article history: Submission 27 September 2021 Revised 16 October 2021 Accepted 18 October 2021 *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT In the past, defense in warfare was carried out conventionally by using weapons. Now the defense system has shifted to modern types of warfare, either through culture, diplomacy, technology, and ideology. Kogabwilhan as a unit directly under the President’s command. The TNI’s Kogabwilhan is a representation of the concept of TNI's interoperability capability which is currently a priority policy for TNI Commanders. Kogabwilhan was established as an effort of the TNI to carry out the strengthening of resilience and deterrence against various potential threats, both from outside and within the country. The presence of the Kogabwilhan is a form of TNI's preparedness in handling the crisis. The development of defense areas is directed at maintaining the natural potential and social conditions that exist in the territory of Indonesia. Kogabwilhan is here to coordinate with various parties to maintain all aspects, both disaster mitigation, regional development, welfare, and regional defense. The government determined the domicile of MaKogabwilhan II in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan Province. The determination must have taken into account some aspects of the current command, control, strategy, and infrastructure. Thus, the formation of the Kogabwilhan has a strategic role in maintaining the sovereignty of the Indonesian state. The formation of the Kogabwilhan was carried out as one of the steps taken by the TNI to strengthen Its deterrence against various potential threats from outside and within the country. However, there are three things that have an impact on the resilience of the defense area as a result of the formation of Kogabwilhan II in Balikpapan. First, the military managerial role. The improvement of military managerial capabilities must be based on good planning, organization, implementation arrangements, and supervision, so that they can be controlled optimally. Second, the role of legal policy. Kogabwilhan must be able to enforce the law, both on land, sea, and air. Third, the role of diplomacy. The establishment of Kogabwilhan could reduce existing conflicts, so diplomacy skills are very important to have. Therefore, the development How to cite: Priyotantoko, A., Armawi, A., Kurniadi, B. D., Wahidin, D. (2021). Establishment of Kogabwilhan in Supporting the Defense Area’s Resilience. Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research, 2(2), 65 – 75. doi: 10.11594/ijssr.02.02.02 Priyotantoko et al., 2021/ Establishment of Kogabwilhan in Supporting the Defense Area’s Resilience of defense and security in strategic areas is currently increasingly complex and escalating in various parts of the world. Keywords: Kogabwilhan, Regional Resilience, Defense Introduction The rapid development of technology in the era of globalization is a big challenge for the Indonesian people. In the past, the defense in war was carried out conventionally by using weapons. But now the era has changed, the era of globalization and technology shifts to cyber in warding off threats from other countries. Currently, the defense system has shifted to the type of modern warfare, either through culture, diplomacy, technology, and ideology. It was used as a weapon to attack and colonize other countries. The era of globalization provides increasingly severe challenges. The rapid development of information technology requires the optimization of responsive and responsive institutions or organizations in the community. Thus, Indonesia does not stutter in facing the challenges of globalization and is even expected to be able to play an important role as a national defense system in the future. Threats, disturbances, obstacles, and challenges (TDOC) faced by the Indonesian people are not only in the form of military defense and security. Even now, ideological, political, economic, and socio-cultural colonization is increasingly happening. The shift in defense challenges shifts from territorial ownership towards strategic resources and sources of economic strength. As stated in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2002, that state defense is intended as an effort to defend the sovereignty of the state, the territorial integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, and the safety of the entire nation from all forms of threats and disturbances to the integrity of the nation and state. Thus, the Indonesian state is obliged to maintain the integrity of maintaining the territorial integrity of the country from threats that come from outside the territory of the country. In this regard, the state mandates all components of the nation to actively participate in IJSSR | Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research efforts and processes to create a firm and resilient national defense. In addition, the state can place the Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) as the main component with the assistance of reserve components and supporting components. This condition is very urgent considering the importance of protecting the national defense system from any threat. One of them is the formation of the Kogabwilhan. These efforts have a very important role in maintaining the defense area in Indonesia, where this country has broad territorial power and a multicultural society culture. Kogabwilhan was formed as an effort of the TNI to carry out the strengthening of resilience and deterrence against various potential threats, both from outside and within the country. The presence of the Kogabwilhan is a form of TNI's preparedness in handling the crisis. In addition, of course, the TNI sees and reviews the development of an increasingly complex strategic environment around the world. Moreover, this increasingly dynamic condition can trigger a threat to the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, both military and non-military. Although generally, the defense system is identical with several identity attributes. However, now the TNI is expected to have crisis management capabilities, problem-solving abilities, both under normal and less than optimal conditions, as well as the availability of adequate logistical resources, such as fuel, food and water, and the like (Farick, 2019). This is very much needed, especially considering the importance of establishing Kogabwilhan in facing the challenges of the fragile defense of the Republic of Indonesia. Based on Presidential Decree No. 27 of 2019 concerning the Establishment of a Military Resort Command, Kogabwilhan is a unit directly under the President. The command serves as a forum for handling the readiness of the TNI in protecting Indonesia's defense areas from existing threats. So, It needs to be 66 Volume 2 | Number 2 | December | 2021 Priyotantoko et al., 2021/ Establishment of Kogabwilhan in Supporting the Defense Area’s Resilience optimized in its implementation, in order to support the development strategy and supervision of the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia. In addition, the Presidential Decree explained, the establishment of the Joint Regional Defense Command and the Upgrade of the Status of 23 Military Resort Commands (Korem) from Type-B to Type-A. The TNI’s Kogabwilhan is a representation of the concept of TNI interoperability capability which is currently a priority policy for the TNI Commanders (Bashori, 2021). This condition shows the threats and challenges that must be faced by Indonesia, both now and in the future. Therefore, the integration of dimensional forces (land, sea, and air) is very much needed in responding to these threats. The establishment of the Kogabwilhan as a forum for the sovereignty of the defense of the Republic of Indonesia's defense area, which is located in Balikpapan, is very vital. Because the location is the middle point of the territory of Indonesia. Even the problems related to the fragile issues of national defense and security are very susceptible to emergence. The emergence of national divisions is also a focus that must be overcome. As well as issues of terrorism, illegal logging, human trafficking, economic inequality, and the like have endangered the nation and state’s integrity. Hence, the establishment of Kogabwilhan II Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, is expected to be a forum to overcome various threats, both military and nonmilitary. In addition, the organization has also become urgent in its existence to support the Republic of Indonesia’s defense area resilience. In the future, it is expected to be used as a fort in the face of various possible threats that are intangible, such as ideology, politics, economy, and socio-culture. Specifically, these problems are (1) the process of Kogabwilhan establishment in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, and (2) what is the impact of the establishment of the Kogabwilhan in supporting the defense area resilience in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan. Method This research use desciptive qualitative approach. Sources of research data come from IJSSR | Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research primary and secondary data. The research location of Kogabwilhan II in Balikpapan. The process of collecting data obtained by observation, interviews, and documentation. After collecting data, data analysis is carried out by reducing the data obtained, then the data is presented in narrative form, and drawing conclusions and recommendations to related parties. Results and Discussion The Process of Kogabwilhan Establishment The island of Borneo being chosen as the location for Kogabwilhan has a tremendous meaning. Historically, in the Kalimantan Region, 3 (three) sovereign countries were formed, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei Darussalam. The territory of the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia is inseparable from the role and heritage as former colonies of the Dutch and British colonial governments. Within three countries that inhabit the territory of Kalimantan, it is bordered by legal state boundaries (Batubara, 2017). The national boundary line is the embodiment of the complete geopolitical aspect of a country as a unitary aspect of Geographical, Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, and Defense and Security aspects. From the beginning of independence until today, Indonesia has been connected to global issues. Historically, military institutions were also closely related to the military education system taught by other countries, such as Japan (PETA) and the Netherlands (KNIL). In addition, there were also upheavals of resistance from the Kelompok Laskar Rakyat, although, in its development, the group did not have special military education. In its development, TNI tensions arose due to the power struggle, both from within and outside the institution. Therefore, the birth of the TNI is closely related to the values and norms established by the former Japanese and Dutch military education (Octavian, 2014). However, now these values have been reformed by the TNI with different qualities and contexts under the foundation of Pancasila as the ideology of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia and the wisdom of the Indonesian people. The borders of a country have an important role in determining the boundaries of the 67 Volume 2 | Number 2 | December | 2021 Priyotantoko et al., 2021/ Establishment of Kogabwilhan in Supporting the Defense Area’s Resilience sovereign territory, utilizing natural resources, empowering the population as much as possible to be utilized for the benefit of national defense both from the military aspect and socioeconomic aspects through the utilization of its potential (Rahman, 2013). Hence, the development of defense supporting infrastructure which facilitates the supervision of defense areas. The discussion of the regional command in implementing the empowerment of the defense area certainly experiences many disturbances and obstacles. The regional command has the power to detect, prevent, and deal with enemy threats (Wanto, 2017). With all the existing TNI forces, Kogabwilhan is expected to be able to communicate to the community components and related agencies about the importance of the resilience of the defense area in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. In addition, Kogabwilhan must be able to establish cooperation and coordination with various parties so that they can maintain and analyze the situation by prioritizing aspects of disaster mitigation, regional development, welfare, and regional defense. The thoughts outlined in the effort to establish the Kogabwilhan prove that Indonesia is very visionary and capable of making good breakthroughs in tackling all existing threats. Even amid a downturn in the economy, and the emergence of domestic rebellions, the Indonesian people can still act as protectors for their people (Octavian, 2014). One of them is the establishment of Kogabwilhan to maintain the integrity of the Republic of Indonesia and be able to become an example for countries in the world in the future. Tishler identified the critical success factors in defense development as (Tishler, 2017): (1) the military environment, a view of the need for more pressing results indicating the greater the project's chances of success; (2) the follow-up team, whose main role is to determine the success of the project, especially important and professional qualifications, as well as a sense of responsibility; (3) the feasibility of the technology at the start of the project proved to be critical to its success; (4) attention to design considerations, such as production capability, quality, reliability, and design to cost, is IJSSR | Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research critical to success; and (5) professional qualifications and team spirit, these correlations are very urgent for development correlation in achieving defense development success. This directly shows that reform as a structure that compels every community group, including the military, has also opened up opportunities for the military to be more professional and responsive to the demands of change (Octavian, 2014). Thus, reform is expected to be able to generate innovative thinking to place the military more strategically in the context of Indonesia's future development construction. Liliana Filip in NATO Resilience Strategy Towards Russian Hybrid Warfare revealed that NATO ambassadors and defense ministers have organized simulation exercises and scenarios to test their awareness of the situation and their reaction to hybrid threats. It was a wake-up call for many. Also, civilian leadership and civil-private-military interaction must improve how to respond to challenging hybrid threats (Filip, 2017). This condition is important to increase the awareness of the government to make a defense strategy in the era of globalization. One of them is the effort to support the resilience of the defense area through the establishment of the Kogabwilhan organization, both military and non-military threats. In addition, the development of defense areas is directed at maintaining the existing potential, such as geography, demographics, natural resources, and social conditions in Indonesian territory. Likewise, the social communication carried out should be able to improve good relations with the community, so that a close relationship can be established in the hope of being able to inspire, encourage and awaken and invite related parties and the community to participate in understanding the importance of defense area resilience. The role of conditions in the field is very urgent. Theoretically, the role is defined as the characterization performed by an actor on a drama stage, whereas in practice or social context, the role is defined as a function that is performed by a person when occupying a position in the social structure. The role of an actor is a boundary designed by other actors, who happen to be both in one performance or role 68 Volume 2 | Number 2 | December | 2021 Priyotantoko et al., 2021/ Establishment of Kogabwilhan in Supporting the Defense Area’s Resilience performance (Suhardono, 2008). Therefore, the formation of the Kogabwilhan certainly has an important role in maintaining the sovereignty of the Indonesian state, which consists of thousands of islands. In addition, the role can also be interpreted as a dynamic process of position. If the actor performs the rights and obli- gations according to his position, then the person carries out a role (Soekanto, 2009). The role is intended as a dynamic aspect in the position of something. Thus, when an individual performs his rights and obligations according to his position, then that person has carried out a role. Figure 1. Three TNI’s Kogabwilhan Establishment Ceremony (Source: https://kogabwilhan1-tni.mil.id, 2019) Likewise, the position on the existence of the MaKogabwilhan, of course, has previously considered aspects of the current command and control, strategy, and infrastructure. Then the government determined the domicile of MaKogabwilhan I was in Tanjung Pinang, Riau Islands; MaKogabwilhan II in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan; and MaKogabwilhan III was in Biak, Papua. As reported by ppal.or.id (27/09/2019), the position of MaKogabwilhan II in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, is led by PangKogabwilhan II Marsda TNI Fadjar Prasetyo, SE, MPP, with land areas (East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Central Java, East Java, Bali, NTB, and NTT); marine areas (waters around East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Central Java, East Java, Bali, NTB, NTT, and ALKI-2 and ALKI-3a and their surrounding waters); airspace (areas above East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Central Java, East Java, Bali, NTB, NTT, and ALKI-2 and ALKI-3a and the surrounding airspace) (Bashori, 2021). IJSSR | Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research Kogabwilhan in empowering the defense area is necessary to increase the strength that is ready to be seconded to defend its territory. When in a safe condition from military threats, the existing strength is used to overcome nonmilitary threats, namely in assisting local governments, including in dealing with conflicts, natural disasters, and various regional security and defense problems in the community. Hence, Kogabwilhan is present to support the defense area resilience of the Republic of Indonesia. Impact of Defense Area Resilience The state and citizens must have a close and balanced relationship in the context of the life of the nation and state. They understand each other and are aware of their rights and obligations. As in Article 30 of the UUD 1945, citizens have the right and obligation to carry out state defense activities. This responsibility is important considering that Kogabwilhan aims to increase the sense of nationalism and patriotism and must be followed by every citizen. The spirit of nationalism and patriotism is a form of 69 Volume 2 | Number 2 | December | 2021 Priyotantoko et al., 2021/ Establishment of Kogabwilhan in Supporting the Defense Area’s Resilience love for the homeland. Like the Indonesian independence fighters in the struggle for Indonesia as a sovereign country. However, on the contrary, defending the state is an obligation for citizens, as a return for state services to its citizens (Siswanto, 2013). In the future, the challenges and threats faced by the state will be more severe and varied. Therefore, Kogabwilhan is a milestone to provide understanding to citizens, especially the nation’s next generation, aware of efforts to protect the defense area of the Republic of Indonesia. In terms of defense and security, with clear boundaries, security conditions will increase. This is indicated by a decrease in crime, smuggling of goods, and natural resources theft (Susilo, 2019). Thus, the clear boundaries also prevent border areas conflicts. Larosa explained that the things that must be considered include the strategic dynamics of environmental security in the Asia Pacific Region, modernization of military forces, border issues between countries, interstate conflicts, trends in contemporary conflicts, issues of weapons of mass destruction, terrorism, espionage, transnational crime, knowledge and technology, climate change, natural disasters, food, water, and energy security, epidemics, and national strategic environmental development (Larosa, 2017). Thus, Kogabwilhan is here to be able to prepare the country when there are threats, disturbances, and obstacles that exist. Prior and Roth revealed that the state must be able to manage and prevent disasters or threats that will occur. Disaster risk needs management processes to adapt. In addition, increasingly dynamic threats are worrying the existing environment. Thus, countries need to strive to increase the flexibility of disaster response and recovery longitudinally. The state must be able to develop independent innovations and strengthen the network of institutions involved in improving disaster management, both from the administrative territory and regional defense aspects (Tim Prior dan Florian Roth, 2013). Therefore, the Kogabwilhan formed is also expected to be able to play a role in disaster management (accident). The countermeasures carried out must be through a risk management approach and the development of a complementary defense IJSSR | Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research system, such as through an infrastructure system so that the resilience of defense areas is not fragile. The establishment of this new organizational unit was carried out to strengthen the role of the TNI in carrying out its duties. As stated by Joko Widodo, President of the Republic of Indonesia, appreciation for the role of the TNI in helping people who are facing natural disasters is extraordinary. The world moves very fast and dynamically. The transformation of the TNI's organization must always be carried out (Saputri, 2021). Thus, Kogabwilhan must know the dynamics of the strategic environment by the dynamics of threats and following the development of military technology. According to Hilhorst, resilience humanitarianism seeks continuity by making affected populations primarily responsible for their own survival (Hilhorst, 2018). This condition is the same as Kogabwilhan's efforts to support regional resilience. In addition, considering Indonesia's large population, not only military defense but also various fields need to be considered so that in the future, the Kogabwilhan organization will be to support the defense area resilience maximally. The presence of the Kogabwilhan is an important military defense asset owned by the nation, especially in its task of guarding the existing defense area. This requires optimization through increased performance in carrying out roles and tasks, for example how to use defense equipment and improve science and technological. Meanwhile, Lantto explained the differences in the cyber resilience of a closed national network and the open network. Consequently, all other elements are standardized, if and when possible and relevant (Lantto, 2019). Kogabwilhan is also expected to present a strategy for dealing with non-military defense threats. On the other hand, the state also needs to pay attention to the willingness to develop through military technology networks, so that this effort is also expected to support the resilience of the defense area through the formation of the Kogabwilhan organization. Defense policy also requires rational budget support, but the regional unit budget for the allocation of defense area 70 Volume 2 | Number 2 | December | 2021 Priyotantoko et al., 2021/ Establishment of Kogabwilhan in Supporting the Defense Area’s Resilience empowerment is currently still very limited because the existing budget support is only limited to socialization for two agencies. Therefore, the activities of empowering the defense area are expected to be understood from various components. This effort is to have a sense of nationalism, love for the homeland, and a high sense of state defense. Regional resilience cannot be separated from national resilience. Regional resilience is part of national resilience. So that regional resilience is a dynamic condition of an area that covers all aspects of an integrated area's life, containing tenacity and resilience that contains the ability to develop regional strength in facing and overcoming all threats, disturbances, obstacles, and challenges (TDOC), both coming from outside and inside (Sunardi, 1997). This is to ensure the identity, integrity, survival of the nation and state, and the struggle to achieve national goals. Regional resilience as a sub-system of national resilience. Thus, regional resilience is an inseparable part of the national security needed by every nation. Therefore, the concept of national resilience cannot be separated from regional resilience, because regional resilience is the pillar of national resilience. Sunardi explained that national resilience is supported by regional resilience. Regional resilience must be supported by community resilience. Community resilience must also begin with family resilience, while family resilience must be supported by individual resilience. Regional resilience must be supported by clear regional or state boundaries as an effort to realize regional resilience which leads to national resilience (Sunardi, 1997). Regional resilience is the realization of dynamic conditions in the region that contain the ability to empower all potentials in certain regions. This effort is to anticipate any potential threats that directly or indirectly threaten the stability and resilience of the region. Kogabwilhan is a TNI Kotamaops led by a TNI high-ranking officer who is directly under the TNI Commander, serving as an initial follow-up and remediation in the event of a conflict in the area for both War Military Operations (OMP) and Military Operations Other Than War (OMSP) and as a deterrent in the event of a threat (Hakim, 2021). The disturbed state security condition requires recovery because it is caused by security disturbances in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. In addition, social issues also need to be considered to inspire the development of understanding of national values and defend the country. Social phenomena in national defense and security are very important to be followed up immediately to cause the fragility of the resilience of the national defense area and the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Table 1. East Kalimantan’s Cases of Illegal Logging, Mining, Fishing and Illegal Trafficking Per Month in 2015 Type of Illegal Cases Month Paser Kutai Barat Kutai Kartanegara Kutai Timur Berau Penajam Paser Utara Balikpapan Samarinda Bontang Mahakam Ulu Logging Mining Fishing Trafficking 5 7 10 6 3 14 2 3 1 - 2 - 1 5 - - IJSSR | Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research 71 Volume 2 | Number 2 | December | 2021 Priyotantoko et al., 2021/ Establishment of Kogabwilhan in Supporting the Defense Area’s Resilience Type of Illegal Cases Month Logging Mining Fishing Trafficking Total 2015 51 2014 64 2013 106 2011 168 2010 293 (Sumber: https://kaltim.bps.go.id, 2017) 2 12 27 31 27 6 4 3 7 11 3 2 5 4 The establishment of the Kogabwilhan was carried out as one of the steps taken by the TNI to strengthen its deterrence against various potential threats from outside and within the country. The development of the strategic environment is currently increasingly complex and escalating in various parts of the world. This poses a threat to national interests, both military and non-military threats (Humas, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur, 2021). So, in principle, the establishment of the Kogabwilhan is as TNI preparedness for handling crises. The ability to carry out assistance tasks in the field of territorial management needs to be possessed by the Kogabwilhan command unit. Territorial management capabilities must be continuously improved and maintained. This is so that security can be implemented optimally to realize national stability. In addition, the improvement of territorial management capabilities requires good planning, organization, implementation arrangements, and supervision. Thus, it can be controlled optimally. Kogabwilhan must also have good and professional territorial control skills. Ability to deal with all threats that arise at any time. From these conditions, the role of Kogabwilhan is expected to be able to accurately record data to be used as a basis for consideration in the defense of the defense area. With the increasing ability to master the territory, hoped that it will be able to follow the developments that arise and all the dynamics that will occur. Based on this discussion, the impact of the resilience of the defense area arising from the formation of Kogabwilhan II in Balikpapan is 3 (three) things. First, the military managerial role. The use of force is to be carried out in the context of upholding state sovereignty and deterrence through the preparation of war forces, warding off any military threats by sea, maintaining the stability of the maritime area, protecting and guarding maritime borders with neighboring countries. The establishment of the Kogabwilhan is one of the efforts to build the strength of the TNI as a deterrent and resistance to various potential threats. Kogabwilhan must have the ability to carry out tasks in the field of territorial management. Territorial management capabilities must be continuously improved so that security assistance can be carried out optimally to achieve national stability. The improvement of military managerial capabilities must be based on good planning, organization, implementation arrangements, and supervision, so that they can be controlled optimally. Second, the role of legal policy. Kogabwilhan must be able to enforce the law, both on land, sea, and air. This effort is to protect national resources and wealth, maintain order, and support the development of the nation in contributing to national stability and development. A wise rule of law is expected to raise awareness to increase the sense of nationality, love for the homeland, and a high sense of state defense in all components of the nation. Until now, the understanding of the defense system is still poorly understood by the public in general, because it has not been fully understood by all citizens due to a lack of socialization in the community. As referring to Law Number 3 of 2002 concerning National Defense, the defense system adopted by the Indonesian people is universal. Therefore, the presence of Kogabwilhan has certainly been aligned with the government's development program. The government has declared 35 Strategic Development Areas, building from the periphery and IJSSR | Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research 72 Volume 2 | Number 2 | December | 2021 Priyotantoko et al., 2021/ Establishment of Kogabwilhan in Supporting the Defense Area’s Resilience presenting the state to protect all citizens throughout the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). Third, the role of diplomacy. The formation of Kogabwilhan could reduce existing conflicts, so diplomacy skills are very important to have. This is very urgent, considering that the TNI does not only use weapons in solving problems or conflicts. Diplomacy is a means of supporting the government's foreign policy and is designed to influence the leadership of a country or several countries in peaceful or hostile situations. Communication skills are needed by Kogabwilhan to support the resilience of the defense area in Indonesia. Communication skills can be applied to all aspects of competence, both community, traditional leaders, religious leaders, youth leaders, and with government officials in the regions, in the hope that reciprocal relationships can arise and create a sense of nationality, a sense of defending the country and growing a high sense of unity. In addition, diplomacy is very much needed in reducing conflicts that occur from or between outside parties when it raises concerns about the defense system of the Republic of Indonesia. In enhancing the empowerment of defense areas, the diplomatic role of Kogabwilhan is also needed to optimize social communication capabilities and troop strength, so that the role of territorial command in the region can be more optimal in carrying out tasks. Therefore, the establishment of Kogabwilhan II in Balikpapan is very important in supporting the resilience of the defense area in Indonesia. Conclusion The establishment of Kogabwilhan II in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan is a strategic step, especially considering the condition of Indonesia, which consists of thousands of islands from Sabang to Merauke. Kogabwilhan is part of Indonesia’s centrical circle. The Kogabwilhan, which is supported by the central institution, is the organization of the joint command of the defense area. Thus, in the future, it is still necessary to supervise some remote areas as well as disaster mitigation by involving the community in regional defense. Despite the fact that IJSSR | Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research basic infrastructure facilities, such as transportation, electricity, clean water, and telecommunications are still in short supply. Still, the limitations in various aspects must be resolved immediately. Indonesia's tangible manifestation from a visionary perspective is the establishment of the Kogabwilhan. This is an innovation that must and must be carried out, because all threats will always appear, so they need to be overcome. In the context of globalization, the national defense faces serious challenges, one of which is liberalism, individualism, capitalism, and consumerism. Thus, the role of the state is very important to raise awareness of national defense and security, one of which is by taking visionary actions to answer the demands of the times through the establishment of Kogabwilhan. Even amid the fragility of national defense, the decline in the economy, and the emergence of domestic rebellions. The Indonesian people remain loyal to fight for the unity and integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. So, it needs to be framed in a broad regional defense transformation process. Not only to raise awareness of nationalism and patriotism, but also to encourage the construction of national defense and security that is relevant to the demands of the times. The keywords of this system are knowledge, awareness, and action, so the presence of Kogabwilhan needs to be internalized so that discursive awareness emerges and can be reflected at the level of activity in institutions and society at large. Optimizing the implementation of the Kogabwilhan also has an impact on the resilience of the defense territory of the Republic of Indonesia. The implementation of the Kogabwilhan needs to maximize the performance of defense institutions, both military, and non-military. Protection of public safety from crime and illegal activities, and environmental conservation are also important. In addition, political stability and economic stability also need to be harmonized. On the other hand, fostering nationalism, patriotism, and awareness of defending the country is a key strategy. The development strategy is expected to be able to make a positive contribution to the re73 Volume 2 | Number 2 | December | 2021 Priyotantoko et al., 2021/ Establishment of Kogabwilhan in Supporting the Defense Area’s Resilience silience of the defense area. For example, increasing nationalism, economic growth, maintaining political stability, and harmony in sociocultural life. Acknowledgment I would like to deliver my greates gratitude to the Rector of Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dean of the Graduate School of Universitas Gadjah Mada, Study Program of National Resilience, the Graduate School of Universitas Gadjah Mada, who had supported this study directly, the Kogabwilhan Balikpapan who had given me ooportunity to conduct this study, and the committee of International Conference of Social Research with Multidisiplinary Approach (ICSRMA) 2021 who had given me the opportunity to participate in this conference. References Article in a Journal: Farick, Salim A, Widodo SS (2019) Optimalisasi Kemampuan Personel Batalyon A dalam Melaksanakan Tugas Operasi Pertahanan Pantai X. JUPIIS: Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmuilmu Sosial. 11:428-437. Filip L (2017) NATO Resilience Strategy Towards Russian Hybrid Warfare. Journal of Defense Resources Management. 19:6471. 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Data Kasus Ilegal Kehutanan, Pertambangan, Perikanan dan Perdagangan Ilegal Per Bulan Tahun 2015 https://kaltim.bps.go.id/statictable/201 5/03/17/319/data-kasus-ilegal-kehutanan-pertambangan-perikanan-danperdagangan-ilegal-per-bulan-tahun2015.html, accessed on 24/05/2021. IJSSR | Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research Panglima TNI resmikan Komando Gabungan Wilayah Pertahanan https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1084354/panglimatni-resmikan-komando-gabungan-wilayah-pertahanan, accessed on 24/05/2021. Panglima TNI Resmikan Kogabwilhan, Balikpapan Jadi Kogabwilhan II https://kaltimprov.go.id/berita/panglima-tni-resmikan-Kogabwilhan-balikpapan-jadiKogabwilhan-ii, accessed on 24/05/2021. Panglima TNI Resmikan dan Lantik 3 Kogabwilhan https://kogabwilhan1tni.mil.id/?p=1, accessed on 24/05/2021. 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